基于SLM的髋臼杯多孔结构设计与力学性能分析

目的 获得长期稳定性更优的医用多孔髋臼杯。方法 利用三周期极小曲面方法设计出更适合应用于髋臼杯的多孔结构,采用选区激光熔化方法进行加工成形。对样件进行测量得到其力学性能参数。对得到的弹性模量、屈服强度进行分析,得出不同结构的变形模型及设计参数对多孔结构力学性能的影响,选择力学性能和生物相容性均符合髋臼杯多孔需求的一组多孔结构。结果 制造出的多孔结构弹性模量为3.27~7.44 GPa,屈服强度为164.84~407.21 MPa。试验结果表明,TPMS设计的多孔结构力学性能优良,除了70%与75%孔隙率的P结构之外,均可以在力学性能上满足髋臼杯的制造。从变形模式看,P结构变形模式以拉伸为主,G结构与D结构为混合模式变形。其中,G结构设计参数对多孔样件的力学性能影响最大。结论 得到最适合制造髋臼杯多孔结构的是TPMS的G结构,并将G结构应用于髋臼杯的三维模型中。     

SLM成形不同孔隙结构骨支架的仿真与实验研究

目的 确定多孔骨骼支架的最佳结构及孔隙率.方法 建立不同孔隙率、不同结构的18个多孔支架模型,通过有限元对多孔支架分别进行应力、应变模拟分析,通过选择性激光熔化(SLM)技术制备A,B,C这3种不同结构、孔隙率范围相近(65％～90％)、支架直径相同(300μm)的多孔316L支架.通过压缩试验、微观组织分析、X射线衍射试验(XRD)对不同多孔支架进行表面微观组织分析及力学性能研究.通过有限元模拟获得适用于人体皮质骨及松质骨的不同多孔支架结构及孔隙率.结果 A类结构孔隙率为90％的多孔骨骼支架弹性模量为7.5 GPa,抗压强度为11.62 MPa,与人体松质骨相吻合;B类结构孔隙率为80％的多孔骨骼支架弹性模量为18.9 GPa,抗压强度为127.01 MPa,与皮质骨相吻合.结论 通过模拟及试验,确定了适用于不同骨骼部位的最佳结构及孔隙率,并且多孔结构有利于营养物质及血液的运输,保证了骨骼替代物的生物力学性能,有助于患者的康复.     

TC4负泊松比复合结构的人工骨力学性能调控研究

目的 基于不同变形机制的负泊松比结构优化设计新型复合多孔结构样件,增加力学性能的调控维度,以满足人体骨低弹性模量的匹配要求。方法 用内凹多边形替代手性结构的圆环,以获得新型的复合胞元结构。利用选区激光熔化成形技术制备负泊松比多孔人工骨样件,通过压缩实验揭示胞元结构类型、结构参数、孔隙率对屈服强度、弹性模量的影响规律,评测不同结构样件与人体骨间的力学性能匹配程度。结果 当孔隙率为65%～85%时,复合结构样件的成形质量、力学性能基本介于手性结构的和内凹结构的之间,且与孔隙率密切相关。手性结构、内凹结构和复合结构的弹性模量分别为2.39～4.64、1.12～3.77、1.01～3.47 GPa,屈服强度分别为65.19～223.06、45.25～195.81、26.54～143.58MPa。复合结构的弹性模量随环径和内凹角度的增大而减小。当孔隙率为75%时,环径由2.4 mm变至2.0 mm,弹性模量由2.651 GPa降低至2.082 GPa。当内凹角度由85°变至65°时,弹性模量则由3.566GPa降低至1.982GPa。结论 复合胞元结构可以融合材料特性,增加调控维度,进而匹配人工...     

选区激光熔化Ti6Al4V梯度多孔结构工艺优化

目的 获得成形质量良好的医用梯度多孔金属种植体。方法 基于响应面法（RSM）建立选区激光熔化成形工艺参数（激光功率、扫描速度及扫描间距）与样件致密度、表面粗糙度及孔隙率差值的数学模型。利用获取的致密度、表面粗糙度和孔隙率差值对样件成形质量进行表征,通过响应面方差分析获取SLM不同成形工艺参数对样件致密度、表面粗糙度和孔隙率差值的影响,得到成形质量最佳的工艺参数。结果 样件成形质量最佳的SLM成形工艺参数如下：激光功率为240 W,扫描速度为1 400 mm/s,扫描间距为0.08 mm。优化后样件成形质量的预测值如下：致密度为97.97%,表面粗糙度均值为6.88μm,孔隙率差值为2.97%。试验结果表明,预测值与试验值基本吻合,所建立的数学模型可以准确预测样件成形质量。结论 通过响应面法试验设计及方差回归分析,确定了Ti6Al4V梯度多孔金属种植体SLM成形的最佳工艺参数。     

选区激光熔化成型正六方柱体多孔TC4合金结构及力学性能研究

为了改善植入物与人体骨的力学相容性,避免应力屏蔽效应,采用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备了多孔Ti6Al4V合金。利用扫描电子显微镜对多孔钛试样的孔隙结构进行分析,并且测试了试样的力学性能。结果表明,测得的多孔件孔隙率约为46%,与原始设计相比,孔隙率降低16%;孔隙率降低主要来自激光扫描路径、熔池形状与尺寸以及粘粉等因素的影响;多孔件纵截面(平行于堆积方向)的硬度值高于横截面(垂直于堆积方向)的硬度值;压缩实验显示,其弹性模量为8.8GPa、屈服强度为348 MPa,力学性能与理论预测值有偏差,但较相同的致密合金与自然骨更为接近。     

高温处理后闭孔泡沫铝压缩性能及变形机理

目的 探究温度和孔隙率对闭孔泡沫铝材料压缩力学性能和变形机理的影响。方法 将孔隙率为84.3%～87.3%的泡沫铝试件在温度25～700 ℃内进行加热处理,对处理后的试样开展准静态压缩实验。结果 在准静态压缩条件下,闭孔泡沫铝材料在不同温度加热处理后的压缩应力–应变曲线均经历了3个阶段:弹性阶段、塑性平台阶段和密实阶段。孔隙率从87.3%减小到84.3%时,其弹性模量增大了44.4 MPa,屈服强度增大了0.39 MPa,平台应力增大了0.94 MPa。孔隙率为84.3%的泡沫铝,在25 ℃时,其弹性模量为141.4 MPa、屈服强度为4.25 MPa、平台应力为4.75 MPa;当加热温度为500 ℃时,弹性模量减小到了128.0 MPa、屈服强度减小到了4.22 MPa、平台应力减小到了4.51 MPa。结论 泡沫铝的弹性模量、抗压屈服强度和平台应力均随孔隙率的增加而减小;加热温度低于500 ℃以下时,泡沫铝材料力学性能变化很小,但屈服强度和弹性模量均小幅度降低;在压缩载荷下,泡沫铝的变形破坏模式呈现出先从试件铝基体较薄弱部分产生孔壁塑性变形、孔洞坍塌,并逐渐出现断裂压缩带,直至泡沫铝孔洞完全坍塌密实。     

模拟点腐蚀油气管线钢的力学性能

通过计算机产生随机数确定点腐蚀孔的位置,利用小钻头打孔的方法模拟X60管线钢基体多孔特征进行拉伸试验,测得其弹性模量、屈服强度和抗拉强度,并将理论计算值与前二者比较,给出了三者与孔隙率的函数关系.结果表明,多孔材料的弹性模量试验值随其孔隙率的变化在低孔隙率时与理论预测基本吻合;实测材料的屈服强度也随着孔隙率的增加而递减,与理论预测也基本吻合,特别是较高孔隙率时相近或相同;实测材料的抗拉强度随孔隙率的变化拟合曲线与屈服强度相似,但受孔隙率影响较大.     

尿素含量对Ti-10%Mg多孔材料孔隙结构和抗压性能的影响

以尿素为造孔剂,采用粉末冶金法在630℃真空条件下烧结制备Ti-10%Mg多孔材料,研究了造孔剂含量对其孔隙结构、物相成分、孔隙率及抗压性能的影响。研究表明,造孔剂含量为25%(w)时,烧结体的孔隙大小均匀,主要相为Ti和Mg,造孔剂添加量未对其物相产生明显影响;随着造孔剂含量的增加,烧结体的孔隙率随之增加,抗压强度和弹性模量随之降低;Ti-10%Mg多孔材料的抗压强度和弹性模量分别为16~183MPa和1.87~10.15 GPa,理论上可以作为人体骨骼的替代材料。     

不同热处理温度下纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66多孔支架制备及力学性能研究

热处理温度是热致相分离法制备多孔支架材料的关键因素。在不同热处理温度下(60℃、75℃和90℃)制备了纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66(n-HA/PA66)复合多孔支架材料。对比研究了不同热处理温度下制备的多孔支架孔隙结构、孔隙率及力学性能。结果表明:处理温度对多孔支架的孔隙结构,孔隙率,力学性能有显著的影响,随着温度的升高,多孔支架的孔隙率、平均孔径升高,贯通性改善,但弹性模量和屈服极限降低。多孔支架的热处理温度为75℃时,其孔径、孔隙率和力学性能与天然松质骨相当,是较为理想的骨组织工程支架材料。     

多孔ZnO/羟基磷灰石生物复合材料的制备与性能

利用放电等离子烧结技术制备多孔ZnO/羟基磷灰石（HA）生物复合材料,研究不同纳米ZnO含量对ZnO/HA复合材料微观结构、孔隙特征、力学性能、矿化和降解性能的影响。结果表明:烧结后ZnO/HA复合材料主要由HA相和ZnO相组成;随着ZnO含量提高,多孔ZnO/HA复合材料孔隙率缓慢增大,抗压强度略有减小,弹性模量变化不大;多孔ZnO/HA复合材料的孔隙率>40%,孔径在50～500 μm之间,抗压强度>148 MPa,弹性模量为6.5 GPa左右,能够满足骨修复材料的要求;模拟人工体液中矿化和降解实验表明,多孔ZnO/HA复合材料浸泡7天后表面开始形成大量类骨磷灰石层,且随着ZnO含量增加,磷灰石形成能力明显增强而降解速率加快。      

Preparation,microstructure and mechanical properties of porous titanium sintered by Ti fibres

Open-cell porous Ti with a porosity ranging from 35 to 84% was successfully manufactured by sintering titanium fibres. The microstructure of the porous titanium was observed by SEM and the compressive mechanical properties were tested. By adjusting the spiral structure of the porous titanium, the pore size can be controlled in a range of 150–600 μm. With the increasing of the porosity, compressive yield strength and modulus decrease as predicated. However, high mechanical properties were still obtained at a medium porosity, e.g. the compressive yield strength and the modulus are as high as 100–200 MPa and 3.5–4.2 GPa, respectively, when the porosity is in the range of 50–70%. It was suggested that the porous titanium be strong enough to resist handing during implantation and in vivo loading. It is expected to be used as biocompatible implant, because their interconnected porous structures permit bone tissues ingrowth and the body fluids transportation.     

Porous bioceramics reinforced by coating gelatin

Porous bioceramics with high porosity for bone tissue engineering were fabricated by the foam impregnation technique, but their mechanical strength was poor, only a mean compressive strength of 1.04 ± 0.15 MPa and an mean elastic modulus of 0.1 GPa. In order to reinforce porous ceramics, the ceramic samples were immerged in 5% gelatin solution and gelatin coatings were formed on the inter-surface of their pores. It was found that the mean compressive strength value and the mean elastic modulus value of porous samples coated with gelatin were improved to 5.17 ± 0.17 MPa and 0.3 GPa respectively without sacrificing their porosity greatly. Moreover composite samples were not as fragile as sintered ceramics. The results indicated that the gelatin coatings on the inter-surface of pores reinforced porous bioceramics effectively.     

Quasi-static Torsional Deformation Behavior of Porous Ti6Al4V alloy

Laser processed Ti6Al4V alloy samples with total porosities of 0%, 10% and 20% have been subjected to torsional loading to determine mechanical properties and to understand the deformation behavior. The torsional yield strength and modulus of porous Ti alloy samples was found to be in the range of 185-332 MPa and 5.7-11 GPa, respectively. With an increase in the porosity both the strength and the modulus decreased, and at 20% porosity the torsional modulus of Ti6Al4V alloy was found to be very close to that of human cortical bone. Further, the experiments revealed clear strain hardening and ductile deformation in all the samples, which suggests that the inherent brittleness associated solid-state sintered porous materials can be completely eliminated via laser processing for load bearing metal implant applications.     

Physical and mechanical characterisation of 3D-printed porous titanium for biomedical applications

The elastic modulus of metallic orthopaedic implants is typically 6–12 times greater than cortical bone, causing stress shielding: over time, bone atrophies through decreased mechanical strain, which can lead to fracture at the implantation site. Introducing pores into an implant will lower the modulus significantly. Three dimensional printing (3DP) is capable of producing parts with dual porosity features: micropores by process (residual pores from binder burnout) and macropores by design via a computer aided design model. Titanium was chosen due to its excellent biocompatibility, superior corrosion resistance, durability, osteointegration capability, relatively low elastic modulus, and high strength to weight ratio. The mechanical and physical properties of 3DP titanium were studied and compared to the properties of bone. The mechanical and physical properties were tailored by varying the binder (polyvinyl alcohol) content and the sintering temperature of the titanium samples. The fabricated titanium samples had a porosity of 32.2–53.4 % and a compressive modulus of 0.86–2.48 GPa, within the range of cancellous bone modulus. Other physical and mechanical properties were investigated including fracture strength, density, fracture toughness, hardness and surface roughness. The correlation between the porous 3DP titanium-bulk modulus ratio and porosity was also quantified.     

Fabrication and characterization of porous Ti–7.5Mo alloy scaffolds for biomedical applications

Porous titanium and titanium alloys are promising scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, since they have the potential to provide new bone tissue ingrowth abilities and low elastic modulus to match that of natural bone. In the present study, porous Ti–7.5Mo alloy scaffolds with various porosities from 30 to 75 % were successfully prepared through a space-holder sintering method. The yield strength and elastic modulus of a Ti–7.5Mo scaffold with a porosity of 50 % are 127 MPa and 4.2 GPa, respectively, being relatively comparable to the reported mechanical properties of natural bone. In addition, the porous Ti–7.5Mo alloy exhibited improved apatite-forming abilities after pretreatment (with NaOH or NaOH + water) and subsequent immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. After soaking in an SBF solution for 21 days, a dense apatite layer covered the inner and outer surfaces of the pretreated porous Ti–7.5Mo substrates, thereby providing favorable bioactive conditions for bone bonding and growth. The preliminary cell culturing result revealed that the porous Ti–7.5Mo alloy supported cell attachment.     

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Oligomer-modified Acrylic Bone Cement with Glass-fibers

Some mechanical properties of oligomer-modified acrylic bone cement with glass-fibers were studied. Under wet environments, oligomer-filler forms a porous structure in the acrylic bone cement. Test specimens were manufactured using commercial bone cement (Palacos^® R) with different quantities of an experimental oligomer-filler (0–20 wt%), and included continuous unidirectional E-glass fibers (l=65 mm) or chopped E-glass fibers (l=2 mm). The specimens were either tested dry, or after being immersed under wet environments for one week. The three-point bending test was used to measure the flexural strength and modulus of the acrylic bone cement composites (analysis with ANOVA). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the surface structure of the acrylic bone cement composites. Using continuous glass-fiber reinforcement, the dry flexural strength was 145 MPa and modulus was 4.6 GPa for the plain bone cement. For the test specimens with 20 wt% of oligomer-filler and continuous unidirectional glass-fibers, the dry flexural strength was 118 MPa and modulus was 4.2 GPa, whereas the wet flexural strength was 66 MPa and modulus was 3.0 GPa. The results suggest that the reduced flexural properties caused by the porosity of oligomer-modified bone cement can be compensated with glass-fiber reinforcement.