喉全切除气管食管分路发音重建的防误咽术

目的 观察喉全切除气、食管分路发音重建防误咽术的效果。方法 1991年10月～2001年5月对79例B、T4喉癌患者喉全切除术中行气、食管分路发音重建防误咽术，在食管前壁和气管后壁做一个长约0．8～1．2cm发声口，同时保留环状软骨宽度1．2cm，长度2．0cm做成软骨黏膜瓣防误咽檐，气管膜部向前外与皮肤缝合，做成防误咽斜度。结果 79例患者中有71例患者获得良好发声，71例患者中有65例防误咽成功，6例失败。65例患者随访1年以上，均无误呛。79例患者术后仍、T4期3年生存率分别是66．7％(14／21)和64．9％(24／37)。T3、T4期5年生存率分别是6／10和50．0％(10／20)。结论 气、食管分路发音重建防误咽术能有效地防止误咽。     

全喉切除气食管声裂建造术27例疗效分析

目的：回顾性分析全喉切除后气、食管声裂发声重建及防误咽效果。方法：对27例喉癌患者全喉切除后行气、食管声裂建造术,在食管前壁和气管后壁作-长0．5～1．0cm声裂,在声裂上方制作一新的会厌防误咽。结果：27例患者中,23例获得良好发声功能,成功率为85．2％(23／27)。其中22例防误咽成功,1例失败。27例患者术后3年生存率为66．7％(18／27),5年生存率为48．1％(13／27)。结论：气、食管声裂建造术可使全喉切除患者获得良好的发声效果并可防止误咽。     

咽食管括约肌切开术在喉全切除术后发音重建中的作用

目的　探讨咽食管括约肌切开术对减少咽食管括约肌失弛缓对喉全切除术后安装Blom Singer发音管发音重建的影响。方法　喉全切除术后 ,咽食管括约肌收缩或是痉挛都会不同程度地影响食管的气流并阻碍发音。咽食管括约肌的解剖位置是环咽肌以及其上的下咽缩肌的一部分和颈段食管上段的一部分。手术操作是在喉全切除术中、术后于气管造瘘口外上方切除长 5cm ,宽 1cm的咽食管括约肌。结果　 3 3例喉全切除术的患者进行咽食管括约肌切开术后有 3 2例发音成功 ,发音重建的成功率是 97%。其中包括 12例喉全切除术中I期进行环咽肌切开术 ,2 1例是Ⅱ期进行咽食管括约肌切开术的 ,后者又有 9例是安装Blom Singer发音管后发音不能再行咽食管括约肌切开术的。患者 3年存活 2 5例 ,5年存活 18例。同期行喉全切除术和咽食管括约肌切开术的 12例患者 ,Kaplan Meier法统计 3年生存率 81 82 % ,5年生存率 42 86%。结论　咽食管括约肌切开术能提高Blom Singer发音管发音重建的成功率。     

喉切除重建"会厌"防止发声口的误咽

目的 :探讨全喉切除防止气管 食管通路发声口误咽的方法。方法 :对 2 6例喉鳞癌患者行全喉切除 ,保留带蒂环状软骨瓣并修成会厌形薄片 ;改良气管 食管通路发声口 ;将会厌形骨片固定在发声口上方形成“檐状会厌” ;缝合气管断端并向后挤压“檐状会厌”凸入食管腔中。结果 :2 6例在术后 3、7或 12d拔除鼻饲管 ,经6～ 11d常规进食适应后均无误咽。随访 2～ 5年 ,2 1例无误咽 ,3例失访 ,2例癌复发。结论 :环状软骨瓣重建“檐状会厌”能有效防止全喉切除术后气管 食管通路发声口的误咽。     

咽食管括约肌切开术在喉全切除术后发音重建中的作用

目的：探讨咽食管括约肌切开术对减少咽食管括约肌失弛缓对喉全切除术后安装Blom-Singer发音管发音重建的影响。方法：喉全切除术后，咽食管括约肌收缩或是痉挛都会不同程度地影响食管的气流并阻碍发音。咽食管括约肌的解剖位置是环咽肌以及其上的下咽缩肌的一部分和颈段食管上段的一部分。手术操作是在喉全切除术中、术后于气管造瘘口外上方切除长5cm，宽1cm的咽食管括约肌。结果：33例喉全切除术的患者进行咽食管括约肌切开术后有32例发音成功，发音重建的成功率是97％。其中包括12例喉全切除术中I期进行环咽肌切开术，21例是Ⅱ期进行咽食管括约肌切开术的，后者又有9例是安装Blom-Singer发音管后发音不能再行咽食管括约肌切开术的。患者3年存活25例，5年存活18例。同期行喉全切除术和咽食管括约肌切开术的12例患者，Kaplan-Meier法统计3年生存率81．82％，5年生存率42．86％。结论：咽食管括约肌切开术能提高Blom-Singer发音管发音重建的成功率。     

“桅状会厌”成形术在喉全切除术中的应用

目的：评估喉全切除环状软骨瓣“桅状会厌”成形术防治气-食管通路发声口误咽的疗效。方法：喉全切除后保留带蒂环状软骨瓣并修薄成会厌形状;在重建气-食管通路发声口上方将会厌形状骨片植入食管前壁粘膜下,使曲面向下凸入食管腔形成“檐状会厌”。结果：26例喉鳞癌术后3、7或12天拔除鼻饲管,经6-11天常规进食适应后均无误咽,随访2-5年,21例无发声口漏,2例术后5、11个月癌复发肺、骨转移死亡,3例失访。结论：环状软骨瓣“檐状会厌”成形术有效防治全喉切除术后气-食管通路发声口的误咽。     

"檐状会厌”成形术在喉全切除术中的应用

目的评估喉全切除环状软骨瓣"檐状会厌”成形术防治气-食管通路发声口误咽的疗效.方法喉全切除后保留带蒂环状软骨瓣并修薄成会厌形状;在重建气-食管通路发声口上方将会厌形状骨片植入食管前壁粘膜下,使曲面向下凸入食管腔形成"檐状会厌”.结果26例喉鳞癌术后3、7或12天拔除鼻饲管,经6～11天常规进食适应后均无误咽.随访2～5年,21例无发声口漏,2例术后5、11个月癌复发肺、骨转移死亡,3例失访.结论环状软骨瓣"檐状会厌”成形术有效防治全喉切除术后气-食管通路发声口的误咽.     

全喉切除改良气管-咽吻合Ⅰ期发声重建术

目的：探讨全喉切除Ⅰ期发声重建术的改进术式。方法：采用低位气管切开，全喉切除，食管前壁黏膜重建声门，气管切口处造瘘．颈段气管上提并缩窄吻合于舌根的方法行全喉切除及Ⅰ期发声重建木35例。结果：33例(94．29％）术后获得了不同程度的发声功能．不能发声者仅2例(5．71％)。全部患者术后均可经口进食，未出现严重的影响生存质量的误咽。结论：与以往的发声重建术相比，本术式具有发声成功率高、发声质量良好、误咽率低等优点，且无须置人人工发声装置．值得推广。     

Blom-Singer发音管在喉全切除术后的临床应用

目的观察喉全切除术后应用Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能的效果。方法回顾性分析1994年9月～2003年8月15例喉全切除术后行Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能患者的临床资料。结果15例患者中12例行Ⅰ期发音管重建术，10例手术成功(10／12，83．33％)；3例行Ⅱ期发音管重建术，其中2例手术成功，两种术式的总成功率为80％(12／15)。Ⅰ期手术失败2例，与气管食管壁分离过多有关；Ⅱ期手术失败1例，系环咽肌切断不完全所致。结论喉全切除术后应用Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能是一种有效的发声重建方法，环咽肌切断及保留气管食管壁的完整是手术成功的美键。     

喉全切除气管食管黏膜瓣发音重建术

喉癌患者为彻底切除肿瘤,大部分患者需要做喉全切除术,切除后丧失语言功能,给患者带来极大不便和痛苦。以往单纯气管食管分路术虽然解决了语言功能问题,但误吸呛咳比较严重,患者不能耐受。为此我们从1990年5月至2000年8月在气管、食管分路术基础上对10例喉全切除患者进行气管、食管黏膜瓣发音重建术,并对气管套管进行了改进,取得较为满意的效果,报道如下。1.1临床资料。10例患者中,女7例,男性3例,年龄47～62岁。其中喉声门上型癌8例,声门型癌2例;TNM分期T2N0M02例,T3N0M04例,T4N1M03例;病理组织学检查均为鳞状上皮癌,同期实施颈廓清术…     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.