临震卫星热红外异常的机理分析

围绕卫星红外异常预测地震方法的理论基础——临震红外异常的成因机制问题,简介前人基于实验的各种假说;结合红外遥感和地面观测实际进行验证和评述;从红外遥感理论依据——斯忒藩-玻耳兹曼定律出发加以分析,针对临震热红外异常出现时间的短暂性、范围的区域性、增幅的显著性等特点加以具体运用,从理论和实践的结合上,对红外异常的机理和红外遥感地震的方法,进行评述和展望。     

工程地质环境与可持续发展Ⅱ活动断裂与发震的关系

地震发生在活动断裂上，而断裂活动并非都一定发震。为进行地震危险性分析，确定未来可能发生地震的地段和强度而对活动断裂与发震的关系进行了研究     

安宁河裂谷的“活化”

安宁河裂谷位于"攀西裂谷"的中轴部位,近期研究发现,裂谷区有显著的地壳引张作用,存在地幔隆起与热对流。通过野外实地调查,结合地球物理、断裂、沉积、地震、地应力和地形变等资料,认为安宁河裂谷区现在正处于明显的构造活化状态。这种活化受上地壳塑性流动产生的水平挤压和地幔隆起产生的应力张量的共同作用。据此提出一个新的裂谷活化地壳力源模型,认为在研究区特定的地球动力环境下,以安宁河裂谷为中心,再现岩浆活动和地壳裂陷并非不可能。     

Wenchuan earthquake: Brightness temperature changes from satellite infrared information

By using an alternative processing method for satellite infrared remote sensing data and adopting the China Geostationary Mete-orological Satellite (FY-2C) infrared remote sensing brightness temperature data, we studied the great 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Results indicate the obvious characteristic period and amplitude, and distribution of thermal infrared anomalies before the Wenchuan earthquake. And we discussed the mechanism of the observed pre-earthquake thermal anomalies. The characteristics of observed thermal infrared anomalies are easy to be recognized and applied, and could provide a criterion for thermal anomalies of earthquakes.     

卫星红外异常预测短临地震的系统研究Ⅰ——研究历史与可行性

卫星红外异常预测短临地震是我国科技工作首先开发研究试用的开创性新方法。简介了该方法的国内外研究现状;对我国震前增温异常反映地震的历史到运用卫星红外异常预测短临地震的开发研究过程进行了系统的回顾。从红外异常时空动态与地震活动的对应关系的统计分析,论证了红外异常预测短临地震新方法的科学性、普适性和可行性,并对相关的影响因素,如地形、地物、气象等的干扰和排除,进行了初步探索。     

河北平原地震带地裂缝与地震活动

３０年来在河北平原地震带出现地裂缝４０２条处，其中至少有７１．５％是构造地裂缝。调查发现，它们和现代中小地震都存在着长４—５年的活动小周期，直接受地应力活动支配，两者有成生联系。此外，本区地应力、地下水位、地震和地裂的活动高潮依次滞后几月至２年，先后出现组成系列，四者都是区域地应力增强的反应。     

试析地震与断裂的关系

浅源地震总是伴随断裂活动而发生的,已有资料证实地震确实是在已有断裂面附近密集发生,地震与地表现有的活动断裂带有密切的关系。为进行地震危险性分析,确定未来可能发生地震的地段和强度是极为重要的。     

庐山新构造运动初步研究

本文认为庐山新构造运动活跃。中山低地对照极其鲜明、断层崖悬崖峭壁、温泉地震、谷地形态悬殊、多级裂点瀑布和岬湾曲折湖岸是庐山新构造运动主要迹象;而地垒、地堑、断(?)、掀斜则是主要类型。庐山新构造运动具有运动普遍、继承明显、间歇显著的特征。而且新构造运动经历了轻度—强烈—轻度等断块升降时期,从而控制地貌发育过程。     

四川芦山Ms 7.0级地震前卫星线性云异常现象

 对四川芦山地震前1个月内的FY-2卫星云图与红外亮温数据分析发现,震前3d即4月17日的06:30—09:30,在青藏高原东部出现延展达数百千米的两条线性云,两者延伸交叉处正是芦山地震的震中位置。通过与汶川Ms 8.0级地震前数小时出现的线性云异常进行比较,认为龙门山断裂带强震前屡次出现的“无中生有”线性云异常现象,可能与青藏高原东部地下未知的隐伏构造及油气赋存有关,具有一定的临震指示性,应该作为该地区地震遥感监测的重点。今后,在全球综合地球观测系统(GEOSS)大数据的支持下,考虑孕震过程中的地球系统多圈层作用与耦合效应,将开展遥感多参数异常时空特征及其关联性分析,为解开该地区的线性云异常之谜提供科学依据。     

Application of satellite thermal infrared remote sensing in monitoring magmatic activity of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano

In this paper, with the application of satellite thermal infrared remote sensing technique, nine land surface temperature distribution maps of Changbaishan Tianchi volcano area are retrieved from nine thermal infrared images which are taken from 1999 to 2008. In terms of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), we classify the surface cover of the study area into three types, i.e. vegetation (forest), mixture of soil and vegetation (short grasses), and bare rock. The average temperature of each type of surface covers is calculated first, and then the average daily temperature record from Tianchi meteorological station is subtracted in order to reduce the effect of weather variation. Finally, thermal anomalies of three types of surface cover in Changbaishan Tianchi volcano area in the period of 1999 to 2008 are obtained, which is believed to reflect the magmatic activity in the magma chamber under Tianchi volcano caldera. Our results indicate that temperature of the study area increased with an intermittent tendency during 1999 to 2005, but dropped after 2005, and then maintained a relatively stable state from 2006 to 2008. Such a tendency of annual temperature variation possibly caused by magmatic activity is correlated with the results observed by means of seismic monitoring, ground deformation from GPS measurement, and volcanic gas geochemistry monitoring in the same area. It is implied that the upward intrusion of magma may cause temperature increase, and such temperature variation is great enough so that could be detected by using satellite thermal infrared remote sensing technology.     

文安地震前卫星热红外亮温变化

利用MODIS卫星热红外数据和静止卫星热红外遥感亮温资料,对2006年河北文安5.1级地震进行时间特征和空间特征两种异常分析方法。研究表明,地震前一个月左右,透热指数和异常比值同时出现高值异常,而地表的亮温增温异常区与未来发生的地震震中较为接近。     

活动断层分段研究

地震发生在活动断层上,而断层活动不一定都发震,为进行地震危险性分析,确定未来可能发生地震的地段和强度。因此,把活动断层分成地震破裂段进行研究,分析断层活动在时间上、空间上的不均匀性,了解破裂段特征和分段标志,确定破坏性地震发震的构造条件是极为重要的。     

卫星红外异常预测短临地震的系统研究Ⅱ——异常基本特征与预测基本思路

肯定了用卫星红外异常预测作短临地震新方法的可行性基础上,提出了地震主震前卫星红外异常与地面增温异常对应的规律,并发现有时震前出现线状云和“热通道”。总结了震兆红外异常的定性和半定量判据;红外异常预测地震的基本思路,并用它进行过多次较成功的预测。同时评述了10多年来该方法取得的试用效果。指出了尚存的问题和努力的方向。认为：该方法有广阔的开发应用前景,可望成为短临地震预报的新武器。     

流体包裹体在工程地质中的应用

介绍了矿物流体包裹体的成因、分类、特征和测定方法、阐述了流体包裹体在工程地质上的应用：确定工程地质体构造变形的性质、期次；探索工程地质体地应力分布规律；判别隐伏断层和活动断层，还论述了流体包裹体在水文地质上的应用：寻找地下热水；喀斯特水化学的研究；了解近代水文和气候变迁。同时列举了工程地质和水文地质应用实例。     

Three-dimensional deformation caused by the Bam, Iran, earthquake and the origin of shallow slip deficit

Our understanding of the earthquake process requires detailed insights into how the tectonic stresses are accumulated and released on seismogenic faults. We derive the full vector displacement field due to the Bam, Iran, earthquake of moment magnitude 6.5 using radar data from the Envisat satellite of the European Space Agency. Analysis of surface deformation indicates that most of the seismic moment release along the 20-km-long strike-slip rupture occurred at a shallow depth of 4-5 km, yet the rupture did not break the surface. The Bam event may therefore represent an end-member case of the 'shallow slip deficit' model, which postulates that coseismic slip in the uppermost crust is systematically less than that at seismogenic depths (4-10 km). The InSAR-derived surface displacement data from the Bam and other large shallow earthquakes suggest that the uppermost section of the seismogenic crust around young and developing faults may undergo a distributed failure in the interseismic period, thereby accumulating little elastic strain.     

An experimental study on variation of thermal fields during the deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set

The temperature variations during deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set in a rock sample were measured by a surface measurement system with multi-point platinum resistance thermometers and an infrared thermal image system. The measurements obtained by the two systems were in agreement with each other, indicating a relationship between temporal-spatial variations of the thermal field and changes of stress and strain. At varied structural positions of the rock sample, the rising of the temperature was different, implying distinct stress distributions at these positions. In the experiment, the deformation process of the sample included three stages: elastic deformation, stick-slip, and rupture. Correspondingly, the variation process of temperature had also three stages, each of which had its own temperature rising profile. And the thermal radiation field showed a similar process. These phenomena mean that the dominant mechanisms of temperature rising in all stages of deformation are different. Experimental results provide a physical basis for the study of current fault activities by using data of satellite infrared images.     

An experimental study on variation of thermal fields during the deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set

The temperature variations during deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set in a rock sample were measured by a surface measurement system with multi-point platinum resistance thermometers and an infrared thermal image system. The measurements obtained by the two systems were in agreement with each other, indicating a relationship between temporal-spatial variations of the thermal field and changes of stress and strain. At varied structural positions of the rock sample, the rising of the temperature was different, implying distinct stress distributions at these positions. In the experiment, the deformation process of the sample included three stages: elastic deformation, stick-slip, and rupture. Correspondingly, the variation process of temperature had also three stages, each of which had its own temperature rising profile. And the thermal radiation field showed a similar process. These phenomena mean that the dominant mechanisms of temperature rising in all stages of deformation are different. Experimental results provide a physical basis for the study of current fault activities by using data of satellite infrared images.     

中国沿海和内陆强震前地表潜热通量异常特征

地表潜热通量(SLHF)是反映地表蒸发能量大小的大气参数。国外学者分析近年若干沿海地区的强震时发现,沿海强震震中附近在震前出现了潜热通量异常,而远离海域的内陆地震并未出现潜热通量异常。本文以近10年发生在中国的1次沿海强震和3次内陆强震为例,进行了震前SLHF异常的时空特征分析,发现震前3～10d,震中附近均出现了SLHF异常。该异常主要分布在震中及其周围地区,且与区域内的主要活动构造带走向一致。因此,SLHF异常可以成为一种有价值的大地构造活动性遥感监测指标,并为中国沿海和内陆地区强震提供有用的临震前兆信息。     

一个简单船体模型的热像模拟（一）

红外热像在国防、工农业生产及科研各领域中有着广泛的应用,而其理论建模又具有极其经济和有效的特点。为此,我们查阅了大量的文献,根据国外的研究情况,在综合考虑各种热效应的基础上,通过合理简化,得到了相应的物理模型。在考虑到外界环境（太阳、天空、海面等）热辐射,空气对流换热和船体模型各部分之间传导及辐射等传热效应的基础上,建立了稳态热交换方程组。在给定一组外界环境参数、船体模型几何结构参数和材料热物性参     

潘西煤矿断裂构造突水机制探讨

分析了潘西煤矿历年断裂构造突水资料,把其断层突水类型分为两大类:一是导水断层引起的突水;二是采动引起的断层“活化”突水。导水断层突水主要是由于构造岩带与底板裂隙相互贯通而致。采动引起的断层突水主要是在采动、矿山压力、地温应力、水应力、构造应力等共同作用下,断层产生滑移、张开,断层派生解理与裂隙发生蠕变、扩展、扩径、生长、相互贯通形成导水通道。应用断裂力学理论推导出断层产生滑移、解理发生扩展的计算公式。