Extensive Application of UPQC-L for a Dual Point of Common Coupling System with Multiple Loads under Unbalanced Source Condition

Abstract—This paper presents a synchronous reference frame (SRF)-based power angle control (PAC) approach for a specific unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) arrangement, termed as UPQC-L for dual point of common coupling system under unbalanced source voltage condition. In contrast to a conventional configuration of UPQC, the static compensator (STATCOM) part is on left side of UPQC-L, while dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is on the right side. The UPQC-L configuration is specifically adapted for protection of sensitive and critical load types from voltage disturbances. Along with its basic compensation capability of current harmonic compensation and voltage compensation, it efficiently handles reactive power demand from sensitive load. This is achieved with the introduction of PAC concept for effective sharing of reactive power between STATCOM and DVR. The extraction of instantaneous power angle faces difficulty with unbalanced voltage and UPQC-L configuration. Thus, the control algorithm for UPQC-L is designed based on SRF and numerical analysis approach with equal reactive power sharing phenomena by STATCOM and DVR of UPQC-L. UPQC-L with the proposed control approach is successfully implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK (The Mathworks, Inc. USA) and verified experimentally for mitigation of voltage disturbances (such as sag/swell, unbalancing, and harmonics), current harmonics, and high-reactive power demand.     

基于p-q-r理论的UPQC直接控制策略

阐述了p-q-r瞬时功率理论的原理,提出了基于该理论的统一电能质量控制器(UPQC)的直接控制策略,探讨了将其用于三相四线非线性及不平衡系统中的实现方法。着重介绍了p-q-r参考波形的产生方法,以及串联补偿电流和并联补偿电压的计算方法,并将其应用于非线性不平衡负载在电源电压不平衡及电压跌落情况下UPQC直接控制策略中。分析了控制策略的原理,推导出相关运算公式,给出了详细的控制框图。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果表明,采用该方法可以有效地消除非线性及不平衡负载对电网的影响,使电网输入功率因数为1,同时,串联补偿器隔离了电网电压对负载电压的扰动,并联补偿器给负载提供三相平衡及正弦的额定电压,不受电网电压变化的影响。     

Resistive optimization with enhanced PLL based nonlinear variable gain fuzzy hysteresis control strategy for unified power quality conditioner

This paper proposes a Resistive Optimization Technique (ROT) incorporated with enhanced phase-locked loop (EPLL) based Nonlinear Variable Gain Fuzzy (NVGF) hysteresis control strategy for three-phase, three-wire Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) for compensating current harmonics, reactive power, voltage sag/swell, voltage harmonics and voltage unbalance present in the power system distribution network. This novel resistive optimization control strategy is exploited for reference signal generation for both shunt and series inverter. This proposed algorithm adaptively regulates the DC-link capacitor voltage without utilizing additional controller circuit and makes the control system simple as it does not involve any complex optimization methods. Furthermore, a nonlinear variable gain fuzzy based hysteresis controller is proposed for controlling the hysteresis band, which effectively reduces the band violation and improves the tracking behavior of UPQC during load transient, distortion and unbalanced supply conditions of power system. The proposed control strategy of UPQC is validated through MATLAB/SIMULINK followed by the experimental setup accomplished with real-time-hardware-in the loop (HIL) system OPAL-RT simulator and adequate results are reported after a comparative assessment with the conventional PI and hysteresis controller.     

统一电能质量控制器容量优化设计及控制

为实现统一电能质量控制器(Unified Power Quality Conditioner,UPQC) 容量在串并联单元之间的合理分配,提高UPQC补偿效率,给出了一种UPQC容量优化设计及控制方法。利用矢量图方法分析了UPQC稳态运行特性,建立了UPQC容量与电源电压暂降/骤升幅度、负载容量、负载功率因数和负载电压变化相角之间的关系模型,将其作为UPQC串并联单元容量选择的依据。根据补偿后负载电压相角可控的特点,采用神经网络对负载电压相角进行优化估计,降低UPQC实时补偿功率。仿真结果证明,所提方法能有效减小UPQC设计容量,优化动态补偿效果。     

基于有功和无功功率协调分配的统一电能质量调节器控制策略

统一电能质量调节器(UPQC)由串联型有源滤波器和并联型有源滤波器组合而成。在常规功率控制策略中,串、并联变流器与馈线之间存在的有功功率环流增大了串、并联单元的容量负担和损耗,且当电源电压跌落较大时,串、并联单元在补偿电能质量过程中有可能发生容量越限。提出了基于有功和无功功率协调分配的UPQC控制策略,通过合理分配串、并联变流器的功率输出,充分发挥串联变流器的作用,使得串联变流器承担部分负载无功功率以减轻并联变流器的负担,并消除有功功率环流;基于并联变流器补偿容量恒定的原则分配电源与储能单元提供的有功功率,以减小配电网馈线过电流的风险,并保证串、并联单元在补偿电能质量过程中不会发生容量越限。在电源电压完全跌落的极限情况下,负载有功完全由储能提供,实现了不间断电源的功能。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了仿真算例,结果验证了所提策略的正确性和有效性,能够实现UPQC串、并联变流器以及储能单元的协调控制。     

Power quality enhancement using fuzzy sliding mode based pulse width modulation control strategy for unified power quality conditioner

This paper proposes a fixed switching methodology based on fuzzy sliding mode pulse width modulation (FSMPWM) control strategy for three-phase three-wire unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). The proposed FSMPWM control technique eliminates numerous power quality (PQ) problems such as current harmonics, load unbalance, voltage sag/swell, voltage unbalance, voltage distortion and phase-angle jump existing in the power distribution network. Initially, the design of FSMPWM is based on the implementation of sliding surface by proper extraction of reference current and voltage signals for UPQC. Subsequently, the equivalent control law is formulated for both shunt and series converter. With this consideration, Mamdani fuzzy rule base is designed at the sliding surface for generation of switching pulse. Moreover, the proposed method eliminates the chattering effects by smoothing the control law in a narrow boundary layer for generating fixed switching pulse for both shunt and series converter. The performance of proposed UPQC system has been simulated and analyzed by MATLAB/SIMULINK followed by real-time experimental studies accomplished with a real-time-hardware-in the loop (HIL) system in OPAL-RT simulator. Additionally, the efficacy of this proposed technique is compared with a conventional sliding mode controller (CSMC).     

双电源交错备用型通用电能质量控制器

传统的通用电能质量控制器(GPQC)直流侧如果没有储能装置,则无法实现不间断供电;即使直流侧装设储能装置,蓄电池储能或超级电容器储能都存在补偿时间、补偿容量及使用寿命均有限等问题。为此提出了一种由两个并联变换器和两个串联变换器构成(每一个并联变换器和串联变换器都通过一个直流电容交错的连接在一起)的新双电源交错备用型通用电能质量控制器(DPS-GPQC)和一种简单有效的控制策略。DPS-GPQC能够同时补偿电网谐波电压、电压跌落和上升、电压中断、三相电压不平衡、谐波电流及无功电流,且能够实现两个不同电源之间能量的交错备用。基于MATLAB/SIMULINK的仿真结果表明了DPS-GPQC良好的性能和所提控制策略的有效性。因此,所提结构既能同时解决两个不同系统的大多数电能质量问题,又可以有效提高电力系统的供电可靠性。     

基于SMES的综合电能质量调节器及其设计

本文介绍一种基于超导储能(SMES)的综合电能质量调节装置,阐明了装置的电路结构和工作原理,通过实验验证了该装置结构和控制的有效性,分析了主电路参数的设计方法.     

统一电能质量调节器控制策略及仿真

通过对统一电能质量调节器(UPQC)电路拓扑的稳态功率进行详细分析,并与基于传统控制策略下UPOC所需容量进行一系列比较,提出一种基于串联侧无有功注入的新型控制策略.该控制策略根据相应的负载功率因数角、电压跌落程度决定串联侧补偿电压的幅值,在特定补偿电压注入角情况下,使得串联侧不消耗任何有功,同时能够减小并联侧无功补偿容量.该控制策略不仅能完成电网电压跌落补偿、谐波治理、负载无功补偿和输入功率因数校正,且在串联侧不消耗任何有功的情况下降低整个UPQC的补偿容量.为了克服滞环控制的不足,串联侧采用恒频滞环来保持开关频率的稳定.仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性与可行性.     

统一电能质量控制器控制策略研究

该文讨论了一种统一电能质量控制器，分析了其内部的有功功率平衡。在这个基础上提出了一种基于两相同步旋转d-q坐标系的控制方案。在这种控制方案中串联电力有源滤波器被控为电流源使得输入电流为正弦，而并联电力有源滤波器被控为电压源使得负载端为标准正弦电压。最后利用仿真和实验验证了在UPQC中采用这种控制方式的有效性。     

适用于双馈风电系统的九开关型统一电能质量调节器

为减小电压谐波、电压跌落与骤升、电压不平衡等电能质量问题对双馈感应发电机(DFIG)风电系统的影响,在对多种统一电能质量调节器(UPQC)拓扑结构研究对比和九开关变换器建模分析的基础上,提出一种应用于双馈风电系统的九开关型UPQC方案。在对UPQC电压、电流补偿单元运算电路建模的基础上,设计相应的控制策略。按照电网工况,设定谐波电流补偿、轻度电压补偿、重度电压补偿3种工作模式,优化UPQC运行方案。仿真与实验结果表明,九开关型UPQC可以有效治理电压、电流谐波,消除电压偏差与相位跳变,提高DFIG机端电能质量,使机组可以在多种故障电压工况下实现柔性故障穿越。     

Fuzzy logic controller for three‐level shunt active filter compensating harmonics and reactive power

In this paper, the use of a three‐level inverter as a shunt active power filter is carried out, taking advantage of the benefits of multi‐level inverter, namely, the reduction both in the overall switching losses and in total harmonic distortion. The main focus of this article is to investigate the potentialities of the inverter employed as shunt active power filter on the compensation of the reactive power and the mitigation of harmonics drawn from a nonlinear load and unbalanced sources. The most previously reported three‐level inverter‐based shunt active power filters have been controlled and monitored through conventional controllers, which require a complicated mathematical model. In order to overcome this problem, an extended intelligent controller is proposed for a three‐level shunt active power filter. The aim of the proposed fuzzy logic control algorithm is to improve the behavior of voltage across the floating capacitors in steady/dynamic states and to minimize the switches commutations by taking into account the references of the harmonic currents injected in the network. The proposed control strategy has been simulated, and the obtained results prove that it is very successful. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Control strategies for harmonic mitigation and power factor correction using shunt active filter under various source voltage conditions

This paper gives a new insight into the concept of load compensation using shunt active filter (SAF) under ideal and non-ideal source voltage conditions. A novel approach based on an improved instantaneous active and reactive current component method is proposed. The performance of the proposed control strategy has been compared with instantaneous reactive power theory, symmetrical component theory and dq theory. SAF has been realized by three-phase voltage source converter. Reference currents generated by control strategies has been tracked by a SAF in a hysteresis band control scheme. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of reactive power compensation, reduction in magnitude of source currents, compensator currents, and harmonic compensation as per IEEE-519 standard. To ascertain the viability of the proposed control algorithm, the performance is evaluated under different source voltage conditions with the IEEE Standard-1459 power definitions. Variation in magnitude as well as harmonic content of source voltage has been considered. Under balanced sinusoidal source voltage condition, all control strategies congregate to similar results. Under unbalanced sinusoidal source voltage condition, dq theory and proposed theory have shown similar performance. However, under distorted source voltage conditions, an improved instantaneous active and reactive current component theory presents superior performance. A three-phase, three-wire distribution system supplying non-linear load is considered for simulation study. Simulation results from a complete model of SAF are presented to validate and compare the control strategies.     

DVR的不平衡浪涌和过电压控制

讨论无串联隔离变压器的动态电压调节器(DVR)在不平衡电压浪涌或过电压情况下的补偿问题。使用不可控整流为直流侧电容充电的DVR,在补偿时只允许其向系统注入有功功率。在浪涌或过电压发生时,DVR可能发生从系统吸收有功功率的情况,如果仍然使用传统的同相或相位不变电压注入控制方法,将导致直流侧电容电压迅速升高,可能损坏开关器件或储能单元。利用最小能量补偿控制方法也不能完全解决该问题,因而提出一种单向功率流动控制算法。该算法通过将参考电压旋转一定的角度,使DVR无论在3相平衡与不平衡浪涌或过电压的情况下,都不从配电系统吸收有功,同时能将负荷电压补偿为3相平衡且达到正弦的额定值。该算法加入对DVR最大补偿极限的考虑,以确保注入补偿电压不超过DVR的补偿极限。文中对直流母线电压不可避免的泵升问题提出了缓冲控制策略。最后,仿真结果验证了算法的正确性及有效性。     

基于简化p-q-r理论的统一电能质量调节器控制策略

阐述了p-q-r瞬时功率理论的原理，提出一种特殊情况下的简化p-q-r理论，基于这一理论，提出一种统一电能质量调节器(unified power quality conditioner, UPQC)的综合控制策略，此策略综合了通常的直接控制策略和间接控制策略的特点。重点介绍了补偿电流及补偿电压的计算方法，详细分析了控制策略的原理，推导出p-q-r坐标下的相关运算公式，给出了在该坐标轴上的详细控制框图。仿真结果显示，将采用这种控制策略的UPQC用于补偿三相四线非线性及不平衡系统，可以实现对负载谐波、无功及中线电流较好的补偿，使负载获得额定端电压，同时提高电源侧功率因数，表明这种控制策略是可行、有效的。     

基于二次线性调节器的统一电能质量控制器

在分析统一电能质量控制器系统结构和工作原理的基础上，根据UPQC的补偿目标，通过建立其状态空间模型，提出了基于二次线性最优控制的开关控制策略来跟踪电压和电流的指定值。电压和电流的基波分量采用全波移动均值提取傅里叶级数基波序分量的方法得到。利用所提方法对负载电流及电网电压畸变进行了计算机仿真，结果证明了所提方法的正确性。     

基于情感智能控制器的统一电能质量调节器

为解决统一电能质量调节器(Unified Power Quality Conditioner,UPQC)直流侧电压稳定控制问题,提出一种基于大脑情感学习的智能控制器(Brain Emotional Learning Based Intelligent Controller,BELBIC)新型控制策略。基于背靠背脉宽调制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)变流器结构的UPQC电路系统,采用开关函数描述方法建立并联补偿控制和串联补偿控制电路的数学模型。根据大脑情感学习(Brain Emotional Learning,BEL)计算模型的结构特点和作用机理,提出基于BELBIC智能控制的UPQC系统多目标控制框图。仿真及实验结果表明可以实现电流和电压的补偿输出,直流侧电压稳定,系统具有良好的动静态特性,验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

不平衡电网电压下基于FPNSC算法的逆变器并网输出电流峰值控制策略

针对电网电压不平衡下电压负序引起的逆变器输出功率波动、电流峰值上升、谐波增大等问题,提出了一种基于灵活正负序控制(FPNSC)算法的逆变器并网输出电流峰值控制策略,在降低了并网电流畸变率的同时,将输出电流约束在允许范围内,保障了有功传输与动态无功支撑。通过引入正负序控制因子,FPNSC算法使输出正负序有功与无功的控制更加灵活。文中给出了不同控制目标下正、负序控制因子的选取及参考电流的计算方法;根据不平衡电网电压下逆变器控制目标,提出了基于FPNSC算法的电流峰值限制方法。仿真与实验验证了所提方法的正确性与有效性,该方法可推广应用于分布式并网发电系统中。     

并联型模块化级联超级电容多目标电能质量治理研究

为改善10 kV配网侧电能质量,针对传统UPQC与DVR对电压暂降具有补偿深度不够、补偿时间不长等不足,提出了将超级电容储能与模块化多电平变换器拓扑结构相结合,形成并联型模块化级联超级电容储能P-MMC-SCS(parallel-modular multilevel cascaded-super-capacitor storage)多目标电能治理拓扑结构。首先对其主电路拓扑结构进行了分析,然后分别针对电压未暂降时电流补偿分量检测与跟踪及电容均压、电压暂降时电压补偿分量检测与跟踪进行了控制策略研究,根据P-MMC-SCS主电路结构与补偿分量特点采用了PI控制。最后通过在Matlab/Simulink中对P-MMC-SCS仿真研究,结果表明P-MMC-SCS兼具支撑网侧的电压暂降和治理负荷侧电流谐波、无功的功能。     

新型正弦脉宽调制控制电压源型动态静止无功补偿器

提出了一种适用于低压配电系统的新型动态无功补偿电路拓扑。主电路采用三相四桥臂逆变器结构,可以对负荷不平衡进行有效补偿。逆变器控制采用正弦脉宽调制(sinusoidal pulse width modulation,SPWM)控制,保证电压电流失真度低,并通过调节逆变器的输出电压从而动态调节静态无功补偿器(static var compensator,SVC)补偿无功功率,最终实现系统无功补偿为零的目的。通过与固定补偿电容器相结合,它能以较小的逆变器容量来补偿动态无功,提高系统的功率因数和电压稳定性。利用PSCAD/EMTDC平台对该系统进行了仿真研究。仿真结果验证了控制策略的可行性和有效性。