精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的特点及以及比较威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）与色、数、形测验的一致性。方法对31例精神分裂症及25名正常人进行WCST、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、简式中国修订版韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS－RC）及色、数、形判断能力的测验,结果：精神分裂症组的各种测验成绩均显著低于对照组,差异有显著性（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。结论1,精神分裂症患者有较广泛的认知功能损害;2WCST与色、数形测验结果具有一致性。     

卒中患者的认知功能与病灶部位和体积关系的研究

目的：探讨卒中患者认知功能改变与病灶部位和体积的关系。方法：采用CT和（或）MRI确定脑梗死患者（18例）、腔隙性脑梗死患者（27例）和脑出血患者（11例）（所有患者均为右利手）的病灶体积、部位，用简易精神状态智能量表、中国成人智力量表中的词义分辨项、数字背诵项，临床记忆量表中的图像自由回忆、无意义图形再认、人像特点联系回忆项，连线测验A、连线测验B组成的神经心理量表，评定3组患者的认知功能。结果：病灶位于左侧半球者在语言能力、图像自由回忆、人像特点联系回忆方面成绩均显著低于病灶位于右侧半球和双侧半球者（P均〈0．05）。病灶体积≥30mL组在语言能力、词义分辨、数字背诵、图像自由回忆方面的测评成绩显著低于病灶体积＜30mL组（P均〈0．05）。结论：病灶侧别和病灶体积是影响卒中认知功能的重要因素，病灶位于左侧半球、病灶体积较大者更易发生认知障碍。     

老年精神分裂症患者认知功能与社会功能研究

目的探讨老年精神分裂症患者的认知功能及社会功能损害情况。方法采用一系列标准化神经心理测验工具：韦氏记忆测验（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、简易智力状态检查（MMSE）和日常生活能力量表（ADL），测定45例老年精神分裂症患者（研究组）的认知功能和社会功能，并与42例正常老年人（对照组）作对照。结果研究组在WMS中的经历、定向、1→100、100→1、累加、再认、记图、再生、联想、触摸、理解、背数等项成绩均差于对照组（P均〈0．05或0．01）。WCST研究组总正确数和分类次数均小于对照组，而总错误数、持续错误数和持续反应数均高于对照组（P均〈0．01）。MMSE成绩研究组显著低于对照组（P〈0．05），ADL研究组显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论老年精神分裂症患者存在突出的认知功能和社会功能损害。     

初发精神分裂症患者神经认知功能早期受损状况调查

目的：通过分析初发精神分裂症患者与健康人群认知功能的差异,探讨初发精神分裂症患者早期神经认知功能缺陷的程度与特点。方法选取住院的初发精神分裂症患者120例为患者组,健康人群120例为对照组,采用阳性与阴性症状量表、成套神经认知功能测验全面评定患者的精神症状与认知功能。结果（1）阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理以及PANSS总分无性别差异（P＞0.05）。（2）在11项神经认知功能测验中,患者组与对照组之间差异显著（P＜0.05）,患者组学习和记忆、精细动作、信息处理速度以及执行功能的成绩显著低于对照组（ P＜0.001）。（3）男患者的颜色连线2测验（ P＜0.05）、Stroop色词测验（单词总数 P＜0.05,颜色总数 P＜0.05,色/词总数 P＜0.01）、WMS-Ⅲ空间广度总分（P＜0.01）的成绩显著低于女患者。结论初发精神分裂症患者的认知功能全面损害,且男性患者执行功能与视觉空间记忆的缺陷更严重。     

帕金森病合并抑郁患者认知功能和P300的研究

目的 探讨帕金森病（PD）合并抑郁患者认知功能和P300的改变。方法 对67例PD患者依据Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）和汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分分为PD抑郁组（22例）和PD非抑郁组（45例），分别对两组患者进行认知功能评定和P300检测，并对结果进行比较和相关性分析。结果 本组PD患者简明智力状态量表（MMSE）评分尚在正常范围，但明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．05），PD抑郁组MMSE评分更低（P〈0.01）；与正常对照组比较，PD组P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低（均P〈0．05），PD抑郁组改变更为明显（均P〈0．01）；PD组P300潜伏期与MMSE评分呈负相关（r=-0．413，P〈0．05），波幅与MMSE评分呈正相关（r=0．398，P〈0．05）。结论 PD患者存在认知功能障碍，以记忆损害最为明显；抑郁对认知功能有负性影响，P300检测可以早期发现PD患者的认知功能障碍。     

奥氮平对精神分裂症认知障碍的疗效及糖、脂代谢的影响

目的 观察奥氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的疗效及其对患者糖、脂代谢影响。方法 将60例接受单一奥氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者，采用修订韦氏记忆量表（WMS-RC）评定记忆功能；威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定执行功功能；PANSS量表评定精神症状；并检测血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂，分别在治疗前、治疗8周末各进行1次。结果 经过8用的奥氮平治疗后，记忆商数显著提高（P〈0．001）；威斯康星卡片分类测验的总测验次数、持续错误数及随机错误数均显著下降（P〈0，05或P〈0．01）；并且奥氮平对记忆功能、执行功能的改善与阳性症状、阴性症状的下降呈显著正相关。治疗8周末血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂水平均显著高于治疗前（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 奥氮平能有效的改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍，但应重视其对患者糖脂代谢的副作用．     

首诊强迫症患者的认知功能特点研究

目的探讨首诊强迫症患者的认知功能特点。方法选取我院符合ICD-10的首诊强迫症住院患者24人为病例组;从医护人员中选取年龄、性别及受教育程度类似的被试24人作为对照组。分别对两组人员进行划销测验和《临床记忆量表》检查,应用SPSS13.0进行统计分析。结果在划销测验中,强迫症组与对照组相比反应时延长,正确数减少,漏划数增加,且差异显著（P〈0．05）;在《临床记忆量表》测验中两组的记忆商、联想学习、图像自由回忆、人像特点回忆得分均有显著差异（P〈0．05）,强迫症组较差,指向学习、无意义图形再认得分两组差异不显著（P〈0．05）。结论强迫症患者存在明显的认知功能障碍,认知功能损害是使其症状不易缓解的原因之一。     

首次确诊帕金森病患者情绪和认知功能障碍的关系

目的观察研究首次确诊帕金森痛患者情绪和认知功能障碍之间的关系。方法60例首次确诊帕金森病（PD）患者,采用简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）和词ir-流畅性测验评定患者的认知功能;采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定患者的情绪障碍。采用统一帕金森病评分量表（UPDRS）和改良Hoehn—Yahr分级评定患者的帕金森病严重程度。结果（1）60例首次确诊PD患者改良H0ehn～Yahr分级显示：I级11例,Ⅱ级32例,Ⅲ级16例,Ⅳ级1例。其中具有抑郁障碍患者28例,占46．7％;具有焦虑障碍患者20例,占33．3％,20例焦虑障碍PD患者都具有抑郁障碍。（2）60例首次确诊PD患者中,具有认知功能障碍患者23例,占38．3％;MMSE评分和词汇流畅性测验评分均与病程呈负相关,差异具有统计学意义（r分别为-0．42,-0．46;P〈0．05）。（3）60例首次确诊PD患者HAMD评分和MMSE评分及词汇流畅性测验评分呈负相关,差异具有统计学意义（r分别为-0．69,-0．76;P〈0．01）。PD患者HAMA评分和MMSE评分及词汇流畅性测验评分亦呈负相关,差异具有统计学意义（r分别为～0．60,-0．68;P〈0．01）。结论首次确诊PD患者多为轻、中度患者,早期即表现情绪障碍和认知功能障碍,且两者具有高度相关性。     

脑血管病患者认知功能改变与脑室线性结构的相关性研究

目的：探讨脑血管病患者认知功能改变与脑室线性结构的相关性，进一步探讨血管性认知障碍的临床特点。方法：采用CT／MRI技术测量脑梗死、腔隙性脑梗死、脑出血的病灶体积和脑室线性结构；应用简易精神状态智能量表，中国成人智力量表中的词义分辨项、数字背诵项；临床记忆量表中的图像自由回忆、无意义图形再认、人像特点联系回忆项，连线测验A、连线测验B组成的神经心理量表进行认知功能测定。结果：脑梗死组、腔隙性脑梗死组、脑出血组、健康对照组4组之间大多数认知功能无差异，仅在认知功能的回忆力分项中脑出血组与健康对照组之间有差异，脑出血组回忆力成绩低于健康对照组（P〈0．05）。患者哈氏值、脑室指数、前角指数、三脑室宽度与正常值比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。哈氏值和三脑室宽度较正常值增大。脑室指数和前角指数较正常值减小。脑室指数与回忆力呈正相关（r=0．280，P〈0．05）。前角指数与MMSE总分、定向力、回忆力呈正相关（r=0．322、0．337、0．368，P〈0．05），与连线测验A和连线测验B所用时间呈负相关（r=-0．278、-0．334，P〈0．05）。结论：脑血管病可引起认知功能下降。脑血管病患者存在不同程度的脑萎缩，尤以额叶皮质和皮质下深部白质的萎缩明显。     

帕金森病患者的事件相关电位研究

为探讨帕金森病（PD）患者认识功能障碍的电生理改变，分别对32例PD非痴呆患者，30例PD痴呆患者及28例健康人的事件相关电位（ERP）进行了分析。结果显示PD痴呆患者N2，P3潜伏期明显延长（P＜0．05），P3。潜伏期与其简易精神状态量表评分存在显著位负相关（P＜0．05）．另外，0对PD痴呆患者ERP及CT的对比研究表明，PD痴呆患者ERP阳性检出率高于CT。认为ERP能客观地反映出PD痴呆患者认知功能的损害．     

Cognitive and behavioral changes after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy: relationship with lesional data from MRI.

We investigated cognitive and behavioral changes after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy, and their relationship with lesion size and location as identified in magnetic resonance image quantitative analysis. Fifteen consecutive patients with Parkinson's disease were assessed neuropsychologically before and after unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy (five right and 10 left). Immediate postsurgery evaluation (1 week) demonstrated significant worsening of memory, motor learning, motor speed, and verbal fluency. In the 3-month follow up, learning, memory, and speed returned to the presurgical level, but verbal fluency remained below the baseline. Significant improvements were observed in visuospatial functions and obsessive-compulsive behavior. Lesional volume did not correlate with neuropsychologic changes. Left lesions produced more impairment in verbal fluency than right-sided lesions. Regression analysis identified two lesional areas in the pallidum mediale internum. These regions accounted for 68% of the variance in the visuospatial changes.     

Effects of pallidotomy and bilateral subthalamic stimulation on cognitive function in Parkinson disease

Unilateral pallidotomy and bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) for Parkinsons disease (PD) have demonstrated a positive effect on motor functions. However, further studies are needed of the unintended cognitive effects accompanying these new surgical procedures. We studied the consequences of unilateral pallidotomy and STN-DBS on cognitive function in a controlled comparative design. Sixteen consecutive PD patients were assessed before and 6 months after unilateral pallidotomy (n = 8) and bilateral STN-DBS (n = 8). The same assessments were performed in a control group of eight non-operated matched PD patients recruited from surgery candidates who refused operation. The neuropsychological battery consisted of test measuring memory, attention, arithmetic, problem solving and language, as well as visuospatial, executive and premotor functions. An analysis of variance (factors time and treatment) was applied. No statistically significant differences were found in the presurgical evaluation of clinical and demographic data for the three treatment groups. The controlled comparison between presurgical and postsurgical performance revealed no significant changes in the cognitive domains tested in the pallidotomy group. The STN-DBS group showed a selective significant worsening of semantic verbal fluency (p = 0.005). This controlled comparative study suggests that neither unilateral pallidotomy nor bilateral STN-DBS have global adverse cognitive consequences, but bilateral STN-DBS may cause a selective decrease in verbal fluency.     

Motor and cognitive sequelae of unilateral pallidotomy in intractable Parkinson's Disease: electronic measurement of motor steadiness is a useful outcome measure

This study examined the short-term motor and cognitive sequelae of unilateral posterolateral pallidotomy for patients with intractable Parkinson's Disease (PD). Unique to this study was the inclusion of electronic motor steadiness instrumentation among pre- and postsurgical assessment procedures. Fifteen PD patients underwent right-sided surgery and 10 underwent left-sided surgery; patients were evaluated 1 month presurgery and approximately 3 months postsurgery. Motorically, there were no significant changes in grooved pegboard or maze-drawing performances, but patients evidenced significantly improved steadiness, particularly in the hand contralateral to the side of surgery. Cognitively, there were no significant decrements on postsurgery composite variables comprised of well-known tests of attention, executive functioning, delayed memory or recognition memory; these findings were similar for patients with either left- or right-sided surgery. There was, however, a significant change in language abilities among a subset of patients. This change was evident in the decline in verbal fluency in PD patients who underwent left-sided pallidotomy, a finding that has consistently emerged in pallidotomy outcome studies. This decline is discussed in terms of evidence that suggests that the basal ganglia consist of several separate, but parallel circuits, some of which are important for cognition.     

Motor and Cognitive Sequelae of Unilateral Pallidotomy in Intractable Parkinson's Disease: Electronic Measurement of Motor Steadiness is a Useful Outcome Measure

This study examined the short-term motor and cognitive sequelae of unilateral posterolateral pallidotomy for patients with intractable Parkinson's Disease (PD). Unique to this study was the inclusion of electronic motor steadiness instrumentation among pre- and postsurgical assessment procedures. Fifteen PD patients underwent right-sided surgery and 10 underwent left-sided surgery; patients were evaluated 1 month presurgery and approximately 3 months postsurgery. Motorically, there were no significant changes in grooved pegboard or maze-drawing performances, but patients evidenced significantly improved steadiness, particularly in the hand contralateral to the side of surgery. Cognitively, there were no significant decrements on postsurgery composite variables comprised of well-known tests of attention, executive functioning, delayed memory or recognition memory; these findings were similar for patients with either left- or right-sided surgery. There was, however, a significant change in language abilities among a subset of patients. This change was evident in the decline in verbal fluency in PD patients who underwent left-sided pallidotomy, a finding that has consistently emerged in pallidotomy outcome studies. This decline is discussed in terms of evidence that suggests that the basal ganglia consist of several separate, but parallel circuits, some of which are important for cognition.     

Unilateral pallidotomy in PD: a controlled study of cognitive and behavioral effects. The Netherlands Pallidotomy Study (NEPAS) group

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether unilateral pallidotomy affects cognitive and behavioral functioning. METHODS: At baseline and after 6 months we assessed neuropsychological functioning in 35 patients with advanced PD. After baseline examination, patients were randomized to pallidotomy within 1 month (6 left-sided, 13 right-sided) or to pallidotomy after follow-up assessment 6 months later (n = 16; control group). We performed neuropsychological tests of language, visuospatial function, memory, attention, and executive functions. Self ratings and proxy ratings of memory problems and dysexecutive symptoms were also collected. RESULTS: No significant differences over time were found between pallidotomy and control groups, with the exception of a decrease of verbal fluency in the left-sided pallidotomy group. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral pallidotomy is relatively safe with respect to cognition and behavior. Left-sided pallidotomy may lead to minor deterioration in verbal fluency. The sample size of this study is too small, however, to rule out the possibility of infrequent but clinically important side effects.     

Motor‐symptom laterality affects acquisition in Parkinson's disease: A cognitive and functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Background and Objectives : Asymmetric onset of motor symptoms in PD can affect cognitive function. We examined whether motor‐symptom laterality could affect feedback‐based associative learning and explored its underlying neural mechanism by functional magnetic resonance imaging in PD patients. Methods : We recruited 63 early‐stage medication‐naïve PD patients (29 left‐onset medication‐naïve patients, 34 right‐onset medication‐naïve patients) and 38 matched normal controls. Subjects completed an acquired equivalence task (including acquisition, retention, and generalization) and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Learning accuracy and response time in each phase of the task were recorded for behavioral measures. Regional homogeneity was used to analyze resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data, with regional homogeneity lateralization to evaluate hemispheric functional asymmetry in the striatum. Results : Left‐onset patients made significantly more errors in acquisition (feedback‐based associative learning) than right‐onset patients and normal controls, whereas right‐onset patients performed as well as normal controls. There was no significant difference among these three groups in the accuracy of either retention or generalization phase. The three groups did not show significant differences in response time. In the left‐onset group, there was an inverse relationship between acquisition errors and regional homogeneity in the right dorsal rostral putamen. There were no significant regional homogeneity changes in either the left or the right dorsal rostral putamen in right‐onset patients when compared to controls. Conclusions : Motor‐symptom laterality could affect feedback‐based associative learning in PD, with left‐onset medication‐naïve patients being selectively impaired. Dysfunction in the right dorsal rostral putamen may underlie the observed deficit in associative learning in patients with left‐sided onset.© 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society     

Cognitive effects of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy: a 4-year follow-up study.

We assessed the long-term neuropsychological effects of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy in Parkinson's disease. Eleven Parkinson's disease patients, from an original cohort of 15 consecutive patients who underwent pallidotomy, were evaluated. A neuropsychological battery was administered to each patient before (3 days) and after (3 months and 4 years) surgery during the effects of levodopa. The following tests were administered: Rey's Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, Visual Associative Learning test from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, Luria's motor alternation, Benton's Judgment of Line Orientation, Trail Making, phonetic verbal fluency, Stroop test, Petrides' working memory tasks, Beck's depression questionnaire and the Maudsley obsessional-compulsive inventory. In the 3-month postoperative assessment, there was a significant worsening in phonetic verbal fluency and an improvement in Benton's Judgment of Line Orientation test. In the 4-year follow-up assessment, phonetic verbal fluency and Benton's Judgment of Line Orientation test returned to baseline scores. Although there was no significant difference between pre- and postsurgical scores for long-term visual associative memory, there was a significant deterioration between 3-month and 4-year follow-up performances. Our results suggest that unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy may produce transient changes in prefrontal and visuospatial functions, but there is no evidence of permanent neuropsychological effects.     

Neuropsychological outcome after unilateral pallidotomy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long term cognitive outcome of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) and the overall efficacy of the surgery. METHODS: Forty two (29 left and 13 right PVP) patients with Parkinson's disease underwent neurological and neuropsychological testing before PVP and at 3 and 12 months after PVP. The neuropsychological testing battery emphasised measures of verbal learning and memory, visuospatial abilities, speed of information processing, executive functioning, and affective functioning. RESULTS: All patients demonstrated motor improvements after surgery during their off state, and 86% of patients also showed improvements in motor functioning in their on state. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant improvements in confrontational naming, visuospatial organisation, and affective functioning 3 months and 12 months after surgery, with inconsistent improvements in executive functioning 12 months post-PVP. Patients demonstrated a transient impairment in verbal memory, with verbal learning performance returning to baseline 12 months post-PVP after a significant decline 3 months after PVP. When three patients with lesions extending outside of the PVP were excluded from the analysis, a decline in verbal fluency performance after PVP was not found to be significant. Differences due to side of lesion placement were not found on any of the cognitive measures. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest long term follow up study reported to date, the cognitive changes found up to a year after PVP are minimal compared with the robust improvements in motor function. The findings highlight the need to investigate the relation between the specific fibre tracts affected by the lesions and cognitive outcome.     

Motor circuitry re-organization after pallidotomy in Parkinson disease: a neurophysiological study of the bereitschaftspotential, contingent negative variation, and N30.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the reorganization changes in the motor circuitry of the basal ganglia following unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy in Parkinson disease (PD) patients using neurophysiological paradigms. Eight advanced PD patients received a neurophysiological battery 2 months prior and 6 months after unilateral pallidotomy. Examinations were all performed in the practically defined "off" situation. Bereitschaftspotential (BP) and N30 were recorded for each hand alternately. Contingent negative variation (CNV) was obtained using a visual Go/no-Go paradigm. ANOVAs (electrode position; surgery) were applied for BP and CNV results. N30 data were analyzed using Wilcoxon matched-pair tests. A significant increase in amplitude of the late component (NS') of the BP was evidenced with patient performing with the hand contralateral to pallidotomy. No significant amplitude differences were found in CNV after surgery in any lead, or in any of the time windows tested. A trend toward significance was observed corresponding to a postsurgical numerical increase in amplitude of the N30 peak in the hand contralateral to pallidotomy. These results suggest that neurophysiological changes after pallidotomy are mainly in the last stages of movement preparation and execution.     

Effects of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy on 'on-off' cognitive fluctuations in Parkinson's disease

In Parkinson's disease, cognitive performance can vary according to levodopa levels (on-off states). Both positive and negative effects of dopaminergic stimulation have been reported. Pallidotomy is also able to change cognitive performance, in addition to levodopa pharmacokinetics. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of pallidotomy on cognitive on-off fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. A brief neuropsychological battery was administered to 15 PD patients during on and off states before and after surgery. Before pallidotomy, patients performed better in the on condition on Trail Making test B; after pallidotomy levodopa no longer improved performance, and the interaction between surgery and state was significant. In relation to the difference between preoperative and postoperative performance in Trail Making B test, there was a significant postsurgical improvement only in off state. Verbal fluency decreased after pallidotomy in both on and off conditions. Our results suggest that pallidotomy can change the effects of levodopa on neuropsychological functions.