一种大漏失井暂堵体系的开发

高渗砂岩储集层孔喉尺寸分布范围广、连通性好、产能贡献值大,这些特点在实施作业中提高了暂堵难度,大漏失产生后造成敏感储集层污染。本文从暂堵剂选择、入井液性能方面进行了研究,开发出一种易于返排、适用大漏失井暂堵的修井液体系,有效解决了大漏失井修井过程储层保护问题。     

渤海东部油田储层伤害分析及暂堵体系应用研究

随着渤海油田油气资源的开发,其修井作业量逐年增加,但个别井次投产后,产液含水量显著上升,产能恢复率急剧下降,说明作业过程中发生了严重的储层伤害.修井液大量漏失是造成储层伤害的主要外力因素,其伤害类型主要有流体不配伍结垢堵塞、乳化伤害、稠油冷伤害以及五敏伤害等.为有效保护油气储层,降低修井液漏失,针对性应用无固相暂堵液体系,其不含固相、封堵能力强,渗透率恢复高,易破胶返排,作业后油井恢复周期短.通过在渤海东部某油田A井的应用,无固相暂堵液体系可将循环漏失速率从大于20.0m3/h降至1.5m3/h,有效控制漏失速率.A井作业后第7d产能恢复至作业前水平,表明采用无固相暂堵液体系降低修井液漏失的工艺,可有效降低储层的伤害,起到良好的储层保护作用.     

渤海油田水平井暂堵冲砂技术研究与应用

水平井是渤海油田新油田开发及老油田井网调整的重要手段。水平井在修井冲砂作业过程中修井液漏失情况十分严重,容易造成冲砂管柱遇阻卡等复杂情况,同时漏失的工作液也会造成储层污染,作业后产能恢复困难。对比分析了渤海油田常用的固化水,PRD,油溶性树脂暂堵,EZ-FLO四种暂堵液体系性能特点及暂堵机理。提出了"固相暂堵"+"无固相套铣冲砂"的储层保护思路,在渤海油田水平井冲砂作业过程中取得了较好的冲砂及储层保护效果。     

塔河油田奥陶系储层油田水低固相钻完井液技术研究

塔河油田钻探的奥陶系储层为断溶体油气藏特殊的结构,缝洞型储集体裂缝发育,极易发生漏失侵入储层,易造成固相颗粒沉积、堵塞等对储层损害,导致油气井产量大幅下降;而为提高采收率,逐年增加大斜度井及水平井的部署,大量漏失造成奥陶系储层钻完井液成本消耗巨大,普通混油钻井液产生的危废钻后治理困难。通过使用高矿化度油田水配浆,强化钻井液封堵防塌、减摩降阻、高温稳定等性能,实现体系“去土相、低固相、非磺化、不混油”,形成塔河油田奥陶系储层油田水低固相钻完井液体系及维护技术,在满足奥陶系储层安全施工的同时,减小钻井液固相及滤液对储层伤害,通过在施工现场推广应用,既降低钻完井液成本投入,又减轻处理含油危废的环保压力。     

海上疏松砂岩油藏储层保护修井液技术研究

海上疏松砂岩油藏修井过程中修井液漏失严重,造成储层污染,修井作业后产能下降明显。在分析海上A油田储层伤害机理的基础上,开展了修井液技术对策分析。研究出一套适合A油田的低伤害无固相储层保护修井液体系,具体配方(w)为:海水+2.5%~3.0%防膨剂+0.5%~1.0%超低界面张力表活剂+1.5%~2.0%流型调节剂+0.05%~0.08%阻垢剂+1.2%~1.5%抑制助排剂。体系性能评价结果表明:该体系具有较好的抑制性,能够有效防止黏土水化膨胀造成储层伤害;具有较低的表面/界面张力以及良好的阻垢能力。体系与地层水和地层原油的配伍性良好。另外,修井液体系具有较好的封堵性能,并且自返排时突破压力较低,渗透率恢复值大于90%,具有良好的储层保护效果,可以满足海上疏松砂岩油藏修井作业对储层保护的要求。     

无固相钻井液在钻井工程中的应用

国内外石油钻井施工工程中,多使用含有膨润土和较高固相的钻井液,传统的钻井液易对储层造成伤害,致储层渗透率降低.考虑到储层保护的需要,优选增黏剂、降滤失剂、抑制剂、暂堵剂,开发出无固相钻井液体系.本文简单介绍了其工作机理以及在工程中的应用情况.     

低渗低压储层作业保护技术探讨

随着油田的开发,部分油田因水井欠注或无对应井注水等原因而处于低压开采状态,在进行修井及挖潜改造过程中,入井流体极易漏失进入地层,从而导致地层中粘土膨胀和颗粒运移,堵塞孔隙,降低渗透率,造成储层污染伤害,影响油田开发效果。本文从入井流体和工艺管柱两方面入手,对国内外作业过程中的油层保护技术进行了调研,对不同储层保护措施的优缺点及适应性进行分析,提出了低渗低压储层作业保护技术建议。     

海上注水开发期作业入井液的优化与应用

埕岛油田经过长时间开发,地层压力已接近或低于饱和压力,造成油井作业期间入井液大量漏失,进而影响油井产能的恢复,甚至减产。通过转变观念调整思路,优化改进了入井液配方,入井液漏失的过程也是解堵的过程,变被动为主动,不仅提高了作业施工效果而且节约了作业成本。     

东濮陆相致密油储层压裂扩展规律模拟实验

东濮濮卫致密油储层属致密低渗砂岩储层,利用整合的桥塞分段、多簇射孔和近井筒转向的段内转向压裂技术可使改造程度最大化,但段内转向压裂能否压开多簇射孔段,目前的裂缝监测手段虽定量分析,但误差较大。为验证储层裂缝延伸和暂堵机理,应用大尺寸真三轴模拟压裂实验装置,进行了真三轴模拟压裂室内实验,分析一次压裂和二次暂堵压裂后的裂缝扩展规律。实验结果显示:一次压裂后裂缝从射孔处直接沿最大主应力方向起裂并扩展;加入暂堵剂二次压裂后形成了双翼缝,与一次压裂形成的裂缝有较大夹角,接近90℃,即暂堵后转向效果明显;一次压裂和暂堵压裂的破裂压力差值为10MPa,大于东濮陆相储层多簇射孔压裂改造过程中的簇间破裂压力差值(4～8 MPa),因此东濮陆相储层多簇射孔段内暂堵压裂具备施工条件。     

完井液应用进展

完井液是钻井液和油田开发过程中入井液体的桥梁,既要满足钻井和油田开发的要求,又要达到保护油气田的目的.文章着重阐述完井液的选择要求,并简要介绍射孔完井液、砾石充填完井液和钻井完井液.     

佛山市顺德新城区降水中污染物的监测和分析

为掌握佛山市顺德新城区降水中污染物的情况,2015年7月至8月,文章作者分别在雨天进行了降水取样,对降水中的pH、电导率、常见阴离子(F-、Cl~-、NO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-))及部分重金属(铅和镉)进行监测分析。选择有相关数据的珠江三角洲和石家庄、厦门等地的降水中污染物的情况进行对比。结果表明,顺德新城区降水中的p H和部分阴离子浓度优于珠江三角洲平均值,酸雨类型属于硫酸和硝酸混合型;其水体洁净程度略差于石家庄;铅和镉的浓度也高于厦门,甚至部分超出了人体能直接接触的安全范围。     

Metabolism of trideuterated iso-lignoceric acid in rats in Vivo and in human fibroblasts in culture

Saturated very long chain fatty acids (fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms; VLCFA) accumulate in peroxisomal disorders, but there is little information on their turnover in patients. To determine the suitability of using stable isotope-labeled VLCFA in patients with these disorders, the metabolism of 22-methyl[23,23,23-²H₃]tricosanoic (iso-lignoceric) acid was studied in rats in vivo and in human skin fibroblasts in culture. The deuterated iso-VLCFA was degraded to the corresponding 16- and 18-carbon iso-fatty acids by rats in vivo and by normal human skin fibroblasts in culture, but there was little or no degradation in peroxisome-deficient (Zellweger’s syndrome) fibroblasts, indicating that its oxidation was peroxisomal. Neither the 14-, 20-, and 22-carbon iso-fatty acids nor the corresponding odd-chain metabolites could be detected. In the rat, the organ containing most of the iso-lignoceric acid, and its breakdown products, was the liver, whereas negligible amounts were detected in the brain, suggesting that little of the fatty acid crossed the blood-brain barrier. Our data indicate that VLCFA labeled with deuterium at the ω-position of the carbon chain are suitable derivatives for the in vivo investigation of patients with defects in peroxisomal β-oxidation because they are metabolized by the same pathways as the corresponding n-VLCFA. Moreover, as iso-VLCFA and their β-oxidation products are readily separated from the corresponding n-fatty acids by normal chromatographic procedures, the turnover of VLCFA can be more precisely measured. A preliminary report of part of this work (Reference 18) was presented at the 5th International Symposium on the Synthesis and Applications of Isotopes and Isotopically Labelled Compounds, Strasbourg, France, June 20–24, 1994.     

中国粉末涂料行业发展现状之2014

根据国家统计局以及国内外相关机构的数据统计资料,按照自2004年以来的相同数据统计口径,以原材料消耗为基础,编制出我国粉末涂料行业年度数据统计报告,以期为政府制定相关产业政策,企业制定发展规划提供翔实的数据支撑。     

Phospholipid metabolism in cells in culture

The proportions of the different lecithin fractions have been determined in HeLa and KB tissue culture cells and Ehrlich Ascites tumor. 82.8% of the total phosphatidyl choline phosphorus is found in fraction 3 of HeLa cells. The major phosphatidyl cholines found in KB cells and Ehrlich Ascites tumor are in fractions 3 and 4 and representing 66.6% and 88.7% of the total phosphatidyl choline P, respectively. The incorporation of 1,2-¹⁴C-choline and 1,2-¹⁴C-ethanolamine into the various phosphatidyl choline fractions has been assayed to determine their biosynthesis in Ehrlich Ascites tumor. The incorporation of 1,2-¹⁴C-choline into fractions 3 and 4 is 100 times the 1,2-¹⁴C-ethanolamine. This evidence indicates that the methylation pathway of phosphatidyl choline synthesis is very low in HeLa, KB and Ehrlich Ascites cells. One of 13 papers presented at the symposium “Lipid Metabolism in Cells in Culture,” AOCS Meeting, Houston, May 1971. Part of a thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Science.