动脉粥样硬化高危人群中阿司匹林抵抗调查

目的调查社区动脉粥样硬化高危人群中阿司匹林抵抗(AR)或半抵抗(ASR)的发生率及其流行病学特征,并探讨其与动脉粥样硬化危险因素的相关性。方法筛选200例动脉粥样硬化高危患者服用阿司匹林(100 mg/d)至少7 d以上,用二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和花生四烯酸(AA)诱导剂测定其前后血小板聚集功能变化及血清血栓烷B2(TXB2)水平测定。结果 200例动脉粥样硬化高危人群中AR发生率为4.5%,ASR者占20.7%。血清TXB2水平,AA、ADP诱导的血小板聚集率与健康对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);血清TXB2水平与血小板聚集率有较好的相关性(γ=0.871)。结论社区动脉粥样硬化高危人群服用阿司匹林后部分患者产生AR或ASR;检测AA、ADP诱导的血小板聚集率,血清TXB2水平可作为动脉粥样硬化高危人群发生AR或ASR的评价指标。     

社区动脉粥样硬化高危人群中阿司匹林抵抗调查

目的：调查社区动脉粥样硬化高危人群中阿司匹林抵抗（AR）或半抵抗（ASR）的发生率及其流行病学特征,并探讨其与动脉粥样硬化危险因素的相关性.方法：筛选200例动脉粥样硬化高危患者服用阿司匹林（100 mg/d）至少7 d以上,用二磷酸腺苷（ADP）和花生四烯酸（AA）作诱导剂测定其前后血小板聚集功能变化及血清血栓烷B2（TXB2）水平测定.结果：200例动脉粥样硬化高危人群中AR发生率为4.5%,ASR者占20.7%.血清TXB2水平,AA、ADP诱导的血小板聚集率与健康对照组相比差异有显著性（P〈0.01）;血清TXB2水平与血小板聚集率有较好的相关性（r=0.871）.结论：社区动脉粥样硬化高危人群服用阿司匹林后部分患者产生AR或ASR;检测AA、ADP诱导的血小板聚集率,血清TXB2水平可作为动脉粥样硬化高危人群发生AR或ASR的评价指标.     

服用小剂量阿司匹林患者的阿司匹林抵抗

目的 探讨服用小剂量阿司匹林患者的阿司匹林抵抗（AR）现象及其影响因素.方法 入选328例病情稳定的心脑血管病、糖尿病等患者,每日服用阿司匹林100 mg,连服14 d后,分别用花生四烯酸（AA）、二磷酸腺苷（ADP）作诱导剂检测血小板聚集率.满足AA诱导的血小板平均聚集率≥20%、ADP诱导的血小板平均聚集率≥70%两项者为AR;仅满足其中一项为阿司匹林半抵抗（ASR）;均不满足者为阿司匹林敏感（AS）.用统计学方法分析各组间各项临床特征差异及影响AR与ASR的独立危险因素.结果 328例患者中AR发生率为4.9%,ASR发生率为27.4%.与AS相比,AR＋ASR中以女性、高龄、糖尿病及高血压病患者较多,吸烟者较少.Logistic回归分析表明,糖尿病[相对比值比（OR）=0.953,95%可信区间（CI）0.323～0.876,P=0.013]和高血压病（OR=0.610,95%CI 0.376～0.991,P=0.045）是发生AR与ASR的独立危险因素.不吸烟者发生AR与ASR的危险性升高（OR=2.231,95%CI 1.182～4.210,P=0.013）.结论 服用小剂量阿司匹林的患者中AR发生率为4.9%;发生AR与ASR可能与糖尿病、高血压等因素有关,不吸烟者发生AR与ASR的危险性升高.     

服用小剂量阿司匹林对于冠心病患者的阿司匹林抵抗

目的探讨服用小剂量阿司匹林冠心病患者的阿司匹林抵抗（AR）现象及其相关因素。方法经冠脉造影确诊为冠心病患者137例，服用阿司匹林100mg／d≥1周后，分别用花生四烯酸（AA）、二磷酸腺苷（ADP）作诱导剂检测血小板聚集率。满足AA诱导的血小板平均聚集率≥20％、ADP诱导的血小板平均聚集率≥70％两项者为AR；仅满足其中一项为阿司匹林半抵抗（ASR）；均不满足者为阿司匹林敏感（脶）。结果137例患者中AR发生率为22．63％（31例），ASR发生率为17．52％（24例），AR＋ASR发生率为40．16％（55例）．AS发生率为59．85％（82例）。AR＋ASR组中的糖尿病、不稳定型心绞痛患者均较As组多（P〈0．05）；AR＋ASR组患者血浆总胆固醇浓度显著高于AS组（P〈0．05），血浆低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇浓度有高于AS组倾向（P〉0．053）。结论服用小剂量阿司匹林的冠心病患者AR＋ASR发生率为40．16％；AR或ASR者血浆胆固醇浓度较高；精尿病、不稳定型心绞痛患者AR或ASR发生率较高。     

不同阿司匹林抵抗类型脑梗死患者血栓素B2与6-酮-前列腺素的检测及其意义

目的:探讨不同阿司匹林抵抗类型急性脑梗死患者服用阿司匹林后血小板聚集率(PAG)及血栓素B2(TXB2)与6-酮-前列腺素(6-k-pGF1a)的变化及临床意义.方法:将80例急性脑梗死患者根据阿司匹林抵抗的不同分为阿司匹林抵抗(AR)组6例,阿司匹林部分抵抗(ASR)组18例,阿司匹林敏感(AS)组56例.分别测定各组患者服用阿司匹林前及服用阿司匹林(服用剂量为100 mg/d)1周后血栓素B2(TXB2)及6-酮-前列腺素(6-k-PGF1a)的浓度,并进行对比分析.结果:用药前3组间各检测指标的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),服用阿司匹林1周后,3组患者PAG及TXB2检测指标显著低于用药前(均P<0.01);而6-k-PGF1a检测指标显著高于用药前(均P<0.01).用药1周后,TXB2浓度与AS组用药后比较,ASR组各指标并无明显变化(均P>0.05).而AR组各检测指标均显著高于AS组(均P<0.01);与ASR组用药后比较,AS组各指标并无明显变化(均P>0.05),AR组血TXB2浓度均显著高于ASR组(均P<0.01).6-k-PGF1a浓度与AS组用药后比较,ASR组各指标并无明显变化(P>0.05).而AR组各检测指标均显著低于AS组(均P<0.01);与ASR组用药后比较,AS组各指标并无明显变化(均P>0.05).结论:阿司匹林可降低急性脑梗死患者的PAG和TXB2,并提高6-k-PGF1a.有可能在一定程度上降低急性脑梗死患者再发的危险.     

冠心病患者阿司匹林抵抗与前列环素及血栓素A2相关性的研究

目的：探讨心血管病患者阿司匹林抵抗（AR）与炎症的关系。方法：采用比浊法测定110例冠心病服用阿司匹林患者及20例健康对照组花生四烯酸（AA）、二磷酸腺苷（ADP）诱导的血小板聚集率，判断阿司匹林抵抗（AR）、阿司匹林半抵抗（ASR）和阿司匹林敏感（AS）患者；放免法测定6-酮-前列腺素PGF1α（6-Keto-PGF1α））及血栓素B2（TXB2）。结果：研究对象中AR占2．72％；ASR占7．27％，其中ADP诱导者5．45％，AA诱导者1．82％；AR与ASR合计9．99％；而AS占90．01％。对各组患者TXB2、6-Keto-PGF1α以及TXB2／6-Keto-PGF1α研究发现，阿司匹林抵抗、以及阿司匹林抵抗和半抵抗患者血浆TXB2、TXB2／6-Keto-PGF1α较阿司匹林敏感患者显著升高；而6-Keto-PGF1α差异无统计学意义。结论：血浆TXB2以及TXB2／6-Keto-PGF1α对阿对司匹林抵抗有预测和筛查价值。     

血小板膜糖蛋白I a 807C/T多态性与阿司匹林抵抗的关系

目的 探讨中国汉族人群阿司匹林抵抗的发生与血小板膜糖蛋白(glycoprotein,GP)I a 807C/T多态性之间的关系.方法 筛选200例动脉粥样硬化高危患者服用阿司匹林(100mg/d)至少7d以上,用二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和花生四烯酸(AA)作诱导剂测定血小板聚集功能,分为阿司匹林抵抗(AR)组、阿司匹林半抵抗(ASR)组,阿司匹林敏感(As)组.并应用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物(polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers, PCR-SSP)方法检测各组GP I a 807C/T多态性.结果 AR组,ASR组的T等位基因频率均显著高于AS组(P＜0.005);AR组,ASR组的(TC+TT)基因型的频率也均高于As组(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析显示血小板膜GP I aT807等位基因与阿司匹林抵抗的发生显著相关(OR=3.76,95%CI2.87～9.58).结论 血小板膜GP I a T807等位基因与阿司匹林抵抗的发生相关联,可能为阿司匹林抵抗发生的一种遗传易感性标志.     

辛伐他汀对阿司匹林低反应者内皮功能及血小板聚集率的影响

目的探讨辛伐他汀对高血压病合并高脂血症及阿司匹林低生化反应患者内皮功能及血小板聚集率的影响。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究,口服肠溶阿司匹林片1周后,高血压病合并高脂血症及阿司匹林低生化反应患者109例入选,检测用花生四烯酸(AA)和二磷酸腺苷(ADP)作诱导剂的血小板聚集率(PAG)和一氧化氮、内皮素指标;然后采用信封法随机分为辛伐他汀组和对照组,均继续口服阿司匹林,辛伐他汀组加用辛伐他汀。治疗2月后复查上述指标,观察辛伐他汀对上述指标的影响。结果对照组两次检测内皮素、一氧化氮浓度及以AA和ADP诱导的PAG,差异均无统计学意义(t分别=1.66、0.56、1.13、0.13,P均>0.05)。治疗2月后,辛伐他汀组内皮素及以AA和ADP诱导的PAG检测值明显降低,一氧化氮浓度增高,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=14.51、6.09、5.64、15.07,P均<0.05);同时与对照组治疗后比较,辛伐他汀组内皮素及以AA和ADP诱导的PAG明显降低,一氧化氮浓度明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=17.48、3.39、2.05、11.41,P均<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀可改善高血压病合并高脂血症及阿司匹林低生化反应患者血管内皮功能,可能同时改善阿司匹林抗血小板聚集功能。     

糖尿病患者阿司匹林抵抗与糖基化终产物及胰岛素抵抗指数的相关性

目的 研究2型糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)患者阿司匹林抵抗发生率及阿司匹林抵抗(aspirin resistance,AR)与糖基化终产物(advanced glycosylation end products,AGEs)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)的相关性.方法 2009年10月至2010年7月在上海交通大学医学院附属第六医院急诊内科病房住院患者中入选正在或准备服用阿司匹林的2型DM合并或未合并冠心病/高血压/脑梗塞后患者69例及非DM但患有冠心病/高血压/脑梗塞后患者23例,入院后对所有患者测血脂,血常规,空腹血糖,糖化血红蛋白,空腹胰岛素.每晚饭后服用阿司匹林100 mg至少7 d后,最后一次服药次日晨测花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)及二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)诱导的血小板聚集率及血清AGEs水平并计算HOMA-IR.用SPSS13.0软件对计量资料进行成组t检验、直线相关分析,计数资料进行x2,Fisher's exact检验.结果 DM组AR/ASR发生率明显高于非DM组(30.4%vs 8.7%,P=0.037);DM组AGEs水平及HOMA-IR高于非DM组[(359.56±120.14)pg/mL vs(275.45±118.06)pg/mL,P=0.004和(4.42±4.78)vs(1.5±0.78),P＜0.01];DM患者AA诱导的血小板聚集率与血清AGEs及HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.463,P＜0.01和r=0.290,P=0.016),ADP诱导的血小板聚集率与HOMA-IR正相关(r=0.242,P=0.045),但与AGEs水平不相关(r=0.166,P=0.714).结论 2型DM患者AR/ASR发生率高于非DM患者,DM患者AR与AGEs及HOMA-IR升高有关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the incidence of aspirin resistance (AR) in patients with Type Ⅱ Diabetes mellitus (DM) and the correlation between AR and advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) as well as the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Methods A total of 69 patients with Type Ⅱ DM and another 23 patients without DM as control group were enrolled between October 2009 and July 2010. Blood lipid, blood routine, fasting blood glucose, Glycated hemoglobin (GHb/Hb A1c) ,fasting insulin were determined at first. After aspirin treatment for at least 7 days, platelet aggregation stimulated by arachidonic acid(AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were measured. In addition, the level of serum AGEs was measured by using ELISA assay. The degree of insulin resistance was obtained by using HOMA-IR. Results The incidence of AR in patients with Type Ⅱ DM was higher than that in the controls(30.4% vs. 8.7%, P = 0.037 ); the levels of serum AGEs and HOMA-IR in patients with Type Ⅱ DM were higher than those in the controls [ (359.56 ± 120. 14) pg/mL vs. (275.45 ± 118.06)pg/mL, P=0. 004; (4.42 ±4.78) vs. ( 1.5 ±0.78), P＜0.01, respectively]; platelet aggregation stimulated by AA in the diabetic group was correlated with serum AGEs and HOMA-IR( R =0.463, P ＜0.01; R=0.290, P =0.016, respectively); and platelet aggregation stimulated by ADP was only positively correlated with HOMA-IR(R =0.242, P = 0.045). Conclusions The incidence of AR in patients with Type Ⅱ Diabetes mellitus is higher than that in the controls, and diabetics with higher serum AGEs and HOMA-IR are more likely to develop aspirin resistant.     

阿司匹林抵抗与老年冠心病患者不良心脑血管事件发生的关系

目的探讨阿司匹林抵抗与老年冠心病患者不良心血管事件的发生有无相关性。方法138例老年冠心病患者每日服用阿司匹林100 mg>4周,检测分别由二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、花生四烯酸(AA)诱导的血小板聚集率(PAG);根据PAG分为阿司匹林抵抗组(AR)和阿司匹林敏感组(AS),随访观察终点是心源性死亡、心肌梗死、不稳定型心绞痛、脑卒中和短暂脑缺血,比较两组不良临床事件发生率。结果20例服用阿司匹林的患者出现AR(14.5%);观察(318±200)天,老年冠心病患者中AR组发生不良临床事件的几率较AS组明显增高(17.8%vs6.7%,P<0.001)。结论阿司匹林抵抗增加老年冠心病患者不良临床事件的发生     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."