上杭县城区公园绿地景观格局动态分析

以上杭县为例, 对县城城区公园绿地景观格局演变进行研究。在ArcGIS和Fragstats景观指数分析软件的支持下, 选取了破碎度、连接度、均匀度、聚集度、景观多样性和分维数等指数对上杭县城城区2009、2013和2018年公园绿地景观格局的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明: (1)2009-2018年, 上杭县城区公园绿地总面积从99 hm²增加至185 hm², 斑块数量从24个增加到35个。 (2)综合公园和社区公园是上杭县城区公园绿地景观中的优势景观元素; 游园数量最多, 斑块所占景观面积的比例最少; 整体公园绿地斑块分维数较低, 研究区整体景观形状较为规则。(3)聚集度指数下降, 公园绿地景观的破碎度程度增加; 景观多样性指数和均匀度指数呈递增趋势, 公园绿地呈均匀化发展; 龙翔片区和城南产业片区公园绿地分布偏少。(4)政策是公园绿地景观格局变化的主导因素。基于公园绿地景观格局动态分析结果, 提出了相应的对策和建议, 以期为上杭县及其他县域级小城市的公园绿地规划、城市生态建设提供参考。     

Climate change and longterm patch dynamics of a perennial herb

Many perennial herbs are patchily distributed across the landscape. How such patch systems change over time is poorly known. What are the rates of patch establishment, extinction and area growth, and to what degree are changes synchronous and exhibiting trends? Can, for example, climate change signals be discerned? These questions are of interest also concerning the long-term population dynamics of the insects utilizing patchy plant resources. All patches of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, a long-lived, patchily distributed herb, were mapped within a 12 km² area in SE Sweden. Patch areas were measured in 1977 and then almost yearly from 1990 to 2008.None of the original patches went extinct, but eleven new patches were established during the 32-year study period. However, the new patches combined represented only 0.6% of the total patch area in 2008. Average patch size did not change up to the early 1990s, but thereafter most patches grew slowly and steadily in size. This increase coincided with a climate shift towards longer growing seasons with warmer, sunnier and wetter summers. Larger patches and patches where plants had more flowers per shoot expanded faster.The patch system is presently not in equilibrium and this is probably the result of the new climatic regime. The number of patches increases steadily, most patches increase synchronously in size, and there is a positive feed back of patch size on rate of increase. Still, rates of increase are low, and in a three decade perspective the distribution of plant resources at the landscape scale remains essentially unchanged.     

基于功能分类的城市湿地公园景观格局--以西溪湿地公园为例

以西溪国家湿地公园为研究案例,从景观功能分类入手,揭示城市湿地公园景观格局与功能特征。结果表明:(1)西溪湿地公园是以生态保护为主,兼顾合理利用为基本功能特征,其生态保护功能区面积占整个公园的53.7%,旅游休闲区面积占46.3%;(2)西溪湿地公园生态保护功能斑块在整个公园中所占面积为42.08%,且面积大、形状复杂、多样性较低;旅游休闲斑块面积占25.41%,并且表现为斑块面积小、形状规则、多样性高等特点;(3)西溪湿地公园生态保护廊道面积是旅游休闲廊道面积的一半左右,其网络结构比旅游休闲廊道复杂,有利于生态保护功能的发挥;(4)生态保护廊道缓冲区内主要由生态保护斑块组成,旅游休闲廊道的缓冲区内生态功能斑块和旅游休闲斑块所占面积相差不大。基于功能分类的景观格局研究方法有利于识别景观功能的空间特征,能够有效揭示景观生态保护与利用的空间关系。     

基于GIS的南昌市公园绿地景观格局分析与优化设计

以南昌市主城区的公园绿地现状图为基本信息源,借助GIS技术,建立公园绿地空间数据库;利用FRAGSTATS景观格局软件计算相应的景观指数.在对现有的南昌市公园绿地景观格局进行定量分析的基础上,提出优化策略与方案,并对优化后的景观格局进行评价. 结果表明: 现有公园绿地的斑块空间分布不均衡,且面积差异较大,尤其在人口密集区,公园绿地斑块数量偏少,有效避灾面积明显偏低;通过大幅度增加斑块数、斑块面积,提高斑块间的连通性,并适当提高景观破碎化指数,可以优化南昌市公园绿地系统的“点-线-面”格局,使空间分布更趋合理,有效增强其生物多样性保护与防灾避险功能;优化后的公园绿地的斑块多样性指数、均匀度指数均有大幅度提高,聚集度指数也明显升高,且相应降低了优势度指数,景观多样性更为丰富.     

岷江上游典型时期景观格局变化及驱动力初步分析

岷江上游地区是我国一个重要的大尺度、复合型生态过渡带,也是一个生态系统脆弱区,研究其景观格局的变化,对于构筑我国的生态格局安全具有十分重要的意义．本研究利用岷江上游地区1986、1995、2000年3个时期的TM影像,分析了3个时期的景观特征以及变化．结果表明,岷江上游整体景观水平以草地景观为基质、森林景观以及其他景观类型作为斑块镶嵌其中．森林景观面积经历了从1986～1995年的上升,而后到2000年的下降过程;草地景观高盖度草面积不断减少;同时,森林景观和草地景观斑块总数一直增加,破碎化趋势明显．岷江上游景观格局变化的驱动因子主要是日益增加的人口数量而导致的人为干扰,包括对土地利用方式与利用强度的改变、森林资源的掠夺性开采、草地资源的过度放牧以及气候、土壤等自然因素的变化．     

内蒙古毕拉河林区近十年森林景观变化及驱动力浅析

基于遥感信息和地理信息系统,在景观总体和斑块个体两个层次上,从景观总体特征、斑块个体特征及斑块相间相关特征等3个方面对大兴安岭毕拉河林区近10年来森林景观的变化进行了系统的研究．结果表明,由于近10年来人类对森林生态系统干扰的不断增强,研究区森林景观在类型、景观总体特征、斑块个体与相关特征等方面发生了较大的变化．近10年林区森林景观的发展趋势是：受人为干扰正逐步加强,作为人工景观标志的耕地、居民点面积正逐步增加．面积转移矩阵分析结果表明,1997年耕地面积增加主要是由柞树林转化而来的,占耕地构成的30．87％．景观异质性分析结果表明,研究区森林景观耕地斑块数量增加68．80％,平均面积减少4．82％,景观的优势度减少,多样性增加,斑块之间的聚集程度减弱,1988年由柞树林和针叶林等少数几种斑块在景观中占绝对优势的情况有所改变．对研究区和相关地区的自然地理、社会经济等研究表明,火干扰、森林采伐与毁林开荒等是森林景观变化的关键性趋动力．     

Forest landscape pattern in the KwaZulu–Natal midlands,South Africa: 50 years of change or stasis?

Abstract Understanding patterns and processes of habitat change is essential for managing and conserving forest fragments in anthropogenically altered landscapes. Digitized aerial photographs from 1944 and 1996 were examined for changes to the indigenous forest landscape in the Karkloof‐Balgowan archipelago in KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa. Attributes relating to proximate land‐use, patch shape, isolation and position in the landscape were used to determine putative causes of forest change. The total change in forest area was ?5.7% (forest covered 6739 ha in 1996). This is contrasted with previous reports for the period 1880–1940 that estimated change in total forest area of up to ?80%. Attrition was the predominant process of forest transformation between 1944 and 1996. Despite little overall change in forest area, 786 mostly small (<0.5 ha) forest patches were lost from the landscape, leaving 1277 forest patches in 1996. An increase in patch isolation, but no change in patch cohesion accompanied the changes in forest area. Ignoring patches that were eliminated, 514 patches decreased in area. This was partly a function of patch size, but the conversion of natural grassland to commercial plantation forestry in the matrix also influenced forest decline. Their small size and irregular shape caused forest patches in the region to be vulnerable to edge effects. Core area declined in a negative exponential way with increasing edge width and the total area of edge habitat exceeded that of core habitat at an edge width of only 50 m. Nevertheless, total core area decreased by only 2% (65 ha) between 1944 and 1996 because most of the eliminated patches were small and contained no core area. The large Karkloof forest (1649 ha) is a conservation priority for forest interior species, but the ecological role and biodiversity value of small forest patches should not be overlooked.     

Reproductive success and pollen dispersal in urban populations of an insect-pollinated hay-meadow herb

Urban development increasingly occupies more landscape and is responsible for habitat alteration and fragmentation of so many ecosystems that urban environments can no longer be excluded from the areas to be considered in conservation strategies. Appropriate management measures ensuring population viability are needed, but due to the usually irreversible feature of the urbanisation process, the measures may differ from non-urbanised areas. Sufficient gene flow levels, leading to successful seed production, appear to be a key element in the sustainable persistence of insect-pollinated plant remnant populations. This study investigated reproductive success and pollen dispersal patterns in Centaurea jacea, an insect-pollinated hay-meadow herb, in the Brussels urban area (Belgium). Reproductive performance of urban park populations was compared with populations occurring in urban semi-natural sites. Pollen dispersal patterns were examined within and among-population patches from two urban parks using fluorescent dye as a pollen analogue. Urban park populations showed a higher reproductive success than those in urban semi-natural sites. Depositions of fluorescent dye particles on recipient individuals were found within populations (<20 m), among populations within parks (over a few hundred meters) and among parks (maximal investigated distance: 2.6 km), indicating pollinator movements and a potential gene flow by pollen over relatively long distances. Dye dispersal showed an exponential decay distribution with respect to spatial distance. The very small populations received more immigrant dye deposition when located at short distances from the source population. These findings demonstrate that urban populations do not perform worse in reproductive success than populations from agricultural landscapes, despite their small size, and can function as a network exchanging pollen. The conversion of urban park lawns into interconnected networks of ecologically managed hay meadows, allowing simultaneous flowering and seed production in many patches of target species, is to be strongly encouraged.     

围填海景观格局演变及存量资源分析——以大连长兴岛附近海域为例

以大连市长兴岛附近海域为研究区域,收集1995年、2000年Landsat TM遥感影像及2005年、2010年、2016年高分辨率遥感影像,分析20年来研究区围填海的动态空间分布及景观格局变化特征,建立面向对象的围填海存量资源分类提取方法,并构建围填海存量资源指数,对长兴岛围填海存量资源状况进行分析,得出以下结论:(1)长兴岛附近海域围填海年动态变化在2010—2016年间幅度最大;长兴岛东南部为围填海动态变化的主要区域。(2)整个区域在监测期内表现出多种围填海小型斑块被整合,大型斑块积极向外扩展的发展态势,区域内景观表现出多样性和复杂性增加而优势度减小的趋势。(3)长兴岛附近海域围填海总体利用效率较低,填而未建区域面积最大,其次为围而未填区域及低效工业城镇用海类型,围填海存量资源总面积达到22008.5 hm~2。     

广东揭阳东湖公园植被调查及景观格局分析

运用景观生态学原理,对广东揭阳东湖公园植被进行调查,同时在进行植被景观要素分类的基础上,选取景观多样性、斑块数目、斑块面积、破碎度、优势度等指标对东湖公园植物景观的异质性、多样性、均匀性等景观格局进行分析。结果表明,东湖公园植被较丰富,景观整体布局基本合理,景观结构相对稳定,但植物配置需要加强,尤其需要突出季相变化,同时适当增加灌丛和草地的斑块,丰富空间景观结构。     

上海滨江森林公园重引入獐野放后的活动范围与栖息地选择

本文对重引入后野放于上海滨江森林公园的獐进行无线电遥测跟踪研究,确定其在公园内286个斑块内的有效活动位点,分析其活动范围,并通过Vanderloeg选择系数和Scavia选择指数分析其栖息地选择。结果显示,以最小凸多边形法得到的重引入獐的活动范围面积从 24.94 hm² 至 83.24 hm² 不等,均值为 58.74 hm²;以固定核空间法得到的面积从 11.23 hm² 至 41.52 hm² 不等,均值为 26.93 hm²。野放后的獐偏好选择面积为 1-2 hm² 的较大斑块和距离水源较远的栖息地。在植被因子的选择上,野放后的獐倾向选择野草地为主、乔木和灌木密度适中、乔木高度10-15m、草本高度 30cm 以上的栖息地,避免选择乔木高度低于 5m、草本高度过低（<5cm）和无草本植物分布的栖息地。建议在今后重引入项目实施中,在郊野公园或者其它城市绿林地内为獐营造植被盖度和密度适中、隐蔽性良好、斑块面积适中的栖息地,并补种高草本,促进物种重引入成功。     

成都市近20年林地景观变化特征

基于多时段遥感数据资料,利用景观格局方法和区域土地利用指数模型,并结合生态功能区划,从时间和空间上对成都市1985-2006年的林地景观变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:研究时段内,成都市林地损失面积超过17000 hm²,林地斑块格局特征变化复杂,中、小斑块的数量和面积变化显著,体现出林地剧烈的转化和破碎化过程.从林地区域分布特征来看,林地斑块在山地亚区面积最大,约占研究区总面积的70%;平原亚区斑块数量最多,占总数的70%左右;全市林地面积变化速度最快的时期为1985-1995年,其中以山地亚区的林地面积减少速度最快;不同时段各生态功能亚区林地的相对变化率也不同.从林地的转化方向看,林地的转出、转入类型均以耕地和草地为主,林地在2000-2006年稳定性最高.促使林地景观格局时序变化的驱动力主要是生存型经济福利驱动、环境安全驱动和快速城市化过程,而自然生态条件、社会经济地域分工与布局则是林地景观空间变化的重要约束因子.     

三江平原孤立湿地景观空间结构

受人类活动的影响,近几十年来三江平原大片连续湿地逐渐破碎化,形成了大量孤立湿地。湿地景观格局分析已成为湿地生态和全球变化研究领域的热点,因此以三江平原遥感影像为数据源,利用GIS技术和景观指数模型,在60m分析粒度下,对三江平原孤立湿地景观空间结构进行分析。结果表明:1研究区的中南部孤立湿地的斑块数量较多,而中东部孤立湿地的斑块面积较大,且孤立湿地斑块之间的邻近程度和连接度较高,三江、洪河自然保护区及研究区西部孤立湿地斑块的形状较复杂;2随着湿地斑块数量的递减,非孤立湿地在景观连接中起到的作用逐渐增加,孤立湿地在景观连接中起到的作用逐渐减小,但面积相对较大的孤立湿地斑块重要值一直处于较高水平,在景观连接中起着重要作用;3三江平原孤立湿地景观空间结构是地形地貌、农业开发活动、国家政策等因子综合作用的结果,应加强对孤立湿地的保护。     

Proposed mechanism for the origin of sodic patches in Kruger National Park, South Africa

The accumulation of sodium on the footslopes of granitic catenas in semi‐arid southern Africa leads to the formation of sodic patches. Sodic patches are ecologically important for nutrient accumulation, predator evasion and wallowing, but they are often perceived as derelict lands because of vegetation denudation and low aesthetic quality. This negative perception, by both ecologists and tourists, often leads to ill‐advised management and ‘rehabilitation’ measures. In Kruger National Park, sodic patches occur at the riparian‐upland boundary and hence the processes originating in both systems may contribute to their origin. The upland‐based catena and riparian‐based evapotranspiration models were used to explore the hypothesis that these soils originate from both catena and evapotranspiration‐driven hydraulic processes. The models predict vegetation zonation dictated by a salt tolerance gradient and an increase in sodic patch area over time as a result of progressive salt accumulation. Vegetation structure and hillslope morphology across the riparian‐upland boundary and analysis of change in patch configuration over a 50‐year aerial photographic record were used to test the hypotheses. Sodic patches have unique vegetation, occur on the intermediate positions of hillslopes, have increased in area three‐fold over 50 years and are encroaching into the riparian zone. This behaviour is consistent with the assertion that these patches originate from both catena and evapotranspiration processes. Results imply a dynamic aspect of sodic patches, which have been previously viewed as static landscape features in pedogenic time scales. However, we show that they change over relatively smaller time scales meaning that their management should be commensurate with this dynamic nature. Therefore, sodic patches should be managed under a scheme that incorporates their small‐scale expansion and recognizes their ecological importance.     

Extent and spatial patterns of grass bald land cover change (1948–2000), Oregon Coast Range,USA

Globally, temperate grasslands and meadows have sharply declined in spatial extent. Loss and fragmentation of grasslands and meadows may impact biodiversity, carbon storage, energy balance, and climate change. In the Pacific Northwest region of North America, grasslands and meadows have declined in extent over the past century. Largely undocumented in this regional decline are the grass balds of the Oregon Coast Range, isolated grasslands in a landscape dominated by coniferous forests. This study was conducted to quantify the spatial extent and patterns of grass bald change. Five balds in the Oregon Coast Range were evaluated using historical aerial photographs and recent digital orthophoto quadrangles (DOQ). Over the time period of study (1948/1953 to 1994/2000), bald area declined by 66%, primarily from forest encroachment. The number and average size of bald vegetation patches declined, while edge density increased. Tree encroachment into balds was inversely related to distance from nearest potential parent trees. Spatial patterns of bald loss may result from a forest to bald gradient of unfavorable environmental conditions for tree establishment and/or seed dispersal limitation. Species dependent on balds may be at risk from loss of bald area and increased fragmentation, although metrics of habitat fragmentation may not reflect species-specific habitat requirements. Tree encroachment patterns and increased bald edge densities suggest increasing rates of bald loss in the future. The remote sensing nature of this study cannot determine the fundamental causes of bald decline, although prior research suggests climate change, cessation of native burning, successional changes in response to prior wildfires, and cessation of livestock grazing all may have potential influence.     

Temporal fragmentation of a critically endangered forest ecosystem

Landscape change and habitat fragmentation is increasingly affecting forests worldwide. Assessments of patterns of spatial cover in forests over time can be critical as they reveal important information about landscape condition. In this study, we assessed landscape patterns across the Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) and Alpine Ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) forests in the Central Highlands of Victoria between 1999 and 2019. These forests have experienced major disturbance over the past 20 years through a major fire (in 2009) and extensive industrial logging. We found that around 70% and 65% of the Mountain Ash and Alpine Ash forest areas, respectively, were either disturbed or within 200 m of a disturbed area. Inclusion of planned logging increased these disturbance categories to 72% and 70%, respectively. We also found that the isolation of Mountain Ash core areas (patches of undisturbed forest >1000 ha) increased significantly (P < 0.05) over our study period, with the proximity between disturbed areas conversely increasing significantly (P < 0.05). This means that continued and planned disturbance through industrial logging will have an amplified adverse effect on remaining undisturbed ash forest patches, which will become smaller and more dispersed across the landscape.     

沈阳城区绿地生态系统景观结构与异质性分析

对沈阳城区绿地生态系统景观结构和异质性进行了分析。结果表明,沈阳城区绿地景观斑块以街头绿地斑块最多,占城区绿地块数的50％以上,但绿地面积只占4．45％,斑块大小以防护绿地和公园绿地斑块平均值最大,分别为66．97hm^2和59．21hm^2。而街头绿地和游园绿地斑块平均值最小,为0．71hm^2和0．38hm^2。景观多样性指数以街头绿地最高,而公园绿地最低,在沈阳城区的7个区中不同绿地类型中的优势度和均匀度都比较小,但斑块绿地优势度高于廊道绿地的10倍多,绿地分布不均衡,应增加绿地斑块数量,均匀配置公共绿地(公园绿地、道路绿地),增加绿色廊道,建立城区与城郊自然生态系统绿色通道和充分发挥沈阳城区3条人工运河带状绿地美化环境、泄洪排涝和调节气候功能作用。     

Spatial and temporal determinants of golden sun moth Synemon plana distribution

In this study we examined the spatial and temporal variation in a population of the critically endangered golden sun moth Synemon plana over four years in a conservation reserve in south‐eastern Australia. We found golden sun moth spatial distribution and abundance dramatically declined from a peak in extent and abundance from 2008–2009 to 2011–2012 due to a shift from drought to above average rainfall. Autoregressive correlative models indicated that a northerly aspect and landscape position were key predictors of abundance over time, and golden sun moth distribution shifted from wet to dry locations in the landscape. We conclude that: our data provide a counterpoint to conclusions that golden sun moth has been known to persist in very small areas and suggest that distribution can change quite markedly (from large connected populations to small patches) at a local scale, and this will be due to dispersal and survivorship; the variability in the data may have implications for adequate detection of the species over time, especially when populations have contracted and species have a naturally restricted activity and breeding period; and long‐term weather patterns and landscape configuration (aspect, wet or dry position) interact to significantly affect local distribution and abundance over time. This has implications for the species under global change; increased variability in rainfall, temperature, productivity and exotic pasture growth may all alter and interact to either reduce or enhance persistence of golden sun moth populations over time.     

Comparison of land use/land cover change and landscape patterns in Honghe National Nature Reserve and the surrounding Jiansanjiang Region,China

Land use and land cover change (LUCC) determines landscape patterns and affects the ability of ecosystems to provide the services and biodiversity on which humans ultimately depend. The Honghe National Nature Reserve is a biodiversity-rich area in the Jiansanjiang region of northeast China. In this study, the LUCC and landscape patterns were compared between the reserve and the Jiansanjiang region. With remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) procedures, satellite images from 1989, 2001 and 2010 were used to calculate dynamics of LUCC amplitudes, landscape pattern index, transition matrix. The influence of LUCC on the wetland landscape of the nature reserve was discussed in the context of broader LUCC analyses. The results showed that land uses in the studied regions changed remarkedly over the time period; swamp area declined significantly as arable land increased. The ecological landscape index showed that distinct landscape patches were small, scattered and highly fragmented, moving toward a more monotonous landscape. Anthropogenic activities such as farming directly decreased the wetland landscape diversity. Furthermore, anthropogenic factors diminished wetland areas indirectly through climatic factors, namely air temperature and precipitation levels. National and regional policies on agriculture and water use have been highly influential, and the Honghe National Nature Reserve is highly susceptible to land use changes in the surrounding Jiansanjiang region.