金颗粒掺杂对有机-硅光伏电池性能的影响

将金纳米颗粒(Au NPs)掺入导电聚合物聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩∶聚苯乙烯磺酸(PEDOT∶PSS)薄膜中,制备了有机-硅杂化光伏电池。利用TEM和SEM对Au NPs及其掺杂的有机膜进行了表征。考察了金纳米颗粒对有机-硅杂化光伏电池光学和电学性能的影响。电池的电流密度-电压曲线(J-V)、外量子效率(EQE)和电容-电压曲线(C-V)测试结果表明,Au NPs的引入提高了电池的光电性能,与纯PEDOT∶PSS-硅电池相比,掺入金纳米颗粒制备的杂化光伏电池的光电转化效率(PCE)提高了24%,达到12.87%;在金纳米颗粒的等离子共振区域,电池对光的反射性能降低;当V(金纳米颗粒)∶V(PEDOT∶PSS)=0.15∶1.0时,膜的导电率由560 S/cm增加到860S/cm、PEDOT∶PSS-硅光伏电池的内建电场(Vbi)由0.68 V增加到0.78 V,金纳米颗粒与PEDOT∶PSS共同作用,极大地减少了电荷在传输过程中的损失,提高了电池中电荷的传输和收集效率。     

基于二甲氧基乙醇处理聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩/聚苯乙烯磺酸盐做透明电极在有机太阳能电池中的应用

聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩/聚苯乙烯磺酸盐（PEDOT:PSS）具有优异的光电性能,目前研究者尝试用PEDOT:PSS材料来取代常用透明电极氧化铟锡（ITO）,由于未经处理过的PEDOT:PSS电导率极低,目前急需寻找到新的方法来提高PEDOT:PSS的电导率。本文使用了热（130℃）二甲氧基乙醇多次处理PEDOT:PSS薄膜,结果表明随着处理次数的增加,PEDOT:PSS薄膜电阻逐渐减小。采用了原子力扫描电镜（AFM）和X射线衍射（XRD）等表征手段,发现热二甲氧基乙醇溶剂处理能有效的去除PSS,从而提升了薄膜的电导率。经过热二甲氧基乙醇溶剂处理六次后的品质因素（FoM）高达51.61,并将热二甲氧基乙醇处理六次后的PEDOT:PSS薄膜作为无ITO有机太阳能电池的透明电极,光电转化效率为2.05%,达到了ITO电极的83.67%。     

PEDOT:PSS对电极的制备及其光电性能研究

通过DMSO掺杂处理和硫酸后处理两种方法制备了基于聚3,4-亚乙二氧基噻吩∶聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT:PSS)的对电极。采用循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了PEDOT:PSS电极的电化学性质,发现与DMSO处理PEDOT:PSS电极相比,经过硫酸处理的PEDOT:PSS电极对于I3-到I-还原反应具有更高的电催化活性和更小的电荷转移电阻。由纯的和改性PEDOT:PSS对电极分别组装了染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs),并研究了其光伏性能。结果表明基于硫酸处理的PEDOT:PSS电极的电池在上述三种类型电池中具有最高的光电转换效率(2. 11%)。     

导电高分子PEDOT／PSS保护银纳米颗粒的制备与表征

利用导电高分子聚（3，4-二氧乙基噻吩）／聚（对苯乙烯磺酸）（PEDOT／PSS）作保护剂，制备了银纳米颗粒，用UV-Vis和TEM对其进行了表征．结果表明，选择合适量的PEDOT／PSS保护剂可以得到大小分布较窄银纳米颗粒．     

NIPAM改性PEDOT:PSS导电聚合物的制备及在电致变色器件中的应用

以柔性疏水小分子N-异丙基丙烯酰胺（NIPAM）对聚苯乙烯磺酸盐（PSS）进行共聚改性，制备了一系列聚[(苯乙烯磺酸盐)-共-异丙基丙烯酰胺][P(SS-co-NIPAM)]，并以其为模板采用氧化聚合法与3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩（EDOT）制备了导电聚合物PEDOT:P(SS-co-NIPAM)。与PEDOT:PSS薄膜相比，NIPAM摩尔分数（以对苯乙烯磺酸钠物质的量为基准，下同）为15%时，PEDOT:P(SS-co-NIPAM)薄膜平均透光率保持在80%左右，水接触角从18.5°增至39.0°，疏水性提高，并且弯曲1000次后方阻变化量为5.71 kΩ/sq，远小于PEDOT:PSS薄膜（10.60 kΩ/sq）。以NIPAM摩尔分数为15%的PEDOT:P(SS-co-NIPAM)薄膜作为离子储存层的电致变色器件的光学对比度（ΔT）为9.83%，循环800次后ΔT仍达到9.55%，衰减量为0.28%，衰减量与PEDOT:PSS器件相当，说明NIPAM共聚改性能改善PEDOT:PSS导电聚合物的柔韧性和疏水性，以其作为离子储存层的器件可维持优异的电致变色性能。     

基于PEDOT:PSS导电聚合物的透明电极制备及其光电性能研究

通过掺杂改性,在玻璃和柔性塑料衬底上采用旋涂法制备了高导电性和高透明性的PEDOT:PSS薄膜。然后以此为基础,研究了PEDOT:PSS为阳极的绿光OLED标准器件和黄光电致磷光器件性能。以CBP掺杂磷光材料(MPPZ)₂Ir(acac)为发光层制备了柔性和平面OLED器件,考察了以ITO、PEDOT:PSS/玻璃、PEDOT:PSS/PET三种不同阳极器件的性能。实验结果表明,以PEDOT:PSS/玻璃阳极的器件启动电压为3.83 V,最大亮度可达18 632 cd/m²,最大电流效率可达21.61 cd/A,显示了PEDOT:PSS透明导电薄膜作为OLED阳极材料具有很大的发展潜力。     

PEDOT:PSS导电自支撑薄膜的合成与制备

以3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩（EDOT）为原料，聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠（PSS-Na）为分散剂和掺杂剂，通过化学氧化合成法在水体系中聚合制备了聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩):聚苯乙烯磺酸（PEDOT:PSS）悬浮液，通过真空抽滤的方法制备了PEDOT:PSS自支撑柔性导电薄膜。通过FTIR、UV-Vis对聚合产物结构进行了表征与确认，通过四探针电导率测试、SEM、拉伸断裂强度测试对PEDOT:PSS薄膜的导电性、微观形貌与力学性能进行了表征。结果表明，成功制备了PEDOT:PSS目标产物，在氧化剂与单体物质的量之比为0.875时达到最佳电导率（19.19 S/cm）。自支撑薄膜厚度约18 μm，在25 ℃，40%~60%相对湿度范围内拉伸断裂强度达到45~60 MPa，具有良好的导电性与机械性能。     

以低分子量聚乙烯基苯磺酸钠为模板的聚3,4-二氧乙烯噻吩水分散体的制备及性能

通过RAFT聚合,制备了低分子量的聚乙烯基苯磺酸钠（PSS）;其次以低分子量的聚乙烯基苯磺酸钠为模板制备了聚3,4-二氧乙烯噻吩（PEDOT）：聚乙烯基苯磺酸钠（PSS）水分散体,研究了作为模板的聚乙烯基苯磺酸钠的不同分子量对PEDOT：PSS水分散体结构和性能的影响。结果显示：通过核磁氢谱（¹H NMR）表征,证明成功制备了分子量为3900,4900,9600和18300的聚乙烯基苯磺酸钠。用荧光探针法发现低分子量PSS在水中能形成胶束,临界胶束浓度在10^-6g·ml^-1左右。用四探针表面电阻测试发现,低分子量PSS为模板可明显提高PEDOT薄膜的导电性,最大提高了近3倍。用紫外可见分光光度计（UV）研究发现,以低分子量PSS为模板使PEDOT的透明性有一定的下降,这主要是由于RAFT试剂部分和PEDOT：PSS的相分离造成的。热稳定性的测试表明,低分子量PSS为模板对PEDOT的热稳定性没有明显的影响。     

氧化钛纳米棒/纳米颗粒复合晶膜电极的制备与应用

用水热法制备的Ti02纳米棒与纳米颗粒P25混合制备复合晶膜电极,通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱和电池的光电性能测试,分析掺入纳米棒对染料敏化太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSC)性能的影响.结果表明:加入一定量的TiO2纳米棒可以改善复合薄膜对染料的吸附量和薄膜电极对...     

氧化锡纳米棒的溶剂热制备及其在钙钛矿太阳电池中的应用

本文以NaOH和SnCl_4·5H_2O为主要原料,在正己烷与水的混合溶液中合成了平均长度分别为59.2 nm和81.7 nm的金红石相氧化锡纳米棒,并将其用作钙钛矿太阳电池的介孔支撑层。用场发射扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、紫外一可见分光光度计、瞬态荧光光谱仪和电流密度-电压曲线对其表面形貌、相组成、电子传输以及光伏特性等进行测试。结果表明:交叉分布的氧化锡纳米棒结构有助于钙钛矿的渗透与结晶,一维纳米棒结构有助于电子传输。当纳米棒的平均长度为59.2 nm时,所制备的钙钬矿电池能获得12.33%的光电转化效率,高于平均长度为81.7 nm的纳米棒所制备的电池(11.14%)。     

In situ-prepared composite materials of PEDOT: PSS buffer layer-metal nanoparticles and their application to organic solar cells

We report an enhancement in the efficiency of organic solar cells via the incorporation of gold (Au) or silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) in the hole-transporting buffer layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), which was formed on an indium tin oxide (ITO) surface by the spin-coating of PEDOT:PSS-Au or Ag NPs composite solution. The composite solution was synthesized by a simple in situ preparation method which involved the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄) or silver nitrate (AgNO₃) with sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) solution in the presence of aqueous PEDOT:PSS media. The NPs were well dispersed in the PEDOT:PSS media and showed a characteristic absorption peak due to the surface plasmon resonance effect. Organic solar cells with the structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS-Au, Ag NPs/poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM)/LiF/Al exhibited an 8% improvement in their power conversion efficiency mainly due to the enlarged surface roughness of the PEDOT:PSS, which lead to an improvement in the charge collection and ultimately improvements in the short-circuit current density and fill factor.     

Ultrafast-laser-treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) electrodes with enhanced conductivity and transparency for semitransparent perovskite solar cells

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is an important organic electrode for solution-processed low-cost electronic devices. However, it requires doping and post-solvent treatment to improve its conductivity, and the chemicals used for such treatments may affect the device fabrication process. In this study, we developed a novel route for exploiting ultrafast lasers (femtosecond and picosecond laser) to simultaneously enhance the conductivity and transparency of PEDOT:PSS films and fabricate patterned solution-processed electrodes for electronic devices. The conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS film was improved by three orders of magnitude (from 3.1 to 1024 S·cm^–1), and high transparency of up to 88.5% (average visible transmittance, AVT) was achieved. Raman and depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the oxidation level of PEDOT was enhanced, thereby increasing the carrier concentration. The surface PSS content also decreased, which is beneficial to the carrier mobility, resulting in significantly enhanced electrical conductivity. Further, we fabricated semitransparent perovskite solar cells using the as-made PEDOT:PSS as the transparent top electrodes, and a power conversion efficiency of 7.39% was achieved with 22.63% AVT. Thus, the proposed route for synthesizing conductive and transparent electrodes is promising for vacuum and doping-free electronics.     

Conductivities enhancement of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) transparent electrodes with diol additives

High conductivity, good stability, and high transmittance in the visible region are the three essential requirements for the polymer electrodes used in the optoelectronic devices. It was found that with addition of diols, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), to the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) emulsion before spin-coating could increase dramatically the conductivities of the resultant PEDOT:PSS thin films from 1 to 90 S cm^?1 while maintain the optical transparency of the modified thin films. With up to ?2.4 V potential applied, the PEDOT:PSS with PEG 200 additive does not show obvious color change, indicating its good electrochemical stability as polymer electrode. Detailed studies on the structures and morphologies of these modified PEDOT:PSS thin films, in comparison to that of PEDOT:PSS without additives were carried out using AFM, Raman, and FTIR to investigate the underlying mechanisms.     

Ordered and ultrathin reduced graphene oxide LB films as hole injection layers for organic light-emitting diode

In this paper, we demonstrated the utilization of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films as high performance hole injection layer in organic light-emitting diode (OLED). By using LB technique, the well-ordered and thickness-controlled RGO sheets are incorporated between the organic active layer and the transparent conducting indium tin oxide (ITO), leading to an increase of recombination between electrons and holes. Due to the dramatic increase of hole carrier injection efficiency in RGO LB layer, the device luminance performance is greatly enhanced comparable to devices fabricated with spin-coating RGO and a commercial conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS as the hole transport layer. Furthermore, our results indicate that RGO LB films could be an excellent alternative to commercial PEDOT:PSS as the effective hole transport and electron blocking layer in light-emitting diode devices.     

Electrical conductivity of polymer blends of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly(styrenesulfonate): N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and polyvinyl alcohol

The goal of this study is to determine the electrically conductivity of the polymers poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate): N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (PEDOT: PSS: NMP) and PEDOT: PSS when blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). While the conducting polymers have high conductivity when not blended with PVA, they are brittle and difficult to spin-coat. Thus, the motivation for this study is to develop blends of these two conducting polymers with PVA to produce a material with optimized mechanical properties and that can also be spin-coated. The blends are produced using aqueous preparations of these materials. Mixtures of various weight percentages (wt %) of PEDOT: PSS: NMP and PEDOT: PSS are prepared and spin-coated on glass slides to form thin films. In the blends, the film conductivity increases with increasing content of either PEDOT: PSS: NMP or PEDOT: PSS. For example, 100 wt % of PEDOT: PSS: NMP and 60 wt % of PEDOT: PSS: NMP blended with PVA exhibit conductivities of, respectively, 10 and 4.02 S/cm. In contrast, conductivities of only 0.0525 and 0.000506 S/cm are observed, respectively, for 100 wt % of PEDOT: PSS and 60 wt % of PEDOT: PSS content in the PEDOT: PSS/PVA blends (No NMP). The addition of the NMP enhances the electrical conductivity by two to five orders of magnitude (depending on the amount of PVA in the blend) due to conformational change of PEDOT chains. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Flexible polymer thermoelectric device based on PEDOT:PSS and surface treated pyromellitic dianhydride-oxydianiline polyimide substrate

Flexible polymer thermoelectric devices based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and pyromellitic dianhydride-oxydianiline polyimide polyimide (PI) were fabricated and investigated in this work. PI was selected as a substrate for PEDOT:PSS to secure from repeated bending cycles of flexible device. To enhance the interfacial adhesion between PEDOT:PSS and PI, oxygen plasma treatment was used on the surface of PI substrate. The effect of the surface treatment with oxygen plasma on the synthesized PI substrate was significant. The polar component of surface free energy of PI was increased from 2.8 to 31.8 mJ/m². The power factor of PEDOT:PSS on the PI substrate was increased from 25.86 to 43.78 μW m⁻¹ K⁻². Also, as a result of 10 k times of bending test, the electrical performance consistency and the mechanical stability of the fabricated devices were confirmed. This verified fabricated flexible polymer thermoelectric devices based on PEDOT:PSS and PI are suitable for the various applications.     

Towards optimization of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes adhering with poly(3-hexylthiophene) for highly efficient polymer solar cells

In this paper, we present the optimization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by acid-treatment, solution ultrasonication time and dispersion in photoactive layer for efficient organic solar cells. After non-covalently adhering with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), pre-functionalized SWCNTs were blended into the composites of P3HT and [6,6]-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as photoactive layer, and a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.02% with a short-circuit current density of 11.46 mA/cm² was obtained from photovoltaic cell indium-tin oxide (ITO)/poly(ethylene-dioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/P3HT:PCBM:SWCNTs/Al with an optimum 0.3 wt% SWCNTs in P3HT:PCBM:SWCNTs nanocomposite, the PCE can be enhanced by more than 10% as compared to the control device ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al. The performance improvement by incorporating with functionalized SWCNTs is mainly attributed to the extension of excitons dissociation area and fastening charge carriers transfer across the active layer.     

Chemical cross-linking of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)

Hybrid films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were prepared with different molecular weights of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The cross-linking reaction between PEO and PEDOT:PSS was performed at high temperature and confirmed by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), contact angle measurement, and solid-state ¹H NMR. The effect of chemical reaction on the conductivity and morphology of these hybrid films was studied by using 4-point probe and atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. As-spun PEO/PEDOT:PSS films have lower electric conductivity due to the addition of nonconductive PEO, and exhibits no molecular weight dependence on conductivity. After chemical cross-linking reaction at high temperature, only PEDOT:PSS films with lowest molecular weight PEO additives show enhanced conductivity with increasing reaction time. AFM result indicates that the heat-treated PEO/PEDOT:PSS hybrid films show grain-like morphology compared to ethylene glycol treated PEDOT:PSS films which shows continuous PEDOT domain. In the present work we demonstrate that the cross-linking reaction can be used to improve the wet stability of PEDOT:PSS nanofiber, showing good water resistance and excellent dimensional stability.     

Aqueous in-situ electrosynthesis and electrochromic performance of PEDOT:PSS/Reline film

Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a promising electrochromic material in many practical application, such as smart windows and displays. However, there are still difficulties in currently realizing green manufacturing, high coloration efficiency, and rapid response. Herein, in-situ electrochemical polymerization of PEDOT:PSS/Reline films was suggested in aqueous solution. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) composed of choline chloride and urea (Reline) were employed as green solvents in reaction system and used as dopants for the PEDOT:PSS. The as-prepared PEDOT:PSS/Reline films exhibited remarkable electrochromic properties, including great ion diffusion coefficient, fast reaction time (coloration response time was 1.4 s), prominent transmittance modulation (38%), high coloration efficiency (223 cm²/C) and excellent cyclic stability. Impressively, doping of Reline cannot only provide a green polymerization environment, but also significantly boost the electrochromic properties.     

Failure Mechanisms of Stretchable Perovskite Light-Emitting Devices under Monotonic and Cyclic Deformations

This paper presents the results of experimental and analytical studies of the failure mechanisms of stretchable perovskite light-emitting devices (PeLEDs). The multilayered PeLED structures consist of an anodic layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene-sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), an emissive layer of methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr₃), and a eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) cathodic layer, which are deposited onto treated polydimethylsiloxane substrates. The intrinsically nonstretchable MAPbBr₃ and PEDOT:PSS are modified with poly(ethylene oxide). The failure mechanisms of the layered stretchable PeLED structures are then investigated under monotonic and cyclic deformations. The optical and scanning electron microscopy images show the deflection and propagation of cracks and wrinkles under applied strains. Cracking of perovskite crystal and debonding of films are also observed with increased cyclic deformation. The effects of the failure mechanisms on the optoelectronic properties of the devices are then studied. The in situ measured transmittance of the PEDOT:PSS (≈75%) reduces with increasing uniaxial strain, and then is increased close to its initial value when the strain is released. The turn-on voltage of the device increases with increasing number of cycles between 50 and 1000 cycles at 20% strain level. The fatigue lifetimes of the PeLED structures are used to explain the design of stretchable perovskite devices.