不同发酵剂对发酵香肠中风味物质释放及有害生物胺控制的影响

通过接种植物乳杆菌与肉葡萄球菌,将试验分为复合发酵组和单一植物乳杆菌组,并以自然发酵为对照。探究发酵剂对发酵香肠加工过程中pH、Aw、色泽、亚硝酸盐、风味物质释放及有害生物胺含量控制的影响。结果表明:复配组产酸速率单一组产酸速率对照组产酸速率,且干燥结束时复配组降到组中最低为4.74;pH快速降低也使复配组Aw下降速率显著快于其它两组(P0.05);9 d后成熟结束时,复配组亚硝酸盐含量为12.6 mg/kg,显著低于其它两组及国家安全规定30 mg/kg(P0.05);从3组香肠中检出尸胺、β-苯乙胺、酪胺、组胺及精胺和亚精胺,由于精胺和亚精胺是肉中固有生物胺且含量变化微小,所以在试验中未加以说明;成品时所列4种生物胺总量在33.37～40.41 mg/kg范围,复配组中组胺及酪胺含量分别为2.89,22.54 mg/kg,低于美国食品及药品管理局(FDA)规定标准(组胺含量50 mg/kg,酪胺含量≤100 mg/kg)(P0.01)。从香肠中共检出26种挥发性风味物质,其中添加微生物发酵组风味物质总含量显著高于对照组(P0.01)。综上,复配发酵剂可使pH、Aw快速降低,有效抑制和降低香肠残留亚硝酸盐及有害生物胺含量,对香肠中风味物质释放和含量增加起主要作用。     

清酒乳杆菌对发酵香肠食用安全性的影响

以清酒乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sakei)为发酵剂制作发酵香肠,研究发酵剂对发酵香肠中亚硝酸盐残留量、组胺含量、酸价、脂质氧化和感官品质等的影响。结果表明:发酵成熟结束时,接种清酒乳杆菌和自然发酵香肠中的亚硝酸盐残留量分别为6.1,23.3mg/kg,组胺含量分别为5.18,10.54mg/kg,酸价分别为1.61,1.82mg/g,过氧化值分别为0.09,0.136g/100g,硫代巴比妥酸TBA分别为0.42,0.58mg/kg。清酒乳杆菌发酵香肠的组织状态、风味和色泽等感官评分均高于自然发酵组,获得优良的感官特性。     

低亚硝酸盐型中式发酵香肠的研制

为研制红曲米及红曲色素部分替换亚硝酸盐的低亚硝酸盐型中式发酵香肠,采用单因素试验及正交试验优化发酵过程的主要因素,即发酵时间、复合发酵剂的体积比、亚硝酸钠、红曲粉及红曲色素的添加量。结果表明,发酵时间48 h,接种的复合发酵剂体积比（清酒乳杆菌∶肉葡萄球菌∶汉逊德巴利酵母菌）为4∶0.5∶1,亚硝酸钠添加量为30 mg,红曲粉添加量为1.5g,红曲色素添加量为35mg时,所得产品感官品质最佳,且亚硝酸盐残留量为（0.026±0.003）mg/kg,远低于30 mg/kg的标准。     

不同乳酸菌发酵剂对发酵红肠品质的影响

为研究乳酸菌发酵对红肠品质的影响,将发酵技术应用于本无发酵工艺的红肠制品中,筛选出能够提高红肠品质的乳酸菌发酵剂。分别将常应用于发酵肉制品的7 种商业乳酸菌发酵剂（木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌（THM-17）、木糖葡萄球菌＋清酒乳杆菌＋类植物乳杆菌（PRO-MIX5）、木糖葡萄球菌＋肉葡萄球菌＋清酒乳杆菌（WBL-45）、木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌＋植物乳杆菌（VHI-41）、木糖葡萄球菌＋戊糖片球菌＋植物乳杆菌（SHI-59）、肉葡萄球菌＋木糖葡萄球菌（WBX-43）和戊糖片球菌＋木糖葡萄球菌＋肉葡萄球菌＋乳酸片球菌（VBM-60））及8 种单菌（弯曲乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、清酒乳杆菌-1、戊糖片球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、肉葡萄球菌、清酒乳杆菌-2、植物乳杆菌）以107 CFU/g的接种量接种至腌制后的肉馅中,拌馅灌肠后于35 ℃、80%湿度条件下发酵12 h,取样测定发酵后样品的乳酸菌数和细菌总数,再经干燥、蒸煮、烟熏、烘烤制得成品,测定其感官、pH值、色差、质构、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、生物胺及N-亚硝胺含量等指标。结果表明：15 种发酵剂中以木糖葡萄球菌和植物乳杆菌2 种乳酸菌发酵剂应用效果较好,所制得产品pH值分别为5.26和5.04,色泽美观,弹性适中,亚硝酸盐残留量（10.84、10.13 mg/kg）低,可显著抑制N-亚硝胺的形成（N-二甲基亚硝胺含量分别为1.29、2.51 μg/kg）,生物胺总量较低。由此说明,木糖葡萄球菌和植物乳杆菌能够显著提高红肠产品的安全品质。     

复合发酵剂和香辛料对发酵香肠中N-亚硝胺形成的抑制作用

为将复合发酵剂和香辛料应用到发酵香肠中以提高其安全品质,特别是抑制肉制品中N-亚硝胺的形成,利用复合发酵剂和香辛料制作发酵羊肉香肠,分为对照组、发酵剂组、沙葱+孜然组和沙葱+孜然+发酵剂组。以2%的接种量接种发酵剂并添加3%香辛料至香肠肉馅中,腌制后灌肠,经发酵、干燥、成熟阶段得到成品。将各阶段的样品取样测定各组产品的p H值、aw、亚硝酸盐、8种生物胺和7种亚硝胺含量的变化。试验结果表明:复合发酵剂和香辛料共同作用下效果最好,经发酵2 d,即可使产品中亚硝酸盐残留量(4.86 mg/kg)显著降低。成熟结束(8 d),可有效降低NDMA、NDEA、NMOR和NPIP的含量(P0.05),并抑制生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺)的积累(P0.05),NDMA含量(1.605μg/kg)符合国家标准。同时促进发酵香肠pH值和水分活度的降低,减少亚硝酸盐含量(P0.05),改善产品品质。     

四川区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种牦牛肉发酵香肠中生物胺含量的研究

以四川省10 区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种发酵剂的牦牛肉香肠共21 个样品为研究对象,测定发酵香肠中的生物胺含量。结果发现,21 个发酵香肠样品中均检测到酪胺、亚精胺、精胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺及组胺,β-苯乙胺均未检出;生物胺总量在57.34～411.12 mg/kg,除采自凉山州西昌的自然发酵牦牛肉香肠和广安的自然发酵猪肉香肠中酪胺含量超过了美国食品及药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）规定标准（酪胺含量≤100 mg/kg）,其余均不存在生物胺安全问题。     

混合发酵剂对川味香肠发酵成熟过程中生物胺含量变化的影响

以植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌和葡萄球菌作为发酵剂接种至川味香肠,采用高效液相色谱法测定川味香肠发酵成熟过程中生物胺含量的变化。结果表明:成熟结束时,除苯乙胺外,A组(接种组)中的色胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺的含量显著低于B组(自然发酵组)(P0.01),说明混合发酵剂能显著抑制川味香肠发酵成熟过程中生物胺的形成(P0.01)。A组香肠在发酵成熟过程中除酪胺含量最高达到103.05 mg/kg外,其余生物胺含量均低于100 mg/kg;B组香肠在发酵成熟过程中腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺含量超过100 mg/kg,因此接种混合发酵剂可以更好地保障川味香肠的安全性。     

复合发酵剂对羊肉香肠发酵成熟过程中理化品质及安全性能的影响

为了探究微生物发酵剂对发酵羊肉香肠理化品质及安全性能的影响,以添加清酒乳杆菌、木糖葡萄球菌及肉葡萄球菌的复合发酵剂制作发酵羊肉香肠,用GC、HPLC等仪器测定香肠发酵成熟过程中亚硝胺、生物胺、pH、Aw、色差、亚硝酸盐等指标变化。结果表明:清酒乳杆菌+木糖葡萄球菌+肉葡萄球菌复合发酵剂组产酸速率显著快于LS(清酒乳杆菌+木糖葡萄球菌)、LB(清酒乳杆菌)及对照(CO)(P0.05),发酵结束时pH值降到组中最低;pH值下降改变蛋白质束缚水分能力,促使复合发酵剂LSS组Aw下降快于其它3组,成品时为0.67(Aw)。制作过程中香肠红度值(a)表现为:复合发酵剂LSS组LSLBCO,且差异显著(P0.05)。LB、LS、LSS 3组成品香肠亚硝酸盐残留量(18.54,18.43,19.34 mg/kg)显著低于对照组(26.47 mg/kg)及国家安全限量标准30 mg/kg(P0.05)。发酵成熟过程中LSS、LS组香肠无尸胺和组胺检出,且添加发酵剂3组成品香肠生物胺总量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。LB、LS、LSS3组仅检出N-甲基乙基亚硝胺(NMEA),含量依次降低,且3组亚硝胺种类及含量均少于CO组(P0.05)。结论:使用复合发酵剂可缩短羊肉香肠发酵周期,改善香肠色泽,抑制香肠中亚硝酸盐残留及降低有害生物胺、亚硝胺含量,提高产品安全性。     

复合果蔬取代部分硝酸盐对降低发酵香肠中亚硝胺的作用

分析复合果蔬替代硝酸盐对发酵香肠中N-亚硝胺生成的影响,探究发酵香肠生产过程中复合果蔬取代部分硝酸盐的可能性。制备4 组中式发酵香肠：阴性对照组（negative control group,NCG,空白组）、阳性对照组（positive control group,PCG）、芹菜樱桃组（celery and cherry group,CCG）、卷心菜番茄组（cabbage and tomato group,CTG）,考察在发酵及成熟过程中亚硝酸盐、亚硝胺及生物胺含量的变化。结果表明：发酵过程中,果蔬发酵香肠（CCG和CTG）与PCG亚硝酸盐含量同样呈现先增加后降低趋势,但CTG峰值（65.52?mg/kg）显著低于PCG（105.31?mg/kg）。4?组发酵香肠均能检出N-二乙基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodiethylamine,NDEA）,而果蔬发酵香肠（CCG和CTG）在发酵后期NDEA含量（1.23 μg/kg未检出）显著低于PCG（3.72 μg/kg）。干燥成熟阶段,果蔬发酵香肠（CTG和CCG）亚硝酸盐残留量（36.45?mg/kg和47.97?mg/kg）显著高于NCG（24.49?mg/kg）和PCG（31.40 mg/kg）,但在干燥3 d后下降至国家标准限量（30 mg/kg）以下。成品中总生物胺含量排序为NCG＞PCG＞CCG＞CTG,CTG中未检出组胺和酪胺。各组样品中N-二甲基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA）（PCG除外）和NDEA含量均随干燥进程而逐渐增加,但是果蔬发酵香肠（CCG和CTG）在干燥结束时NDMA（0.16?μg/kg和0.11?μg/kg）和NDEA含量（4.33?μg/kg和4.13?μg/kg）低于NCG（1.73?μg/kg和9.50?μg/kg）,与PCG（0?μg/kg和4.74?μg/kg）相当。实验表明复合果蔬浆替代部分硝酸盐,可降低中式发酵香肠的N-亚硝胺和生物胺含量。     

菌株CICC 6294生物学特性及其在辣椒发酵中的应用

采用多相分类学技术,对新疆特色发酵辣椒中分离得到的乳酸菌菌株CICC 6294进行鉴定。从耐酸耐盐特性、产酸能力、降解亚硝酸盐能力、氨基酸脱羧酶能力和抑菌能力方面对乳酸菌CICC 6294的生物学特性进行研究,并将其应用于新疆特色辣椒发酵中。通过测定新疆发酵辣椒总酸的种类与含量,亚硝酸盐以及生物胺含量,来解析菌株CICC 6294在辣椒发酵中的作用。研究结果表明,菌株CICC 6294鉴定为戊糖乳杆菌。该菌株氨基酸脱羧酶为阴性,能够在80 g/L NaCl和pH 4条件下生长,且能够抑制大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特菌和沙门氏菌生长。在改良MRS液体培养基中培养30 h,亚硝酸盐全部降解。接种菌株CICC 6294的发酵辣椒亚硝酸盐的含量0.81 mg/kg,生物胺的含量为3.19 mg/kg,总酸含量达到27.6 g/kg,提高了发酵辣椒的安全性。     

乳杆菌发酵剂对酸肉挥发性风味成分的影响

分别采用植物乳杆菌、清酒乳杆菌和类植物乳杆菌作为发酵剂对酸肉发酵过程中挥发性风味成分的影响。 电子鼻分析结果表明,酸肉的整体风味随发酵时间的增加差异显著;利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术对酸肉发 酵过程中的挥发性风味物质进行检测,结果表明,酯类物质的相对含量显著增加,且增加的主要是乙酯类物质,发 酵结束时,添加植物乳杆菌、类植物乳杆菌和清酒乳杆菌组酸肉的乙酯类物质相对含量（56%、53%和60%）均显 著高于对照组（47%）,说明乳杆菌发酵剂的添加有利于酸肉中乙酯类物质的形成;通过Heatmap聚类分析发现, 发酵结束时,添加乳杆菌发酵剂的3 组酸肉整体风味比较接近,但与对照组差异较大,说明乳杆菌发酵剂的添加影 响了酸肉的风味品质。此外,发酵过程中添加发酵剂的酸肉中乳酸菌数量增加较快,肠杆菌数量显著降低,这保证 了酸肉的食用安全性。     

Novel starter cultures to inhibit biogenic amines accumulation during fish sauce fermentation

Bacteria with amine oxidase activity have become a particular interest to reduce biogenic amines concentration in food products such as meat and fish sausages. However, little information is available regarding the application of these bacteria in fish sauce. Hence, our study was aimed to investigate the effect of such starter cultures in reducing biogenic amines accumulation during fish sauce fermentation. Staphylococcus carnosus FS19 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS05 isolated from fish sauce which possess amine oxidase activity were used as starter cultures in this study. Fermentation was held for 120 days at 35 °C. The pH value increased in all samples, while salt concentration remained constant throughout fermentation. Aerobic bacteria count was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the control than in inoculated samples as a result of starter cultures addition. However, it decreased during fermentation due to the growth inhibition by high salt concentration. Proteolytic bacterial count decreased during fermentation with no significant difference (p > 0.05) among samples. These bacteria hydrolyzed protein in anchovy to produce free amino acid precursors for amines formation by decarboxylase bacteria. The presence of biogenic amines producing bacteria in this study was considered to be indigenous from raw material or contamination during fermentation, since our cultures were negative histamine producers. Amino acid histidine, arginine, lysine and tyrosine concentration decreased at different rates during fermentation as they were converted into their respective amines. In general, biogenic amines concentration namely histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine increased throughout fermentation. However, their concentrations were markedly higher (p < 0.05) in the control (without starter cultures) as compared to the samples treated with starter cultures. Histamine concentration was reduced by 27.7% and 15.4% by Staphylococcus carnosus FS19 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS05, respectively. Both cultures could also reduce other amines during fermentation. After 120 days of fermentation, the overall biogenic amines concentration was 15.9% and 12.5% less in samples inoculated with Staphylococcus carnosus FS19 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS05, respectively, as compared to control samples. These findings emphasized that application of starter cultures with amines oxidase activity in fish sauce fermentation was found to be effective in reducing biogenic amines accumulation.     

Effects of starter cultures and nitrite levels on formation of biogenic amines in sucuk

The effects of starter cultures, starter A (Lactobacillus sakei+Staphylococcus carnosus) and starter B (Pediococcus acidilactici+Staphylococcus xylosus+Lactobacillus curvatus), nitrite levels (0, 75, and 150ppm) and ripening period on biogenic amine production were investigated in sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage) production. Changes in biogenic amines, pH, water activity, moisture, non-protein nitrogen, nitrite and counts of lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, and moulds-yeasts were determined. Ripening period had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the all biogenic amines. Sausages produced by fermentation with starter cultures, as compared to natural fermentation (control), had lower amounts of putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine (P<0.05). Starter cultures A and B were found to have almost the same effect on the formation of biogenic amines. Use of nitrite in sucuk production affected the formation of biogenic amines except for spermidine and spermine (P<0.01). Lactic acid bacteria counts in the control group were lower than that of starter culture groups. Lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, and moulds-yeasts counts increased during ripening period while levels of species of Enterobacteriaceae decreased, which was also found to be under the detectable level (<100cfug(-1)), by day 3 of ripening.     

Biogenic amines in meat inoculated with Lactobacillus sake starter strains and an amine-positive lactic acid bacterium

 Formation of biogenic amines in minced meat inoculated with two Lactobacillus sake starter culture strains and an amine-positive lactic acid bacterium (G-106) was studied. The effects of these starter cultures against the formation of biogenic amines were dependent on the kind of decarboxylating microorganisms present in the raw material and the effects were different for each amine. Starter strains maintained the microbiological quality of the meat kept at 20°C for 7 days, and inhibited the formation of putrescine and cadaverine. They also inhibited the formation of phenylethylamine caused by G-106 when it was present at an initial level of 10² colony-forming units (CFU)/g. However, the formation of tyramine was not affected and the formation of histamine was increased when starters were used in samples inoculated with G-106. Received: 4 December 1996 / Revised form: 27 January 1997     

Biogenic amines in meat inoculated with Lactobacillus sake starter strains and an amine-positive lactic acid bacterium

 Formation of biogenic amines in minced meat inoculated with two Lactobacillus sake starter culture strains and an amine-positive lactic acid bacterium (G-106) was studied. The effects of these starter cultures against the formation of biogenic amines were dependent on the kind of decarboxylating microorganisms present in the raw material and the effects were different for each amine. Starter strains maintained the microbiological quality of the meat kept at 20°C for 7 days, and inhibited the formation of putrescine and cadaverine. They also inhibited the formation of phenylethylamine caused by G-106 when it was present at an initial level of 10² colony-forming units (CFU)/g. However, the formation of tyramine was not affected and the formation of histamine was increased when starters were used in samples inoculated with G-106. Received: 4 December 1996 / Revised form: 27 January 1997     

发酵剂抑制发酵肉制品中酪胺形成机制及效果的研究进展

酪胺是以酪氨酸为前体物质，经脱羧后形成的一种生物胺。消费者从食品中摄入过量的酪胺会导致头痛、高血压等健康问题。发酵肉制品由于富含蛋白质，且经长期发酵产生了复杂的微生物菌群和大量的酪氨酸，因此易形成酪胺并在产品中大量积累。应用不产生酪胺或具有降解酪胺功能的发酵剂是降低发酵肉制品中酪胺含量的新方法。本文介绍了发酵肉制品中酪胺的形成及其影响因素，重点综述了发酵剂的种类、特性和发酵剂抑制酪胺形成的机制和效果，旨在为通过发酵剂法抑制发酵肉制品中的酪胺形成与积累、提高发酵食品安全提供理论支持。     

Dry fermented sausages of Southern Italy: a comparison of free amino acids and biogenic amines between industrial and homemade products

This paper compares some important parameters and the free amino acid and biogenic amine contents of cured industrial and homemade meat products. To this aim, industrial and homemade "soppressata" and "salsiccia", typical dry fermented sausages produced in Southern Italy, were analyzed. The homemade sausages showed a higher level of free biogenic amines than that manufactured industrially, most likely because biogenic amine formation in industrial products is limited by the use of starter cultures. The industrial sausages are characterized by a higher total free amino acid content than the homemade products. Overall, free amino acid and biogenic amine contents demonstrated that appreciable differences exist between homemade and industrial sausages.     

发酵剂对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺的影响

乳酸菌产生物胺的能力具有菌株特异性,因此,为了探究不同种类发酵剂对牦牛乳硬质干酪中生物胺形成的影响,该试验利用高效液相色谱对3种不同发酵剂制作的硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺进行了测定和分析。结果表明,嗜热和嗜温发酵剂牦牛乳硬质干酪中检测出2-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺,混合发酵剂干酪中检测出腐胺、2-苯乙胺、尸胺和酪胺。各生物胺之间呈现正相关性。3种不同发酵剂干酪在1～6个月成熟过程中,其各生物胺整体呈现增加趋势,嗜热、嗜温和混合发酵剂干酪中总生物胺最高含量分别为(448.3±9.6)、(456.8±58.4)、(293±24.5)mg/kg。组胺和酪胺是2种毒性相对高的生物胺,嗜热发酵剂干酪中组胺和嗜温发酵剂干酪中酪胺最高,其最高含量分别为(20.8±7.9)、(92.9±6.7)mg/kg,混合发酵干酪中未检测出组胺,酪胺含量次之,3种不同发酵剂干酪中组胺、酪胺含量均低于推荐安全剂量50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg。这为合理选择发酵剂和控制干酪中生物胺形成提供了依据。     

Mixed starter cultures to control biogenic amine production in dry fermented sausages

Several combinations of an amine-negative Lactobacillus sakei strain, along with proteolytic Staphylococcus carnosus or Staphylococcus xylosus strains, were used to study the influence of mixed starter cultures on biogenic amine production during the manufacture of dry fermented sausages. Changes in pH, water content, proteolysis, microbial counts, and biogenic amine contents were simultaneously examined in a spontaneously fermented batch and in three mixed starter-mediated batches. A double-controlled microbial charge initially inoculated as mixed starter culture of L. sakei and Staphylococcus spp. (all amine-negative strains) drastically reduced tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine accumulation. No production of other aromatic amines such as histamine, phenylethylamine, or tryptamine was observed in any batch. The polyamines, spermine and spermidine, were found in raw materials and their levels decreased slightly in the spontaneously fermented batch. No correlation between proteolysis and biogenic amine production was observed. The use of proper technological conditions favoring starter development and the use of the raw materials with good hygienic quality make it possible to produce fermented sausages nearly free of biogenic amines.