超细胃镜下Introducer法经皮内镜胃造瘘术1例临床分析

目的探讨超细胃镜引导下Introducer法经皮内镜胃造瘘术(PEG)的临床应用价值。方法 2011年8月11日采用超细胃镜引导下Introducer法PEG治疗1例食管癌患者。结果手术成功,术后无造瘘管周围皮下感染、出血、瘘管滑脱及堵塞等并发症,患者营养迅速恢复,减少静脉补液。结论 Introducer法PEG是肠内营养的一种新的治疗方法,安全、有效、降低医疗费用、并发症少。     

Introducer法经皮内镜胃造瘘术10例报告

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（PEG）的临床应用价值。方法采用Introducer法PEG治疗10例食管癌患者。结果手术成功,术后无造瘘管周围皮下感染、出血、瘘管滑脱及堵塞等并发症,患者营养迅速恢复,减少静脉补液。结论 PEG是肠内营养的一种新的治疗方法,安全、有效、降低医疗费用、并发症少。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘空肠置管术在高位肠外瘘患者中的临床应用

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘空肠置管术治疗高位肠外瘘患者的方法、并发症及疗效。方法回顾性分析经皮内镜下胃造瘘空肠置管术治疗我院24例高位肠外瘘患者的手术操作时间、成功率、并发症、导管留置时间及肠瘘治愈率。结果所有患者均置管成功,成功率为100%,平均置管时间为(16.5±3.8)min,无置管相关并发症;置管后并发症发生率为12.5%(3/24):2例营养管堵塞,1例造瘘管周围感染,平均导管留置时间(83.7±46.2)d。18例患者肠瘘愈合,治愈率为75%(18/24),5例肠瘘未愈行外科手术治疗,1例因原发病死亡。结论经皮内镜下胃造瘘空肠置管术具有操作简单易行、安全,住院时间短,空肠营养管越过肠瘘给予肠内营养等优点,可用于高位肠外瘘患者的临床治疗。     

Introducer法经皮胃镜下胃造瘘术的临床应用

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG）是一种通过胃镜介导放置胃造瘘管进行肠内营养且无需外科手术及全身麻醉的胃造瘘术。利用PEG进行胃造瘘管饲营养,是解决不能经口进食而胃肠功能良好患者营养问题的一种有效的肠内营养方法。我院2008年8月至2009年9月对9例具有适应证的患者采用Introducer法行PEG,取得了较好的临床效果,现报道如下。     

经皮内镜胃空肠造瘘术Introducer法的现状与展望

经皮内镜下胃/空肠造瘘术(PEG/PEJ)是目前用于胃肠内营养的有效新方法之一,其操作方法Introducer法较其他方法操作更简便、并发症更少、适应症更广泛.本文就Introducer法的操作技术、优势、适应症、并发症等作一简要综述.     

内镜下胃空肠造瘘联合胆道外引流治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的观察经皮内镜下胃空肠造瘘术联合经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的效果，探讨其临床意义。方法9例恶性胆道梗阻患者，均经其他方法治疗未能解除胆道梗阻。按常规方法先行经皮经肝穿刺胆管外引流术（PTCD），1周后采用牵拉法完成经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（PEG）及经皮内镜下空肠造瘘术（PEJ）。在腹壁外将胃空肠造瘘管与PTCD引流管相连，经空肠造瘘管将外引流出的胆汁回输入空肠。观察所有患者胆汁引流情况、联合治疗前后临床表现、并发症等。结果9例患者手术全部成功，PEG／PEJ用时20～40min，平均35min。所有患者胆汁引流管通畅，黄疸明显消退，腹胀、腹痛、腹泻等减轻，进食改善，肝功能明显好转（P〈0．01），未见有严重并发症。结论PEG／PEJ和PTCD联合应用是完全性恶性胆道梗阻的一种新的治疗选择，安全有效。     

经皮内镜胃造瘘和小肠造瘘术的临床应用

目的 探讨经皮内镜胃造瘘术(PEG)和经皮内镜小肠造瘘术(PEJ)的临床应用价值。方法 1996—06／2002—08 PEG和PEJ共治疗24例病人，其中13例行PEG胃肠营养；11例行PEG胃肠减压加PEJ小肠内营养。结果 21例共行PEG、PEG加PEJ28例次，其中PEG17例次(4例行造瘘管置换)、PEG加PEJ11例次，手术成功率100％。2／28例次出现造瘘管周围皮下感染。所有患者造瘘管置入后营养迅速恢复，停止静脉补液。24例病人随访1～48个月无严重并发症发生。结论PEG和PEJ是作为胃肠减压和肠内营养替代鼻饲的一种新的治疗方法，具有安全、有效、降低医疗费用和并发症少等优点。     

内镜下经皮胃造瘘术的并发症及防治进展

自从1980年第一次报告经内镜下经皮胃造瘘术(percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG)以来[1],现已日益较广泛地应用于临床.方法有Pull (Ponsky)、Push(Sachs-Vine)、Introducer(Russell)及Versa(t-fastener)等.目前最常用的是Pull (Ponsky)即提拉式,被认为是比较安全和有效的方法.PEG是一种有创操作,在操作中及操作后都会有并发症出现,而且使用的镇静药物本身就可能加重患者的病情,有1％ ～2％的患者的死亡与操作相关[2].关于并发症的报道显示,因为所选病人以及医疗技术的差异,并发症的发生率有很大差异.总体样本研究显示,PEG的主要轻微并发症率为13％,严重并发症率为8％[3].     

胃壁固定术为基础的内镜下胃造瘘术

目的以胃壁固定术为基础,通过扩大胃造瘘口,直接置入更大尺寸胃造瘘管。方法采用多中心前瞻性研究,选择有PEG指征的50例患者,分为A、B两组,A组25例采用胃壁固定术及胃造瘘穿刺针穿刺造瘘口,通过血管钳扩大胃造瘘口,置入18 Fr胃造瘘管;B组25例采用24 Fr的带针胸管作造瘘口穿刺,置入18 Fr胃造瘘管。比较两组患者术中及术后并发症、胃造瘘操作时间、患者术前1 d与术后第14天的营养指标等。结果两组患者术中及术后均无并发症发生;B组操作时间更短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后第14天营养指标均有改善,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后营养指标两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论以胃壁固定术作为胃造瘘术的基础,可根据患者实际需要置入不同尺寸的胃造瘘管,患者及其家属经胃造瘘管输注营养物的依从性得以提高,有利于患者的康复。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术

１９９４年９月～１９９５年２月共行经皮内镜下胃造瘘术３７例，全部成功，平均手术时间为１５分钟，仅６例出现局部皮肤炎症反应，无任何严重并发症。结果表明：经皮内镜下胃造瘘术安全、便捷、有效，为患者提供了一个不需剖腹手术安放胃造瘘管的新方法，颇具推广价值。本文也对操作经验及注意事项进行了总结。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.