Process Variables, Gelatinized Starch and Moisture Effects on Physical Properties of Mungbean Noodles

The effects of amounts of gelatinized starch and moisture in the final slurry or dough, cooking time, holding time, and holding temperature on physical properties of mungbean noodles were studied. Cooking loss, cutting stress, work to cut, and transparency of noodles were measured. Moisture content of the final slurry or dough, cooking time, and holding temperature were the most important factors that affected physical properties of mungbean noodles. Processing should be done at moisture contents not exceeding 55%, cooking times not longer than 40 set, and holding temperatures not lower than 3° using 5% of total starch as gelatinized starch and holding time of 36 hr.     

蛋清蛋白添加对籼米-绿豆粉粉质特性及挤压米粉丝品质特性的影响

将籼米粉、绿豆粉和蛋清蛋白粉按照一定的比例复配,开发高纤维含量的杂粮米粉丝。研究了绿豆和蛋清蛋白的添加对米粉糊化特性、流变特性以及挤压米粉丝微观结构、蒸煮特性和质构等品质特性的影响。结果显示:添加一定量的绿豆粉和蛋清蛋白粉后,混合粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、回生值、弹性模量、黏性模量均逐渐下降。随着绿豆粉的添加(25%,50%),米粉的蒸煮时间、断条率、蒸煮损失和吸水率均上升,硬度降低,表明米粉的品质显著降低,由扫描电镜图可以发现,加了绿豆粉之后米粉截面变得越来越粗糙,裂纹和孔洞明显增多。但当加入7.5%的蛋清蛋白后,米粉的蒸煮时间、蒸煮损失和断条率均下降,质构特性有一定程度的改善,表明蛋清蛋白良好的凝胶特性有助于提升高纤维含量挤压米粉丝的品质。     

小麦粉中蛋白质和淀粉含量对面条品质的影响

对小麦粉中的蛋白质和淀粉组分进行了分离,将淀粉含量不同的混合粉制作成面条,分析其质构特性和食用品质。将面条煮制后,对熟面条进行了质构分析,测定了熟面条的硬拉伸性能、剪切性能和蒸煮损失,并进行了感官品质评价。研究结果表明:随着小麦粉中的淀粉含量的增加(蛋白质含量的降低),面条的质构特性、拉伸性能、剪切性能都呈现显著下降的变化趋势(P<0.05),而面条的蒸煮损失显著增加(P<0.05)。此外,面条的感官评价与质构分析的结果相一致。     

Pea starch noodles: Effect of processing variables on characteristics and optimisation of twin-screw extrusion process

The effects of processing variables (moisture content, barrel temperature and screw speed) on the physicochemical, cooking and textural properties of pea starch noodles prepared by twin-screw extrusion were investigated using response surface methodology. Results indicated that increasing dough moisture content increased the b^∗ value (yellowness), expansion ratio, percentage of gelatinised starch, resistant starch content, cooking time, firmness and surface stickiness, but reduced cooking loss. Raising barrel temperature reduced cooking loss and cooked weight, but increased the expansion ratio, percentage of gelatinised starch, resistant starch, firmness and surface stickiness of cooked pea starch noodles. The b^∗ value, expansion ratio, percentage of gelatinised starch, resistant starch, cooking time, firmness and surface stickiness were increased as screw speed was increased, whereas the a^∗ value and cooked weight were reduced. The optimum processing conditions for pea starch noodle-making by twin-screw extrusion was established. Good agreement was noted between experimental values obtained at optimum process conditions and predicted values. Pea starch noodles prepared by twin-screw extrusion exhibited similar brightness in colour and cooking time to, but firmer texture than, commercial mung bean starch noodles.     

Starch Noodle Quality as Related to Potato Genotypes

Starch noodles were prepared using potato starch from 8 genotypes, mung bean starch, mung bean-potato starch blends, and sweet potato starch. The cooking quality of noodles from selected potato starches compared well with commercial starch noodles. Of the unblended potato starches, Mainechip exhibited cooking quality similar to commercial starch noodles with respect to cooking loss, cooked weight, and ?rmness. Appearance and texture of starch noodles from three genotypes (E55-35, Mainechip, and Shasta) were evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Noodles made from unblended potato starches had higher glossiness and transparency than those from other starches. Noodles from both un-blended and blended Mainechip starch had the highest press and elasticity.     

Moisture profiles of wheat noodles containing hydroxypropylated tapioca starch

Wheat noodles were prepared using flour to which hydroxypropylated tapioca starch was added, and the effect of this addition on the moisture distribution within the noodles during cooking was examined using a digital image processing technique. The addition of the modified starch slightly increased the moisture content and narrowed the flat distribution near the noodle surface. The distribution features reflected the changes in the water absorption behaviour caused by the properties of the modified starch and the reduction in the gluten content. Addition of the modified starch lowered Young's modulus and the energy for 99% strain of the noodles in the texture analysis to, at maximum 35% and 65%, and decreased the breakability of the noodles. These changes in the moisture distribution and textural properties have been ascribed to changes in both the state of the starch granules near the surface and the structure of the gluten network.     

Formation of Resistant Starch During Processing and Storage of Instant Noodles

Instant noodle was prepared in a commercial noodle plant using varying steaming and frying conditions. Wheat flour had very low amount of resistant starch (RS) as 0.26 g/100 g dry solids. Dough was formed by mixing wheat flour with other adjuncts for 15–20 min, cut into about 0.5 mm strands and steamed in a tunnel for 90 to 240 s. Steaming of dough increased RS content from 0.22 to 0.49 g/100 g dry solids in 90 s and to 1.4 g/100 g dry solids in 240 s. Frying of steamed noodles at temperatures ranging from 145–170°C for 60–160 s resulted in sudden decrease in moisture content from 42.9–49.6 to 0.6–1.6 g/100 g dry solids and increase in oil content up to about 20 g/100 g dry solids. Frying of steamed noodle strands resulted in only slight increase in RS content (up to 1.2 times), depending on steaming time and temperature. Storage of instant noodles showed up to 1.4 times increase in RS content but refrigerated storage did not increase the RS content.     

三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的物性及品质的影响

将马铃薯全粉与面粉按不同比例配成混合粉以制作面条,并用马铃薯复合变性淀粉提升面条的品质;通过对不同比例混合粉糊化特性,面条断条率、烹调损耗、物性、烹调特性和感官评定的研究,得出制作面条的最优马铃薯全粉:面粉质量比和预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的添加量。结果表明,最优的质量比为20:80 (w/w);添加马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的弹性、黏着性等都有显著影响(p<0.05);在烹调实验中,随着预糊化交联淀粉、氧化交联淀粉、酯化交联淀粉的增加,吸水率升高,当三者的添加量分别为5%、4%、5%时,浊度最低;感官评定实验中,当添加5%预糊化交联淀粉、4%氧化交联淀粉、6%酯化交联淀粉时,马铃薯面条的各指标评分之和最高,且分别为:31.2、33.1、34.6。从质构,烹调特性,感官特性等方面综合对比三种马铃薯复合变性淀粉对马铃薯面条的影响,得出6%酯化交联淀粉最适宜。     

Starch noodles: History,classification, materials,processing, structure,nutrition, quality evaluating and improving

Starch noodles, produced from purified starch of various plant sources, are a major category of Asian noodles. This review summarizes the current knowledge on: (1) Definition, naming, history and categories of starch noodles. (2) The morphological, physico-chemical, thermal, rheological characteristics and molecular structure of materials including mung bean starch, pea starch, sweet potato starch, potato starch and corn starch. (3) Processing technology of starch noodles including dropping, extruding and cutting. (4) Structure of starch noodles: it is composed of hydrolysis-resistant crystalline zone, network-like framework and filler mass. (5) Nutrition of starch noodles: it could be evaluated by the digestibility of starch, hydrolysis properties of gelatinized and retrograded starches, hydrolysis property of starch noodles. (6) Quality evaluating of starch noodles: it includes sensory, cooking and texture property. Correlation between the physical properties of starch, processing variables and the sensory, cooking and texture property of starch noodles are summarized. (7) Quality improving for non-mung bean starch noodles: (a) using other materials such as red bean starch, pigeonpea starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, corn starch, to substitute totally or partly mung bean starch; (b) adding chemically modified starch; (c) adding physically modified starch; (d) biologically treating starch; (e) using additives such as chitosan, polysaccharide gums.     

Physicochemical Characteristics of Pigeonpea and Mung Bean Starches and Their Noodle Quality

This study compared the properties of pigeonpea and mung bean starches and noodles made from each. No large differences in size and shape of respective starch granules were observed. The degree of syneresis of pigeonpea starch was nearly three times that of mung bean starch. Swelling power of pigeonpea starch was considerably lower at 60°C and 70°C but it did not differ markedly at 80° and 90°C. The Brabender . viscosity patterns of 6% starch pastes of pigeonpea and mung bean indicated no pasting peak during heating to 95°C; neither showed breakdown of the hot paste. Sensory tests indicated that pigeonpea starch of dhal (decorticated dry split cotyledons) was as good for noodle preparation as mung bean dhal starch.     

Enrichment of rice noodles with fibre‐rich fractions derived from cassava pulp and pomelo peel

Cassava pulp and pomelo peel were evaluated for their potential as sources of dietary fibre in dried rice noodles. Noodles containing cassava pulp (1–20%) and pomelo peel (1–10%) had significantly higher cooking weight (136–166%) than the control sample (125%). Elongation of noodles containing cassava pulp (61–86%) was significantly higher than that of the control (56%) and noodles containing pomelo peel (29–49%). Total dietary fibre (TDF) content of noodles made from rice flour was 3.0%, and increased to 7.0% and 10.2% after adding 20% of cassava pulp and 10% of pomelo peel, respectively. A combination of cassava pulp and pomelo peel at a total amount of 20% resulted in an obvious increase in cooking weight, whereas tensile stress and elongation of noodles were comparable to those of the control noodle. The highest TDF content obtained was 14.4%.     

原料粒度对米粉品质的影响

研究了不同粒度条件下米粉原料破损淀粉含量、糊化特性的变化以及粒度对米粉成品色泽、蒸煮损失率、碘蓝值、拉伸、咀嚼度指标的影响.结果表明,随着米粉粒度的减小,破损淀粉含量升高,糊化温度降低,米粉成品蒸煮损失率和碘蓝值降低,拉伸力和咀嚼度指标升高.粒度在120目左右时,米粉综合品质较好.     

20种蚕豆淀粉物理特性、糊化回生特性与粉丝品质的关系

对20种中国主产区蚕豆淀粉粉丝烹煮品质和感官品质进行了评价,并对蚕豆淀粉的物理特性指标、糊化回生指标与相应的粉丝品质进行相关性分析。淮安大蚕豆等5个蚕豆品种的淀粉制作的粉丝品质最好,而青海马牙等3个蚕豆品种的淀粉制作的粉丝品质较差。蚕豆淀粉部分物理特性指标与粉丝品质的密切相关表现在:持水性越低,溶解度越低,膨润力越低,粉丝品质越好。淀粉的冻藏缩水率、透光率与粉丝的烹煮、感官品质指标相关性不大。蚕豆淀粉的RVA参数与其粉丝感官品质指标密切相关,其中衰减度、峰粘度、保持强度等对其影响最大。蚕豆淀粉凝胶强度越大,粉丝的烹煮品质和感官品质越好。在评价蚕豆淀粉品种的粉丝加工适应性时,一方面可以通过测试蚕豆淀粉的溶解度、持水性、膨润力和凝胶强度来预测其粉丝烹煮品质和感官品质的好坏;另一方面可以用RVA测试蚕豆淀粉,预测其相应的粉丝感官品质的优劣。     

不同含水量面条蒸煮品质差异机制研究

为了了解不同含水量的面条蒸煮时间差异和煮后面条的口感不同的内在机制,本实验以相同面粉为原料,制作了四种含水量的面条,与半干面（29.3%、25.1%水分）、干面（13.8%水分）相比,鲜面（32.6%水分）的最佳蒸煮时间较短（是干面的26%）,吸水率较低且蒸煮损失小（7.91%）,煮后面条内部面筋蛋白网络结构致密、孔隙度小且连续性好,弹性和咀嚼性较好,感官评价得分最高,其次为半干面、干面。四种面条的水分组成在煮之前内部仅有较低比例的自由水（T23）,主要以结合水（T21、T22）为主,其来自和面过程中加入的水分;蒸煮中从外部吸收水分;煮后面条水分组成均以自由水（T23）为主,结合水（T21、T22）比例减小,而鲜面（32.6%水分）内部还保留一大部分弱结合水（T22）,其来自和面过程中加入的水分;随着面条自身水分含量减少,面筋网络结构致密度降低,质构和口感降低。因为蒸煮过程中从锅中吸收水分量大、煮面时间长、蒸煮损失大,干面的蒸煮品质比生鲜面差。     

Physicochemical properties,resistant starch content and enzymatic digestibility of unripe banana,edible canna,taro flours and their rice noodle products

Unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours, which have been reported to contain significant amounts of fibre, were investigated for their physicochemical properties, resistant starch (RS) content and in vitro starch digestibility, and compared with commercial high‐fibre‐modified starches from corn and tapioca. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a single endothermic peak located around 70–83 °C for the samples except the modified starches, which exhibited no transition enthalpy. The samples showed different pasting behaviours in the Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA) ranging from full to restricted swelling. The RS content varied from 1–26 g per 100 g dry sample, and the estimated glycaemic indices (GIs) of the samples were from 67% to 99%. Generally, samples with high RS were low in GI values. The starches produced acceptable rice noodles but with reduced rate of starch digestion and GI. The effects of the unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours on starch digestibility were either comparable or better than the commercial modified starches. These flours can substitute commercial modified starches to lower GIs of noodles and identical foods.     

Effect of pre-gelatinised high-amylose maize starch combined with Ca2+ -induced setting of alginate on the physicochemical and sensory properties of rice flour noodles

This study explored the effect of pre-gelatinised high-amylose maize starch combined with Ca²⁺ -induced setting of alginate on the physicochemical and sensory properties of rice flour noodles. Rice flour noodles were prepared by partially substituting rice flour with pre-gelatinised high-amylose maize starch in ratios of 5, 10 and 15% (wt/wt), combined with sodium alginate at 1% (wt/wt). The noodles were then immersed in a calcium chloride solution to set the alginate. Results indicated that the hydrocolloids significantly (P < 0.05) increased noodle tensile strength, hardness, water absorption and optimum cooking time while cooking loss was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. SEM micrographs showed a denser, compact noodle structure with an increase in the matrix's continuity as a result of hydrocolloids addition. Formulated noodles also scored above average (5.91) sensory acceptability on the 7 points hedonic scale. Overall, results proved promising for the preparation of rice flour noodles with enhanced properties.     

水分含量对鲜湿米粉品质影响

研究不同水分含量对鲜湿米粉成品感官品质,蒸煮特性方面影响;并研究水分含量对鲜湿米粉储藏期内感官品质、微生物指标、蒸煮特性(蒸煮损失率和熟断条率)和酸度影响。结果表明,水分含量为65%鲜湿米粉成品感官评分最高;在储藏期内,随水分含量增加,鲜湿米粉感官品质变劣速度、微生物指标超标、蒸煮损失率和熟断条率及酸度增加也越快。经综合考虑,选鲜湿米粉最宜水分含量为65%。     

复配粉理化性质与米线质构性质关系的研究

将粳米粉与绿豆淀粉按照一定比例进行混合,得到粳米粉和绿豆淀粉的复配粉体系,并测定了复配粉体系的溶胀性质、糊化性质、凝胶质构性质和拉伸性质,研究了复配米粉体系的拉伸性质与米线质构性质的关系。结果表明:随着绿豆淀粉添加量比例的增加,复配米粉体系的总直链淀粉含量、可溶性直链淀粉含量和不溶性直链淀粉含量明显增加,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、末值黏度、硬度也显著性增加,咀嚼性、拉伸强度和表观弹性模量显著增加,85℃下的溶解度和膨润力显著上升;糊化温度显著降低;衰减值和回生值分别比粳米粉高了33.73 RVU和50.60 RVU;与单一体系相比,由复配粉体系制成的米线呈现较好的硬度、弹性、韧性、蒸煮性和物理性质。当绿豆淀粉∶粳米粉为1∶1时,其制得的米粉的质构性质最好。     

鲜湿面工业化技术的研究

采用工厂自制NNW保鲜剂可抑制鲜湿面中的细菌和霉菌的生长繁殖,延缓鲜湿面的变质.通过严格控制成品水分和加入适宜变性淀粉保持鲜湿面的色泽;保鲜剂对面团粉质曲线影响不明显,但面团经熟化后,通过拉伸曲线可明显地看出面团拉伸阻力、能值和R/E值发生较大改变,同时可增强面条强度与烹煮品质,经常温贮藏2个月和低温贮藏6个月后,基本能保持新鲜湿面的品质.