基于模糊数学综合评价法确定燕麦麸猪肉丸中的淀粉种类

通过研究玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、红薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉对燕麦麸猪肉丸的物理指标(烹饪损失率、冻融析水率及总压出汁率)、感官性状、质构及色差的影响来确定最佳淀粉种类。以感官评定为基础对样品的滋味、弹性、表观状态和色泽进行权重分析,在此基础上利用模糊数学综合评价法对猪肉丸进行综合评分;利用质构仪测定硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性和回复性,色差计测定色泽差异,并进一步进行感官品质、质构及色泽之间的相关性分析。实验表明:玉米淀粉使燕麦麸肉丸的烹饪损失率最小,且为负值,而马铃薯淀粉使样品的烹饪损失率最大,且为正值,但冻融析水率及总压出汁率无明显变化;模糊数学法评价燕麦麸肉丸品质的权重集为K=(滋味0.44,弹性0.21,表观状态0.18,色泽0.17),添加小麦淀粉的燕麦麸猪肉丸的感官评分最高,同时,仪器检测结果表明,添加小麦淀粉的燕麦麸猪肉丸的亮度最佳,色泽最好;相关性分析进一步表明,硬度与亮度是影响燕麦麸肉丸感官评价的主要质构及色泽因素。综上所述,小麦淀粉是燕麦麸猪肉丸中的最佳选择。     

燕麦麸油对香肠抗氧化作用的研究

将索氏法抽提的燕麦麸油加入香肠中,研究其对香肠抗氧化作用的影响,实验结果表明,加入燕麦麸油的香肠其过氧化值(POV值)、酸价(AV)以及过氧化脂质生成物(TBA),在14d的抗氧化实验中均比未加燕麦麸油的对照低;不同浓度燕麦麸油之间,酸价(AV)以及过氧化脂质生成物(TBA)比较接近,而过氧化值(POV)随着添加量增加而降低明显;此外,实验还对添加燕麦麸油的香肠进行了感官评价,添加和未添加燕麦麸油的产品之间未见明显区别.     

麸皮对猪肉丸品质的影响

为开发低脂猪肉丸,本实验分别用发酵麸皮和非发酵麸皮替代猪肉丸中部分脂肪,比较了发酵麸皮及非发酵麸皮对猪肉丸感官品质、色泽、质构的影响,且对相同添加量的发酵麸皮及非发酵麸皮对猪肉丸的挥发性物质及脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:添加非发酵麸皮后,猪肉丸的硬度、红度及黄度增加,弹性、粘聚性及亮度减小,最大可接受添加量为4%;当麸皮经过发酵处理后添加,麸皮最大可接受添加量提高至8%,并且相对于非发酵麸皮猪肉丸而言,猪肉丸的感官品质、质构特性及亮度得到明显改善。电子鼻及GC-MS分析结果显示,非发酵麸皮及发酵麸皮添加后,猪肉丸中的挥发性风味物质构成发生变化。与非发酵麸皮肉相比,发酵麸皮猪肉丸中醇类、酯类风味成分的相对含量及种类增加;同时非发酵与发酵麸皮取代部分肥肉,可降低猪肉丸的脂肪含量,使猪肉丸中饱和脂肪酸百分含量降低,不饱和脂肪酸百分含量增加。综上,因发酵麸皮的添加能够改善猪肉丸品质,并且能够增加其在肉制品的添加量,从而更多地降低猪肉丸的脂肪含量,所以最终选择发酵麸皮加入到猪肉丸的加工中。     

改性燕麦麸水溶性膳食纤维对发酵乳品质及抗氧化活性的影响

将微波改性制备、具有良好理化特性的燕麦麸水溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)添加到发酵乳中,研究改性燕麦麸SDF对发酵乳乳酸菌活菌数、稳定性、pH及酸度、凝乳时间、质构特性、感官品质、储能模量和损失模量、抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:添加质量分数4%的改性燕麦麸SDF可显著提高发酵乳中乳酸菌活菌数,改善质构特性(P0.05),有助于形成凝胶网状结构,缩短了凝乳时间,但过量添加会影响发酵乳的口感及稳定性。当改性燕麦麸SDF的添加质量分数为4%时,发酵乳的持水力最高达到94.82%,硬度、黏性、胶着性、弹性、内聚性最佳。发酵乳对DPPH自由基、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力随着改性燕麦麸SDF添加质量分数的增加而不断增强,清除率最高可分别达到39.97%、62.30%、75.51%,显著高于空白对照组(P0.05)。改性燕麦麸SDF可显著改善发酵乳的品质及抗氧化活性,本研究结果可为燕麦麸SDF的应用及功能性发酵乳的开发提供理论依据。     

燕麦麸添加量和烘干时间对猪肉脯品质的影响

猪肉脯以其食用方便、味美价廉、存储时间长等优良品质而受到人们的喜爱。随着人们生活水平的提高,人们越来越关注低脂高纤维、营养价值高的产品。燕麦麸是一种含糖量低、蛋白质和膳食纤维含量较高的食品,将其添加在肉制品中,可以有效降低猪肉脯中的脂肪含量,从而提高猪肉脯的营养价值。实验以猪肉为原料,通过单因素实验,以感官评定、颜色、硬度和出品率为指标,研究不同添加量燕麦麸和烘干时间对猪肉脯品质的影响。研究结果表明,燕麦麸最佳添加量为12%,60℃下烘干4 h,在该条件下制得的燕麦麸猪肉脯感官评分较高,有适宜的红度值和亮度值,品质较好,出品率较高,具有较浓郁的燕麦香气。     

黑豆豆腐替代脂肪对肉丸品质特性的影响

本文将黑豆豆腐作为脂肪替代品应用于肉丸的生产中,通过测定肉糜蒸煮损失及乳化稳定性、肉丸感官评价、基本成分、电子鼻、质构、色泽、出品率、pH、微观结构等指标,研究黑豆豆腐添加量（0、4%、8%、12%、16%、20%）对肉丸品质特性的影响,从而为低脂黑豆豆腐肉丸产品的开发提供可行性建议。结果表明:与对照组相比,肉糜的蒸煮损失率、水分损失率、脂肪损失率随着黑豆豆腐添加量的增加逐渐降低。当黑豆豆腐添加量为12%时,肉丸感官评分最高,整体可接受性最好。随着黑豆豆腐添加量的增加,肉丸的脂肪含量逐渐降低,蛋白质、水分、灰分含量增加;肉丸硬度、咀嚼性逐渐增大,弹性、胶黏性呈先增大后减小的趋势;L*值、a*值逐渐减小,b*值增加,出品率和pH呈先上升后下降的趋势。当黑豆豆腐添加量为12%时,肉丸出品率最高,pH最大。电子鼻主成分分析结果显示:不同黑豆豆腐添加量的肉丸样品间气味存在明显差异。扫描电镜结果表明:加入黑豆豆腐能明显提高肉丸内部结构的均匀性,改善整体品质。因此,12%的黑豆豆腐添加量制作的肉丸综合品质最佳。     

燕麦麸油的精制及其在面霜中的抗氧化研究

本文对提取的燕麦麸油进行水化脱胶和酶法脱酸处理,研究精制前后燕麦麸油基本理化性质、脂肪酸、抗氧化物质含量的变化;结果表明：经精制处理后,燕麦麸油的品质得到有效的改善,燕麦麸油酸价大幅降低,主要脂肪酸的组成无明显变化,碘值和皂化值的变化不大,但抗氧化物质有一定的损失,总酚、生育酚和甾醇的损失率分别为25.67%、25.99%和20.58%。将脱胶过程产生的燕麦极性脂质和精制后燕麦麸油应用到面霜中,考察面霜的抗氧化特性;结果表明：这2种面霜对DPPH的清除能显著高于阴性对照(橄榄油替代燕麦麸油),当面霜浓度为80 mg/mL时,2种面霜对DPPH的清除率均高于80%且接近阳性对照(添加了维生素C),说明燕麦麸油面霜和燕麦极性脂质面霜具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

燕麦麸脂肪模拟物应用于发酵香肠的工艺优化及其对发酵香肠品质的影响

该研究以燕麦麸提取物冻干粉、魔芋胶、卡拉胶、橄榄油为原料制备成燕麦麸脂肪模拟物(oat bran fat analog,OBFA),在发酵香肠配方中取代部分猪皮下脂肪,生产出一种脂肪含量较低的发酵香肠。采用正交实验对该种发酵香肠的主要加工工艺进行优化,同时对发酵香肠的色泽、质构、理化指标及挥发性风味物质进行测定,探讨燕麦麸脂肪模拟物对发酵香肠品质的影响。实验结果表明,固定发酵温度20℃,发酵相对湿度75%,成熟温度13℃,成熟相对湿度60%,成熟周期4 d以及烘干温度55℃的前提下,OBFA发酵香肠的脂肪模拟物最佳添加量为65%,最佳发酵时间为12 h,最佳烘干时间22 h。此工艺条件下得到的OBFA发酵香肠的感官评分为87.5分,与传统发酵香肠相比亮度增加,硬度增大,但整体可接受性与传统发酵香肠差异不显著;OBFA发酵香肠的pH值为5.58,能量值为3.94 k J/100g,脂肪含量为31.27%,与传统发酵香肠相比,能量值和脂肪含量分别降低了32.26%、20.13%;蛋白质含量为34.04%,提高了38.26%。综上表明,OBFA可以作为脂肪模拟物应用于发酵香肠中。     

苹果渣结合预乳化稻米油对低脂猪肉丸品质的影响

为开发低脂肉制品,利用苹果渣结合预乳化稻米油部分替代猪背膘,研究其对低脂猪肉丸持水力和持油能力、色泽、质构、粗脂肪、流变特性以及感官评价的影响。结果表明:苹果渣结合预乳化稻米油部分替代猪背膘能提高低脂肉丸的硬度和咀嚼性,且可有效地降低其粗脂肪含量。随着苹果渣添加量的增加,低脂肉丸持水力、持油能力和黄度值呈增加的趋势。流变学特性分析结果表明:随着苹果渣添加量的增加其储能模量逐步增加,但是苹果渣添加量为3%时,其红度值和感官评分有降低的趋势,当苹果渣添加量为2%时,其感官评分(74.02±1.04)与对照组(75.92±0.85)最为接近,且差异不显著(P0.05)。因此结合经济因素,综合考虑,添加2%的苹果渣结合预乳化稻米油部分替代猪背膘的猪肉丸效果最佳。     

应用亲水胶体改善低脂香肠品质研究

传统香肠脂肪含量高,不符合现今社会健康膳食需求。通过降低脂肪含量,采用亲水胶体乳化处理的方法,代替脂肪来保持香肠的组织结构和感官,同时添加猪骨髓肉膏来强化风味。结果表明:复配海藻酸盐添加量为0.5%时,低脂优化组香肠感官显著优于高、低脂对照组,低脂优化组硬度、弹性和剪切力均接近高脂对照组且差异性不显著;低脂优化组脂肪检测含量为2.6%,达到优级水平;微生物指标均符合标准要求,并且产品的口感与风味达到最佳。     

Effects of rice bran on sensory and physico-chemical properties of emulsified pork meatballs

Four kinds of bran, which are milled from important rice cultivators in Taiwan, have high contents of dietary fiber, fat and protein. The use of rice bran in Kung-wan, an emulsified pork meatball, was investigated. It was found that protein and fat contents, and white index of meatballs decreased as the amount of bran increased. A texture profile analysis (TPA) also indicated the hardness, gumminess and chewiness of the Kung-wan decreased. The sensory scores of taste, texture and overall acceptability of meatballs with less than 10% added bran showed no significant difference from those for meatballs without bran. However, the added amount of 15% enriched meatballs resulted in inferior sensory scores. The bran’s particle size profoundly affected the sensory and physico-chemical properties of the meat products. Meatballs enriched with smaller bran particles possessed higher TPA indices and sensory scores than those added with larger ones. No significant differences in proximate composition, cooking yield, color and sensory quality were found among emulsified meatballs enriched with four different kinds of bran. Conclusively, the suitable amount of rice bran that should be added to emulsified pork meatballs was less than 10% and a smaller particle size would result in better quality.     

Effects of replacing pork back fat with vegetable oils and rice bran fiber on the quality of reduced-fat frankfurters

The effects of substituting olive, grape seed, corn, canola, or soybean oil and rice bran fiber on the chemical composition, cooking characteristics, fatty acid composition, and sensory properties of low-fat frankfurters were investigated. Ten percent of the total fat content of frankfurters with a total fat content of 30% (control) was partially replaced by one of the vegetable oils to reduce the pork fat content by 10%. The moisture and ash content of low-fat frankfurters with vegetable oil and rice bran fiber were all higher than the control (P < 0.05). Low-fat frankfurters had reduced-fat content, energy values, cholesterol and trans-fat levels, and increased pH, cooking yield and TBA values compared to the controls (P < 0.05). Low-fat frankfurters with reduced-fat content plus rice bran fiber had sensory properties similar to control frankfurters containing pork fat.     

Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Chevon Patties Containing Oat Bran

Chevon (goat) meat-based patties were formulated with oat bran (15–50% w/w) and evaluated for nutrient content and physicochemical properties. Moisture, fat, and protein decreased with increased oat bran. Patties containing oat bran had higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and lower cholesterol. Additions of oat bran also reduced sodium and zinc. Soluble and insoluble fiber content of patties increased, while cooking loss and shear force of patties decreased with increased oat bran. Nutritional value of patties was enhanced with minimal composition and texture changes at 15 or 20% oat bran addition.     

Optimizing Quality of Frankfurters Containing Oat Bran and Added Water

Chicken frankfurters fat content was decreased by using various levels of oat bran and added water and evaluated for quality. Frankfurters with higher levels of oat bran had less expressible moisture and required higher shear stress to break. There were no difference in springiness among frankfurters made with different levels of oat bran; however, those with higher oat bran were rated less juicy and more grainy by taste panelists. The addition of water increased intensities of strain, springiness and juiciness, but decreased shear stress and hardness values. Contour plots showed optimum formulation at <2% oat bran 20% of added water.     

燕麦麸皮对馒头品质的影响

将不同比例的燕麦麸皮添加到小麦粉中,研究其对面团流变学特性和对馒头品质的影响。实验结果表明,向面粉中适量地添加燕麦麸皮,蒸制出的馒头其体积、质量和风味都有所增加,感官评分提高,表面变得光滑、对称、挺立,具有球形感,且内部气孔细小均匀。燕麦麸皮在不同添加量的条件下所制得的馒头感官评分结果为:燕麦麸皮添加量为5%时,馒头感官评价得分最高。相同添加量下的燕麦麸皮和小麦麸皮所制得馒头感官评分结果为:添加量为5%的燕麦麸皮所制的馒头感官评分结果高于添加量为5%的小麦麸皮所制的馒头感官评分结果。     

The effect of replacing fat with oat bran on fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of meatballs

Oat bran was used as a fat substitute in the production of meatballs. The effect of oat bran addition on the fatty acid composition, trans fatty acids, total fat, some physicochemical and sensory properties of the samples was studied. Meatballs were produced with four different formulations; the addition of 5, 10, 15 and 20% oat bran. Control samples were formulated with 25% fat addition as in commercial production. The major fatty acids were cis-oleic, palmitic and stearic acid in all the meatball samples, those with oat bran added as well as the control. Meatballs containing oat bran had lower concentrations of total fat and total trans fatty acids than the control samples. Meatballs made with 20% oat bran had the highest protein, salt and ash contents, L value (lightness), b value (yellowness), and the lowest moisture content and a value (redness). There was no significant difference among the meatball samples with respect to sensory properties, and all samples had high acceptability.     

瞬时高压作用对麦麸膳食纤维改性的研究

本文就瞬时高压作用(InstantaneousHighProcess)对采用酶-化学法制得的麦麸膳食纤维(oatbrandietaryfiber)的改性作用进行了研究。研究结果表明:经过IHP处理后,麦麸膳食纤维的持水力、膨胀率、结合水力都有不同程度的提高;悬浮溶液的表观粘度增大;可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)含量增加;麦麸膳食纤维的形貌特征发生了很大的变化。     

熟制方式对酱卤猪蹄食用品质及风味物质的影响

为探究熟制方式对酱卤猪蹄食用品质和风味物质的影响,以猪前蹄为原料,采用蒸制、煮制、微波制和低温慢煮制4 种熟制方式对酱卤猪蹄进行烹调,并测定烹调损失率、营养成分、胆固醇、总游离氨基酸、脂肪氧化、色泽、感官评分、脂肪酸组成和挥发性风味物质水平。结果表明,低温慢煮制显著降低了酱卤猪蹄烹调损失率和胆固醇质量分数（P＜0.05）,并显著提高了产品的a*值（红度）、水分质量分数、不饱和脂肪酸相对含量（P＜0.05）和挥发性风味物质种类;微波制显著降低了酱卤猪蹄的脂肪质量分数（P＜0.05）;蒸制酱卤猪蹄感官评分最高;煮制所得产品L*值（亮度）最大（P＜0.05）。蒸、煮、微波和低温慢煮4 种熟制方式均能不同程度改善酱卤猪蹄食用品质,但低温慢煮制在改善酱卤猪蹄色泽、提高不饱和脂肪酸含量、增加风味物质种类和降低胆固醇含量方面表现更优。