自焙电极在大型钛渣电炉冶炼中的运用

对自焙电极在大型钛渣电炉中的运用进行了讨论，介绍了电极糊的组成、自焙电极的焙烧、电极壳结构，以及自焙电极与石墨电极进行比较和自焙电极的硬断和软断及处理办法。     

钛渣冶炼对电极选择的比较与分析

从电极性能指标、电极相关参数选择、电极操作和安全性等几个方面分别比较了石墨电极与自焙电极的优势和劣势。结合电极在大型钛渣电炉应用情况,从实际应用效果和生产成本对两者进行比较与分析。结果表明:采用石墨电极冶炼钛渣时较自焙电极吨渣电耗降低140k Wh,冶炼时间缩短了1h,电炉作业率提高3%,吨渣综合成本增加57.31元。     

石墨电极在大型钛渣电炉应用研究

分析了国内外石墨电极在大型钛渣电炉的消耗指标、电极性能指标对电极消耗的影响,以及国内外石墨电极主要物理指标。在此基础上,从电极主要参数指标、电极选择性应用试验和成本等方面对普通、高功率石墨电极进行比较与分析。结果表明:高功率石墨电极在电极主要参数指标和抗氧化性等方面要优于普通电极;而从成本分析看,当高功率石墨电极与普通功率石墨电极价格相差小于3080元/吨时,高功率石墨电极吨渣成本低于普通功率石墨电极。     

钛渣电炉煤气回收利用的探讨

在大型钛渣电炉实现连续加料的情况下,回收的煤气为高热值的煤气,具有较高的经济价值。根据攀枝花钛精矿、还原剂的主要成分,采用热力学计算方法,测算了采用连续加料后钛渣电炉煤气量。研究表明,若考虑使用金属化率为55%球团进行冶炼钛渣,并将生成钛渣电炉煤气用于预还原钛精矿球团生产,得到每小时实际生产1 kg金属化球团所需热量比冶炼钛渣时生成煤气热量高3.4倍,仍需额外补加热源来生产球团。     

新立公司8万t/a高钛渣项目

正新立公司8万t/a高钛渣项目是云南省级重点项目。项目引进具有当今世界先进水平的南非Bteman公司密闭式直流电炉熔炼高钛渣技术、德国德马格(Demag )大型密闭式直流电炉设备、ABB公司大功率整流电气设备、Theisen公司电炉烟气净化设备和Loesceh公司高钛渣碾磨分级设备,该项目由昆明有色冶金设计研究院股份公司承担设计工作,我公司在吸收     

钛渣炉供电控制系统研究

本文首先对电炉变压器二次电流、二次电压的获取进行了研究,并通过对钛渣炉电气特性的分析,提出了用电炉变压器调压开关级数作为控制参数以使电炉运行在相应电流下的电极调节法。由于采用了可编程控器,使得本控制系统简单、实用。对现阶段某些钛渣炉控制系统的技术改造有一定的参考价值。     

电炉冶炼酸溶钛渣试验研究

在1800kVA敞口电炉上采用自焙电极和粉矿入炉方式，用冶金焦还原钛精矿获得TiO2为76．76％的酸溶钛渣。一半未配还原剂的铁矿在冶炼过程中逐渐加入，炉况顺行，无翻渣踏料现象。钛渣电耗为2200kWh／t，较以往钛渣试验降低500kWh／t渣，钛渣制造成本为1686元/t，较以往钛渣试验的制造成本下降500～700元/t，可被钛白生产商接受。     

再析直流-空心电极电炉熔炼钛渣的特性

以对照原有钛渣工艺为切入点，从直流一空心电极电炉熔炼所产生的熔池流动特性可以抑制碳热还原过程的碳(氮)化钛生成，和能够气化除杂等几个方面做了简要论述。并着重指出，这些熔炼特性对提高我国钛渣生产技术水平的重要意义。     

国内钛渣科研及生产现状

全面概述了我国钛渣生产技术的研发历程、工艺技术和生产现状。重点介绍了用攀枝花钛精矿球团冶炼高钛渣、氧化-密闭电炉冶炼高钛渣、预还原-密闭电炉冶炼高钛渣和粉矿直接入电炉冶炼高钛渣的小试、中试和半工业性试验结果，以及用攀枝花钛矿和云南钛矿制备高钛渣的对比试验结果。文中最后指出，开发适合我国钛矿的高品位富钛料工艺技术，是充分利用我国丰富钛资源，全面提升我国钛白行业和钛材产业整体水平的需要。     

影响钛渣电炉炉体寿命的因素及延长措施探析

以国内外钛渣电炉生产实践为例，提出影响钛渣电炉炉体寿命的因素。从技术和经济的角度上，提出延长其使用寿命、降低造价成本的措施，并在某厂新建6300kVA钛渣电炉上实施，取得良好的生产效果。     

Application of Te-Based Glass in Silicon Solar Cells

(90-x)Te O2–x Zn O–10Bi2O3(x = 15, 17.5, 20 and 22.5, in mol%) and 70 Te O2–20Zn O–(10-y)Bi2O3-y Na2O(y = 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10, in mol%) glasses, and the corresponding Ag paste were prepared in order to prove that the Te-based glass frit could be applied to Ag pastes to fabricate Ag electrode. The relationship between structure and properties of the glasses was analyzed. The effects of glass frit on the microstructure, adhesion force, and resistivity of the Ag electrode were studied. The microstructure of Ag electrodes and the phase analysis of interface between Ag electrodes and the Si wafer were investigated using SEM and XRD. Finally, the 70 Te O2–20Zn O–5Bi2O3–5Na2O glass showed better performance in the paste. What is more, Ag crystallites could be found on the Si wafer. These results suggested that the Te-based glass frit could react with Si Nxanti-reflecting coating and Si to serve as a medium for forming Ag crystallites.     

The corrosion of nickel–aluminium bronze in seawater

Nickel–aluminium bronze (NAB) alloys show good corrosion resistance under marine conditions. The corrosion behaviour of cast and wrought NAB alloys is illustrated in this work through a range of electrochemical techniques including open-circuit potentiometry with time, oxygen reduction voltammetry, NAB dissolution voltammetry, potential step (or flow step) current transients and linear polarisation resistance. The galvanic coupling of NAB to stainless steel or copper is examined by zero resistance ammetery. The importance of using controlled flow working electrodes is illustrated by the use of a rotating disc electrode, a rotating cylinder electrode and a bimetallic (NAB/copper–nickel) rotating cylinder electrode. In addition to controlling the hydrodynamics, such electrodes allow charge transfer data to separate from those of mass transport control under mixed kinetic control. Longer term seawater immersion trials on planar coupons coupled to titanium or cupronickel are also reported. The relative contributions of erosion and corrosion attack are considered using a wall-jet electrode and the corrosion characteristics of NAB are compared to those of copper and copper–nickel in chloride media.     

Pb-free glass frits prepared by spray pyrolysis as inorganic binders of Al electrodes in Si solar cells

Pb-free glass frits prepared by spray pyrolysis for Al electrodes were of fine size, spherical morphology and dense structure. Their mean size and geometric standard deviation when prepared at 1,200 °C were 1.0 μm and 1.4, respectively. Their glass transition temperature (T_g) was 374 °C. An Al electrode formed from Al paste with glass frits had a dense structure and good adhesion to the Si substrate. It had a well-developed back-surface field layer of 17.5 μm thickness. Al electrodes formed from Al paste without glass frits had sheet resistances between 21 and 32 mΩ sq⁻¹ as the firing temperature changed from 600 to 900 °C. This compared with values from electrodes formed with frits that decreased from 20 to 7 mΩ sq⁻¹ over the same range of firing temperatures.     

共烧内电极用银钯浆料的研究进展

共烧内电极用银钯浆料是集材料、冶金、化工、电子技术于一体的电子功能材料,具有优异的性能和独特的应用前景。综述了共烧内电极用银钯浆料及银钯合金粉的研究进展,指出环保型内电极浆料及电子浆料的高性能、低成本是共烧内电极用银钯浆料今后的发展方向。     

Effect of process parameters on the efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells

The impact of process parameters on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was studied in order to improve its performance. TiO₂ working electrodes were prepared on FTO glass for various TiO₂ mixing time. Also these electrodes were sintered at four different temperatures (400, 450, 500, and 550°C) for one hour in ambient atmosphere. Platinum-sputtered counter electrodes were prepared at different light transmittance (70, 50, 30, and 0%). Microstructural charecterization of these electrodes were studied by X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). I–V characteristics of DSSCs made up of different working and counter electrodes were studied using solar simulator. Maximum efficiency (open circuit voltage (V_oc)∼0.68 V and short-circuit current density (J_sc) ∼ 12.3 mA/cm²) was observed for DSSC consisting of TiO₂ working electrode (12h mixing time, 500°C sintering temperature) and 0% transmittance Pt counter electrode. These results indicate that enhancement possibility of overall performance in DSSC was obtained by controlling process parameters, especially TiO₂ mixing time, sintering temperature and counter electrode transmittance.     

Characteristics of ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-CaO glass frits prepared by spray pyrolysis as inorganic binder for Cu electrode

ZnO-B₂O₃-SiO₂-CaO glass frits were directly prepared by high temperature spray pyrolysis for use in Cu electrodes. The frits prepared at temperatures above 1400 °C were spherical, amorphous, of fine size and dense structure. The mean particle size and geometric standard deviation of the frits prepared at 1400 °C were 0.87 μm and 1.37, respectively. The temperatures of glass transition, crystallization and melting were 454, 534 and 800 °C, respectively. The glass layer fired at 800 °C had a dense structure due to the material's complete melting, despite some crystals being observed by SEM. A copper electrode formed from copper paste with glass frits had a dense structure when fired at 800 °C. The specific resistances of electrodes formed from copper paste with and without glass frits were 2.5 and 8.5 μΩ cm, respectively.     

石墨电极在彩电模具电火花加工中的应用

通过彩电前壳模具喇叭网孔镶件电火花加工,对紫铜电极和石墨电极加工结果进行分析比较,指出石墨材料在制作大电极,特别是在对电极损耗有严格要求的电火花加工时,石墨电极比紫铜电极有许多优点。指出专用石墨作电火花加工电极的优势正逐渐被大家认识,将成为企业首选的电火花加工电极材料。     

High dielectric constant of (Ba0.96Ca0.04)(Ti0.85Zr0.15)O3 multilayer ceramic capacitors with Cu doped Ni electrodes

A nickel paste with Cu dopant was used as the internal electrodes in multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) using barium titanate (Ba_0.96Ca_0.04)(Ti_0.85Zr_0.15)O₃ ceramic (BCTZ) with copper endtermination. The sintering behaviors of the MLCC and the interfacial structure between the Ni/Cu electrodes and the BCTZ dielectrics have been investigated. The thermal shrinkage and sheet resistance of the Ni/Cu alloys sintered at 1220 °C for 2 h in a reducing atmosphere were measured using thermal analysis techniques (TMA) and four-point probe equipment. The composition distributions, microstructures and line defects were examined using microstructural analysis techniques (SEM/HRTEM) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The Cu alloyed with Ni significantly improves the continuity of the electrode in the MLCC; this is due to there being no mutual trigger reaction between Ni and BCTZ dielectrics. In terms of the electrical properties, the results showed that Ni paste with Cu dopant improves the dielectric constant of the MLCC, but the dielectric loss (tan δ) is a slightly when higher compared to standard MLCC.     

深冷处理提高镀锌钢板点焊电极寿命的机理

为了提高镀锌钢板点焊电极寿命，作者提出了镀锌钢板点焊电极的深冷处理方法。采用不同深冷处理工艺参数处理了点焊镀锌钢板的Cr—Zr—Cu合金电极，用这些电极进行了镀锌钢板点焊电极寿命试验并与未深冷处理的电极寿命进行了比较。用扫描电子显微镜对深冷处理电极进行了背散射及面扫描分析，用X射线衍射法观测了深冷处理前后的电极晶粒度，测试了电极在深冷处理前后的电阻率。通过对深冷电极微观结构的观测及电极性能的测试，探讨了深冷处理提高镀锌钢板点焊电极寿命的机理。研究结果表明，深冷处理提高了镀锌钢板点焊电极基体的致密性，改变了合金元素的分布，细化了电极材料的晶粒，提高了镀锌钢板点焊电极的导电、导热能力及电极抗压渍变形的能力，从而提高了镀锌钢板点焊电极的寿命。     

锡电极嵌锂过程的交流阻抗谱

采用交流阻抗谱研究锡电极的首次嵌锂和第二次嵌锂过程,对比锡纳米阵列电极、锡薄膜电极和锡箔3种不同材料微观结构对电极交流阻抗谱特征的影响。用等效电路模型分析交流阻抗谱,得到嵌锂过程电化学特征参数与电位关系。结果表明:锡纳米阵列电极与锡薄膜、锡箔电极具有不同交流阻抗谱特征,锡纳米阵列电极在中频区出现双电层阻抗;首次嵌锂时在1.6~0.8 V之间形成固体电解质膜(SEI);电极材料微观结构显著影响锡电极的SEI膜电阻、Warburg阻抗和锂离子扩散速率;锡纳米阵列电极上的SEI膜电阻和Warburg阻抗最小,锂离子扩散能力最强;锡纳米阵列电极上锂的扩散系数为4.4×10-15~1.4×10-11 cm2/s;锂扩散系数随电位变化显著。