虎龙杂交斑养殖群体遗传多样性与遗传结构的微卫星分析

遗传多样性下降被认为是水产生物经济性状降低的常见原因.虎龙杂交斑作为养殖规模最大的石斑鱼品种,近年来病害增多.为了探究是否是由于群体遗传多样性的改变而影响虎龙杂交斑的养殖性状,本研究选用27个EST-SSRs标记,对苗种主产区6个虎龙杂交斑群体进行了遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析.结果 显示,6个群体其平均等位基因数(N...     

DNA分子标记在我国海水养殖动物遗传育种中的应用

DNA分子标记是以脱氧核糖核酸多态性为基础的遗传标记.本文综述了DNA分子标记技术在环节动物、软体动物、甲壳动物、鱼类等我国海水养殖动物中遗传多样性和遗传结构分析、亲缘关系鉴定、品系家系鉴别、构建遗传连锁图谱、数量性状定位等方面的应用.指出了目前DNA分子标记在海水养殖动物遗传改良和辅助育种等研究领域存在的问题,最后对该领域的研究提出展望,以期为海水养殖动物遗传育种研究提供参考.     

遗传标记在水禽育种中的应用

本文总结了各种遗传标记在水禽育种中的应用,大致涉及到了六个领域:水禽起源、进化及遗传分化的研究;检测遗传多样性;分析品种间及品种内亲缘关系;改良经济性状;预测杂交优势;标记辅助选择。     

鱼类性别遗传标记研究进展

鱼类的性别遗传机制正处于分化的初级阶段,其性别决定受环境因素和遗传因素的共同控制,其性别决定机制比较复杂.一直以来鱼类与性别连锁的遗传标记的研究备受到关注,近年来在分子标记方面的研究取得一些进展.本文从表型标记、蛋白质标记和DNA分子标记三方面对鱼类的性别决定和性别遗传标记研究现状进行综述,着重介绍鱼类DNA水平上的性别遗传标记的研究进展,为鱼类的性别标记及性别控制研究提供基础资料.     

遗传标记技术研究进展

<正>遗传标记(Gnenetic markers)是指可以明确反映遗传多态性的生物特征在现代遗传学中,遗传多态性是指基因组中任何座位上的相对差异。自从19世纪中期,奥地利学者孟德尔首创了将形态学性状作为遗传标记的应用     

主要养殖鲑科鱼类遗传育种的研究进展

冷水性鲑科鱼类肉质鲜美,高蛋白、高不饱和脂肪酸、营养丰富、无肌间刺、易加工,是世界性养殖鱼类,其中大西洋鲑、虹鳟和红点鲑属鱼类等主要养殖鲑科鱼类,一直是水产遗传育种领域的重要研究对象。本文简要叙述了鲑科鱼类遗传育种研究的历史和现状,主要介绍了经济性状遗传参数估计、选择育种、分子遗传与标记辅助育种等方面的研究进展,提出了我国鲑科鱼类遗传育种工作重点研究的方向。     

泥蚶遗传多样性研究探讨

本文从形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和分子标记四个方面对泥蚶的遗传多样性研究进展进行了详述。     

金鱼起源及遗传多样性研究进展

金鱼起源于中国,分布广泛,有着丰富的遗传多样性。其体型多样且色彩变化多端深受大众喜爱。本文从形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和分子标记四个方面对金鱼的遗传多样性研究进行了综述。     

斑点叉尾鮰基础群体生长和存活性状遗传参数估计

研究估计了斑点叉尾基础群体(G0)体质量、体长和存活性状的遗传参数,为制定育种目标、综合选择指数和选择方法提供基础参数。实验利用5个斑点叉尾引进群体,通过双列杂交和巢式交配设计,产生全同胞和半同胞家系。每个家系内的稚、幼鱼经过中间暂养、个体标记等阶段后,混合放入一个池塘进行生长和存活测试。利用两性状动物模型和公母畜阈模型分别估计生长和存活性状的方差组分和遗传参数。通过最佳线性无偏预测法估计所有个体生长和存活性状的育种值。斑点叉尾基础群体收获体质量和体长遗传力分别为0.41±0.074和0.32±0.064,属于高遗传力水平,并且统计检验显著(P<0.05)。尽管在两性状动物模型中设置标记体质量和标记体长作为协变量进行校正,但是由于加性遗传效应和共同环境效应混淆在一起无法剖分,遗传力估计值偏高。收获体质量和收获体长的表型和遗传相关系数分别为0.93和0.97,表现为高度线性正相关。存活性状的遗传力为0.037±0.016,表现为低遗传力,但统计检验仍达到显著水平(P<0.05)。家系生长(收获体质量和收获体长)和存活性状育种值间的相关系数分别为0.065和0.100,表现为低度线性遗传正相关,并且统计检验不显著(P>0.05)。因此在制定育种方案时,生长和存活性状都可纳入育种目标,利用多性状选择指数方法同时选择。     

DNA标记技术在鱼类遗传育种中的应用

1 DNA标记技术概述遗传标记(genetic markers)是分类学、育种学和物种进化研究的主要技术指标之一,是基因型(genetype)的特殊的易于识别的表现形式。当前遗传标记主要有4种类型:①形态标记(morphological markers)即生物的形态特征,如鱼的体色、体长、体高等;②细胞学标记(cyto     

广西沿海裸体方格星虫群体遗传多样性及遗传分化

采用随机扩增多态DNA技术检测广西沿海裸体方格星虫4个地理群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构,10条10 bp寡核苷酸随机引物扩增114个个体,分析其中的87个位点.试验结果表明,广西沿海裸体方格星虫群体间遗传多样性高低及遗传分化与天然屏障导致的地理隔离相关,裸体方格星虫的浮游幼体并不能有力地促进群体间基因交流.UPGMA聚类分析指出,广西裸体方格星虫群体至少应作为2个保育单元经营,即江平保育单元和犀牛角—西乡塘—闸口保育单元.     

Genetic identification of trout strains

Ten strains of rainbow trout were examined for evidence of genetic diversity and inbreeding by an electrophoretic analysis of polymorphisms at enzyme loci. Variations between strains indicate either differences in ancestral origins or diversity created during husbandry. With one exception little evidence was found of allele fixation indicative of historical genetic bottlenecks. The heterozygosity levels observed were higher in the majority of strains than those reported for wild populations. The electrophoretically identified differences between strains support the differences observed in other inherited traits, such as spawning time, growth rate, shape and behaviour.     

贵州省3个地理种群大鲵的遗传多样性及遗传结构

测定了贵州省贵定县、松桃县和江口县共36尾大鲵的mtDNA D-loop区部分序列,探究贵州省内不同地理种群大鲵的遗传多样性及遗传结构。结果显示,36个序列的碱基平均组成为T(33.8%)、C(22.2%)、A(30.0%)、G(14.0%),其中T的含量最高,C的含量最低;A+T含量(63.8%)显著高于G+C含量(36.2%)。江口种群核苷酸多样性指数为0.00551,贵定种群及松桃种群的核苷酸多样性指数均为0。3个地理种群相比,江口种群大鲵遗传多样性水平较高。3个种群的平均遗传距离为0.00436,其中贵定种群与江口种群达到了种群的分化水平(P0.01)。遗传结构分析结果表明,贵定种群先与松桃种群聚为一支,再与江口种群聚为一支。3个种群大鲵的整体遗传多样性水平低,遗传分化程度也低。     

３种虹鳟养殖群体的遗传结构及遗传多样性分析

从40个随机引物中筛选出20个,采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术,对甘肃金鳟、道氏虹鳟和美国金鳟3个群体进行了遗传结构和遗传多样性分析.结果表明,甘肃金鳟、道氏虹鳟、美国金鳟群体多态位点百分比分别为82.79%、73.33 %、77.87%;平均等位基因数分别为1.8239、1.7429、1.7887,有效等位基因数分别为1 4823、1 4281、1.4527;基因多样度分别为0.2820、0.2528 、0.2675,Shannon遗传多样性指数分别为0.4219、0 3801、0 4022;以上参数表明,3个群体的遗传多样性均处于偏高的水平,且以甘肃金鳟的遗传多样性最为丰富.甘肃金鳟与美国金鳟之间的遗传距离最大,道氏虹鳟与美国金鳟之间的遗传距离最小.遗传分化指数表明,种内群体间的遗传分化程度很低,而群体内个体间的分化程度很高,变异主要来源于群体内个体间.综合分析认为,甘肃金鳟遗传多样性偏高,有进一步选育的遗传潜力;同时,群体内遗传分化程度较大,说明品种的纯度可能较低,经济性状不够稳定,需进一步选育.     

3种虹鳟养殖群体的遗传结构及遗传多样性分析

从40个随机引物中筛选出20个,采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术,对甘肃金鳟、道氏虹鳟和美国金鳟3个群体进行了遗传结构和遗传多样性分析。结果表明,甘肃金鳟、道氏虹鳟、美国金鳟群体多态位点百分比分别为82.79%、73.33%、77.87%;平均等位基因数分别为1.8239、1.7429、1.7887,有效等位基因数分别为1.4823、1.4281、1.4527;基因多样度分别为0.2820、0.2528、0.2675,Shannon遗传多样性指数分别为0.4219、0.3801、0.4022;以上参数表明,3个群体的遗传多样性均处于偏高的水平,且以甘肃金鳟的遗传多样性最为丰富。甘肃金鳟与美国金鳟之间的遗传距离最大,道氏虹鳟与美国金鳟之间的遗传距离最小。遗传分化指数表明,种内群体间的遗传分化程度很低,而群体内个体间的分化程度很高,变异主要来源于群体内个体间。综合分析认为,甘肃金鳟遗传多样性偏高,有进一步选育的遗传潜力;同时,群体内遗传分化程度较大,说明品种的纯度可能较低,经济性状不够稳定,需进一步选育。     

山女鳟同工酶的研究

采用淀粉凝胶电泳方法，对山女鳟的肝脏、肌肉等组织的LDH、MDH、IDH、ADH、EST、SOD等同工酶进行电泳，并对其表型进行生化遗传分析。结果表明，在检测到6种同工酶是由13个基因座位编码；其中m-MDH基因座位呈多态，其多态座位比例为7.6%，平均杂和度为0.059。在生化遗传水平上山女鳟表现出较低的遗传变异。     

Genetic improvement of cold-water fish species

Carnivorous fish are two to three times as efficient as pigs and broilers in converting energy and protein to edible food for humans. As the domestication of fish continues, they will become more and more efficient and competitive with these industries. In the future, this will be very important, as more efficient utilization of available food resources is required to supply the growing human population with enough food. Today, about 1% of aquaculture production is based on genetically improved fish and shellfish. For salmonid fishes, we have the necessary knowledge to establish efficient breeding programmes. Large genetic variation has been associated with important economic traits. For growth rate, heritability ranges from 0.2 to 0.3, with a coefficient of variation of 20–30%. This implies that it is possible to obtain large responses from selection for growth rate. In several large‐scale experiments and in breeding programmes, 10–15% genetic change has been obtained per generation, which is much higher than that reported for other farm animals. In Norway, extensive breeding experiments with Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout were started in 1971. For the first two generations of selection, the breeding goal was growth rate. Age at sexual maturation (measured as frequency of grilse) was then included. From the fifth generation, disease resistance (measured by challenge test for furunculosis and the virus ISA) and meat quality (measured as fat percentage, fat distribution and flesh colour) were included. Today, Norsk Lakseavl AS (Norwegian Salmon Breeding Company Ltd) or NLA runs the National Breeding Programme and has two breeding stations where 400 full‐sib and half‐sib families of Atlantic salmon are tested in each of four year classes. For rainbow trout, the number of families totals 120 in each of three year classes. In 1997, the Norwegian production was 310 000 tons of Atlantic salmon and 33 000 tons of rainbow trout. At present, about 65% of the salmon and trout produced in Norway use genetically improved fish from NLA and multipliers. The cost–benefit ratio for the National Breeding Programme in Norway is estimated to be 1:15.     

Genetic characterization of salmonid alphavirus in Norway

Pancreas disease (PD), caused by salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3), emerged in Norwegian aquaculture in the 1980s and is now endemic along the south‐western coast. In 2011, the first cases of PD caused by marine salmonid alphavirus subtype 2 (SAV2) were reported. This subtype has spread rapidly among the fish farms outside the PD‐endemic zone and is responsible for disease outbreaks at an increasing numbers of sites. To describe the geographical distribution of salmonid alphavirus (SAV), and to assess the time and site of introduction of marine SAV2 to Norway, an extensive genetic characterization including more than 200 SAV‐positive samples from 157 Norwegian marine production sites collected from May 2007 to December 2012 was executed. The first samples positive for marine SAV2 originated from Romsdal, in June 2010. Sequence analysis of the E2 gene revealed that all marine SAV2 included in this study were nearly identical, suggesting a single introduction into Norwegian aquaculture. Further, this study provides evidence of a separate geographical distribution of two subtypes in Norway. SAV3 is present in south‐western Norway, and marine SAV2 circulates in north‐western and Mid‐Norway, a geographical area which since 2010 constitutes the endemic zone for marine SAV2.     

鱼类遗传改良研究综述

本文对全世界范围内鱼类遗传改良研究的概况及其有关问题进行了全面的介绍和评述,从选择育种、杂交育种、性别控制、多倍体诱导、细胞核移植和细胞融合、低温保存技术、DNA分子标记育种、转基因技术等方面系统介绍了鱼类遗传改良的方法、在水产养殖中的应用和已取得的成就,并对鱼类遗传改良今后的发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为今后进一步开展鱼类遗传改良研究提供参考。     

家禽种质资源保存研究

动物品种资源的保存正受到世界各国的高度重视,由于鸟类生殖系统的特殊性,目前还无法冷冻保存其受精卵。饲养和周期性地继代繁殖活体仍是家禽种质资源保存最可靠的方案,但很难被经济承受力所接受。冷冻保存的研究主要集中在精液,但效率不高,而且只能保存雄性资源。冷冻保存多能细胞是一种正在研究的能弥补目前鸟类种质资源保存缺陷的一种很有潜力的方法。