纤维改性聚四氟乙烯密封材料的制备及性能研究

以碳纤粉、短玻纤为主要增强纤维,采用冷压成型和自由烧结工艺制备改性聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)密封复合材料.分析了增强纤维含量以及不同纤维表面处理工艺对材料抗拉强度和压缩回弹率、应力松弛率等密封性能的影响.结果表明:增强纤维含量对材料密封性能具有显著影响,而表面处理工艺的影响则不甚明显;碳纤粉对PTFE的改性效果明显好于短玻纤;具有适当填充量的PTFE密封复合材料可满足200 ℃下长期使用的要求.     

光-热双固复合材料3D打印成型数值模拟及实验验证

光-热双固化碳纤维增强复合材料3D打印成型综合了增材制造零件高精度无模快速成型和热固化基质材料力学性能优良的优势,具有广阔的应用前景。针对光-热双固化复合材料制件变形带来的制件疲劳寿命降低以及连接装配损伤等问题,综合考虑光固化动力学、热固化动力学及固化变形建立了光-热双固复合材料成型的多物理场理论模型,研究了复合材料光-热双固3D打印成型过程中单层固化厚度、光-热双固数值材料组分及纤维含量和长径比对制件变形的影响,并通过实验验证了模型及理论分析结论的正确性。结果表明,增加单层固化厚度从而减少分层数可以降低制件固化后的应力应变和翘曲变形;光-热双固化树脂中光固化树脂分数增加会使制件的翘曲变形量增大;提高纤维体积分数和纤维长径比可以降低制件膨胀系数,从而降低制件的翘曲变形量。复合材料光-热双固化3D打印成型过程的多物理场建模计算方法可以为相关研究提供借鉴,基于该方法的研究结果对于优化工艺参数从而提升成型质量具有参考价值。     

材料创新对前端模块降本减重的可行性分析

对整体注塑成型前端模块的材料创新进行了介绍,重点论证采用一种新的短玻纤增强的复合材料替代传统前端模块材料的可行性。与传统的前端模块材料相比,新材料不仅能满足零件的性能要求,而且能使车身前端质量减轻,成本降低。     

水辅助注塑聚丙烯制品的晶体结构研究

通过偏光显微镜（PLM）观察了水辅助注塑（WAIM）聚丙烯（PP）制品靠近注水喷嘴和远离注水喷嘴两个位置的晶体结构，发现WAIM制品沿壁厚方向都可以分为表层、中芯层和水道层，并且发现两个位置水道层和中芯层的晶体结构比较相似，表层晶体结构出现了较大的差异；靠近注水喷嘴位置表层晶体结构出现明显的取向现象，而在远离注水喷嘴位置没有出现。在晶体结构分析的基础上，初步探讨了水辅助注塑制品晶体结构的形成机理。结果表明：水的穿透对于熔体内部剪切的增加和取向结晶的形成有明显的促进作用。     

残余应力对碳纤维填充聚合物注塑制品电阻率的影响

为了研究残余应力对注塑导电高分子复合材料导电性能的影响,以碳纤维填充聚合物注塑成型为试验对象,采用剥层法计算制品的残余应力,测量退火前后制品各层的电阻率变化,得到注塑工艺、残余应力和制品电阻率之间的关系。为了提高计算结果的可靠性,采用连续追踪截面形貌测量各层的纤维取向,并将结果集成于制品残余应力计算中。研究结果表明,残余应力对制品电阻率的影响主要集中在表层,芯部影响较小。在退火处理过程中,受残余应力释放和高分子链动态回复运动的双重影响,碳纤维在基体中分布状态更加均匀,提高了导电网络结构的连续性,从而使制品电阻率下降。残余压应力越高,退火过程中高分子链动态回复越快,制品表层电阻率下降越多,制品导电性能越好。     

连续玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料的性能研究

为了满足轨道交通的阻燃要求,通过熔融浸渍的方法制备了连续玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯阻燃型单向预浸带,并通过热压成型的方法生产出实心板。探究了不同含量的膨胀型阻燃剂和玻璃纤维对复合材料的阻燃性、热稳定性和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在玻纤含量为60%、阻燃剂添加量为45%的情况下,复合材料可以达到UL94标准下1.6 mm的V-0阻燃级别,并且氧指数达到40%。在此条件下,复合材料与未加玻纤的材料热重相比,失重温度提高了18℃,且残炭率提高了40.34%。复合材料的拉伸强度达到261.05 MPa,拉伸模量达到15.6 GPa,弯曲强度达到302.21 MPa,弯曲模量达到14.5 GPa,剪切强度达到225 MPa,冲击强度达到225 k J/m²。复合材料优良的综合性能为连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料的发展前景奠定了坚实的基础。     

短纤维增强橡胶基密封复合材料细观结构参数及其界面力学行为研究

分别从试验与理论2个方面介绍了短纤维复合材料中纤维长径比和纤维取向两细观结构参数的测试与表征方法;并对该种复合材料界面力学行为的理论和试验研究方法进行了阐述.在此基础上对短纤维增强橡胶基密封复合材料方面的相关工作进行了初步探讨,为进一步深入研究短纤维增强橡胶基复合材料的性能评价与表征技术提供有益的参考.     

乏油环境下氧化铝填充氟橡胶的高温摩擦性能研究

为了探究高温乏油环境下氟橡胶（FKM）摩擦性能的变化规律并改善其摩擦性能，在FKM中加入氧化铝（Al₂O₃）,通过机械共混法制备得到FKM/Al₂O₃复合材料，在常温和200℃高温乏油环境下对比分析FKM/Al₂O₃复合材料与FKM材料在不同载荷下的摩擦学性能。结果表明：高载荷和高温使得FKM的摩擦因数、粗糙度和磨痕深度增大，因而乏油环境下FKM的摩擦性能大幅下降；Al₂O₃粒子的加入提高了FKM在常温和高温下的基体硬度，使得FKM/Al₂O₃复合材料在相同条件下相比FKM的摩擦因数、粗糙度和磨痕深度均有减小；Al₂O₃作为补强材料提高了FKM基体在高温乏油环境下的摩擦性能，复合材料表面分层剥离现象明显减少。复合材料表面元素分析结果表明，Al₂O₃粒子在FKM表面形成了固体润滑膜，改...     

放电等离子烧结温度对Fe-Si/MnZn(Fe2O4)2软磁复合材料组织与磁性能的影响

采用球磨法制备了Fe-Si/MnZn（Fe₂O₄）₂核壳结构粉末,并采用放电等离子烧结制备Fe-Si/MnZn（Fe₂O₄）₂软磁复合材料,研究了烧结温度（600～1 000℃）对该复合材料显微组织与磁性能的影响。结果表明：不同温度烧结Fe-Si/MnZn（Fe₂O₄）₂复合材料均由Fe-Si合金颗粒和颗粒间MnZn（Fe₂O₄）₂相组成;在600～700℃烧结时复合材料通过机械结合实现致密化,属于欠烧,800～900℃烧结可实现良好冶金结合,属于完全烧结,1 000℃烧结时颗粒间MnZn（Fe₂O₄）₂铁氧体层遭到破坏,属于过烧;复合材料磁性能随烧结温度升高而先提高后下降,在900℃烧结时磁性能最好,饱和磁化强度最高,为1 476 kA·m^-1     

电纺氧化锌纳米纤维乙醇、丙酮气敏传感器

研究了用静电纺丝技术制造微纳气体传感器的方法。采用PVP（Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone）/Zn（Ac）₂和PEO（Polyoxyethylene ）/Zn（Ac）₂两种混合溶液作为原料,通过电纺喷射获得了复合前驱体纳米纤维;在空气中加热至500℃去除聚合物,并使Zn（Ac）₂受热分解、氧化获得ZnO纳米纤维;利用X射线衍射术（XRD）对ZnO纳米纤维进行成分表征;最后实验检测了ZnO纳米纤维气敏传感器对乙醇和丙酮气体的传感特性。结果显示：以PVP/Zn（Ac）₂、PEO/Zn（Ac）₂复合纳米纤维为前驱体制得的ZnO纳米纤维平均直径分别为308 nm、184 nm;这种纳米纤维经加热氧化可获得高纯度ZnO纳米纤维;在室温条件ZnO纳米纤维气敏传感器对目标气体传感响应时间小于1 s,其传感灵敏值随着气体浓度的增大而升高。另外,以PEO/Zn（Ac）₂为前驱体制得的ZnO纳米纤维表面粗糙、比表面积大,具有较高的传感灵敏值,对于乙醇、丙酮两种目标气体的最高灵敏值分别为215.69和118.13。得到的结果表明：静电纺丝技术的引入为半导体微纳气敏传感器的集成制造提供了有效的方法。     

Micromechanical simulations of biaxial yield, hardening and plastic flow in short glass fiber reinforced polyamide

Mean-field homogenization (MFH) is used to predict the biaxial yield behavior, hardening and plastic flow of composite materials made of an elasto-plastic matrix reinforced with misaligned short fibers. The procedure is applied to short glass fiber reinforced polyamide, which represents an important industrial application of those composites. First, MFH is verified against full-field accurate finite element simulations of representative volume elements with multiple fibers. Next, a parametric study is carried out with MFH in order to predict the biaxial plastic behavior of numerous microstructures corresponding to various values of volume fraction, aspect ratio and second-rank orientation tensor components of the glass fibers. Results demonstrate the loss of both isotropic hardening and plastic flow normality, except for 2D random orientation. For illustration, a fit of Hill's orthotropic plasticity criterion is conducted for several orientation tensors.     

Effects of fiber aspect ratio evaluated by elastic analysis in discontinuous composites

An elastic stress analysis to investigate the effects of fiber aspect ratio in short fiber reinforced discontinuous composite materials has been done for different fiber volume fractions. In order to examine the elastic internal behavior, an evaluation of the load bearing capacity of discontinuous reinforcements is needed in advance. Accordingly, analytical derivation of composite mechanics has been carried out to predict fiber stresses and fiber/matrix interfacial shear stresses in discontinuous composites. The model is based on the theoretical development of conventional shear lag theory developed by Cox. However, the major shortcoming of the Cox model is due to the calculation without normal stress transfer from the end of fibers. In order to overcome the shortcoming, both of the normal and shear stress transfer mechanisms between the fiber and the matrix are accounted for with the stress concentration effects as well as material and geometrical properties. Results of predicted stresses concerning the various fiber aspect ratios are described by using the present model that is the closed form solution and compared with the Cox model and Taya model. It is found that the effect of fiber aspect ratio is significant to composite strengthening through load transfer from the matrix to the fiber, whereas the effect of fiber volume fraction is not so sensitive, relatively. It is also found that the present model has the capability to correctly predict the values of fiber stresses and fiber/matrix interfacial shear stresses.     

[工程应用]纤维增强树脂基复合材料增材制造技术与装备研究

在综述纤维增强树脂基复合材料增材制造技术的国内外研究现状基础上,分析了短纤维、长纤维、连续纤维增强树脂基复合材料的成形方法、工艺及性能。针对高性能的连续纤维增强树脂基复合材料的增材制造成形,研究了连续纤维增材制造成形机理及工艺,揭示了其成形性能的影响规律。指出了纤维增强树脂基复合材料增材制造技术与装备的未来发展趋势：亟需开展纤维增强复合材料的增材制造成形机理、成形工艺及装备研究,更好地推进纤维增强树脂基复合材料的广泛应用。     

含SMA约束层的复合材料矩形板的阻尼能力分析

研究由形状记忆合(shape memory alloy，简写为SMA)SMA约束层、SMA纤维混杂叠层材料构成的复合材料矩形板的阻尼性能。采用多胞模型和细观力学阻尼分析方法，分别预测叠层复合材料单层的弹性性能和阻尼性能，在叠层材料中计入横向剪切变形的影响。在导出矩形板的应变能和耗散能的基础上，根据最大应变能理论建立板的模态阻尼比的数学表达式。数值结果表明，文中提出的含有SMA约束层的SMA纤维叠层复合材料的集成阻尼设计方法，是一种有效的阻尼增强方案。     

基于光纤传感技术的三维地应力传感器

为了实现对地下岩层空间应力状态及其变化规律的有效监测,基于光纤光栅传感技术与平面应力状态测量原理,提出了一种平面应变花与光纤光栅传感技术相结合的监测方法。通过利用碳纤维层积复合材料对光纤光栅封装做成应变传感单元,九个应变传感单元分别组成两组直角应变花与一组等角应变花,三组应变花分别放置于三个圆柱形探头S1,S2,S3上,三个探头以一定的机械结构连接构成地层空间应力的监测的三维地应力传感装置。对光纤应变传感单元进行温度与应力的标定实验,在室内对整体传感装置进行了应力加载模拟实验。实验结果表明:光纤应变传感单元的应力分辨率为0.017 2 MPa;应力监测为0~60 MPa;探头S1最大主应力的监测平均误差为16.31%,探头S2最大主应力的监测平均误差为24.36%,S3探头的绝对误差为0.006 8 MPa;实际加载应力与传感器测量的应力空间角度误差平均值为1.24°。传感器的监测结果与实际加载应力的变化规律相一致,可满足对地下岩层空间应力状态连续监测的要求。     

Power law approximations to gas volume fraction and velocity profiles in low void fraction vertical gas–liquid flows

A dual sensor conductance probe was used to measure the distributions of the local gas volume fraction and the local gas axial velocity in vertical upward, bubby air–water flows in which the mean gas volume fraction was less than 0.1. Very limited data are available in the literature for such low volume fraction flows. The measured local gas volume fraction and velocity distributions were approximated by power law functions. The power law exponents associated with the measured local gas volume fraction profiles were found to be up to 30% higher than values predicted in the literature. The power law exponents associated with the measured local gas velocity profiles were also found to be somewhat higher than values predicted in the literature. The power law exponents for the measured local gas volume fraction and local axial gas velocity distributions at a given flow condition were combined to obtain an estimate of the ‘Zuber–Findlay’ distribution parameter C₀ at that flow condition. The mean value of C₀ for all of the flow conditions investigated was 1.09. This value of C₀ was found to give good agreement with the gradient of a plot of the mean gas velocity versus the homogeneous velocity u_h, where and u_h were obtained from reference measurements. This agreement is evidence for the good accuracy of the measured volume fraction and velocity profiles. Finally, the paper casts doubt upon previously published criteria regarding the optimum axial sensor separation in dual sensor probes.     

Low cycle fatigue of PPS polymer injection welds (I)-fatigue crack behavior-

An important class of short-fiber reinforced composites is the sheet molding compound, which is recently developed and currently used in many engineering applications. Fatigue failure of the composites is a subject of major concern in design and cyclic crack propagation is of particular significance in the fatigue life prediction of short fiber composites. However, research on the fatigue behavior of polymer injection weld, especially short glass fiber-filled polymer injection weld, has not been carried out. In this study the analyses of the fatigue crack growth behaviors at weld line and in the bulk are performed based on low cycle fatigue test.     

前混合磨料水射流系统流化器密封套筒的选材

为了保证流化器高压切换阀的正常工作,需要加工与其相配套的密封套筒,以起到保证系统压力恒定不变,在高压下平稳切换磨料罐的作用。为选择合适的密封套筒材料,确保流化器切换阀的密封性和耐磨性,分别在干摩擦、水润滑和油润滑条件下对含不同质量分数短玻璃纤维的复合尼龙材料进行了摩擦学试验。结果表明,在油润滑条件下,含玻璃纤维33%左右的尼龙复合材料具有最佳的抗磨性和较小的摩擦阻力。并根据制备的复合材料,成功研制出符合系统要求的密封套筒。     

Solid particle erosion of unidirectional fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites

In the present study, the solid particle erosion behaviour of neat PEEK matrix and unidirectional glass fibre (GF) and carbon fibre (CF) reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) composites has been studied. The erosion experiments have been carried out by using silica sand particles (200 ± 50 μm) as an erodent. Steady state erosion rates of these composites have been evaluated at different impact angles and impact velocities. The neat PEEK exhibited peak erosion rate at 30° impingement angle whereas the composites exhibited a semi-ductile behaviour with peak erosion rate at 60° impact angle. The erosion rate of the glass fibre reinforced composites was higher than that of the carbon fibre reinforced composites. The results show that the fibre orientation has a significant influence on erosion rate only at lower impact angles. The erosion rate of the composites was higher when the particles impact perpendicular to the fibre direction than parallel to the fibres. The morphology of eroded surfaces was observed under scanning electron microscope and damage mechanisms were discussed.     

Fiber orientation of polymer injection weld and its strength evaluation

This paper discusses the microstrure related fracture behavior of short-fiber reinforced thermoplastics. The microstructure of an injection molded weld was studied by microscopic methods for the purpose of describing fiber orientation. Injection welds are the place where two flow fronts come together, leading to fiber orientations having flower and volcano-like patterns. The polymer composite materials used in the experiment were polycarbonate(PC) with amorphous structure containing 30% short glass fiber and polyphenylene sulfide(PPS) with crystalline structure containing 40% short glass fiber. The specimen used was a dumbbell type tensile specimen with a weld line created by double gate injection molding. Microtoming technique was used for slicing ultrathin sections from the molded polymer parts. Microstructural analysis of fiber orientation at injection weld was carried out using light transmission microscopy (LM) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).