银杏叶提取物的研究进展

银杏是最古老的中生代植物,很早就被用作中药,其提取物近年来弓l起国际高度重视。银杏叶中含有黄酮和二萜内酯等化学成分,具有抗氧化、抗衰老等药理作用。综述银杏叶提取物的研发状况、化学成分和药理作用。     

银杏叶药理作用与应用

银杏叶为银杏科银杏属银杏的叶子 ,早在宋朝我国民间就使用银杏治疗哮喘和支气管炎。随着药物提取工艺标准化和药理活性研究的深入 ,国内外已经将银杏叶提取物 (Extractof Ginkgo biloba,EGB)广泛用于治疗呼吸系统、心脑血等疾病。许多学者在其药理作用和临床应用上进行了广泛而深入的研究。1　化学成分银杏叶主要活性化学成份中含有多糖类、氨基酸、黄酮及人体所需的多种微量元素等 ,具有降低血清胆固醇、增加冠状动脉血流量、改善脑血液循环、解除平滑肌痉挛、松弛支气管炎和抑菌等药理作用 [1～ 3]。银杏叶提取物的主要成分为黄酮类和…     

银杏叶中萜内酯类化合物的研究进展

银杏萜内酯是银杏叶提取物及其制剂中的主要活性成分,是公认的血小板激活因子拮抗剂,被广泛用于心脑血管疾病。本文对银杏叶中萜内酯类化合物的化学成分、提取分离、含量检测及药理作用方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

银杏叶提取物和山楂提取物的药理作用研究进展

目的介绍银杏叶提取物和山楂提取物的药理作用研究进展。方法查阅国内外有关文献,进行分析、归纳和综述。结果总结了银杏叶提取物和山楂提取物的主要药理作用。结论银杏提取物和山楂提取物在药理研究方面都已经取得了较好的成果,它们在心血管和降血脂方作用尤其令人关注。     

银杏叶提取物的药学研究进展

目的：对银杏叶提取物的研究趋势进行归纳和分析,为银杏叶的未来研究提供参考。方法：检索 “银杏叶”提取物已发表文献,委托国家图书馆进行已发表文献的专业检索,对文献中银杏叶提取物的药学研究趋势进行梳理归纳并分析。结果与结论：文献整理发现,银杏叶提取物在提取工艺方面,以乙醇提取后过大孔树脂柱处理的工艺应用最为广泛,提取效率也最高效。化学成分方面,主要有效成分为银杏黄酮和银杏内酯,主要毒性成分为银杏酸。药理作用方面,银杏叶提取物的主要功效是抑制血小板凝聚、抗氧化、抗炎、改善记忆、降血脂和心脑血管保护等,使用银杏叶提取物优于单独使用银杏黄铜或银杏内酯。安全性研究方面,银杏叶提取物总体使用安全,文献报道的热点集中在银杏酸的致敏性。 银杏叶提取物的质量控制关键是其活性成分银杏黄酮和银杏内酯,安全性控制关键在于银杏酸的限量。     

银杏叶提取物的临床研究进展

目的：概述银杏叶提取物近几年的临床研究结果。方法：查阅近期献资料，总结银杏叶提取物的药理作用和特性。结果：银杏叶制剂可用于治疗心脑血管疾病、老年性疾呆、突发性耳聋与神经性耳鸣、视网膜硬化症、不宁腿综合征、慢性精神分裂症等。结论：银杏叶提取物是值得开发利用的天然药物。     

银杏叶提取物对视网膜病变应用的研究进展

银杏（ Ginkgo Biloba Linn ）属裸子植物银杏科,其叶和果具有重要的生理作用和药用价值。银杏叶提取物（ EGB）是一种药理作用广泛、不良反应少的天然药物,其在心脑血管、外周血液循环障碍性等疾病方面的疗效已得到了充分的肯定。近年来,眼底视网膜疾病的患病率在我国呈快速上升发展趋势,银杏叶提取物在眼科中的应用也取得了很大的进展。现在就银杏叶提取物的药理作用及其在视网膜疾病中的应用做一综述。     

研究银杏叶提取物的药理与临床应用

目的通过了解银杏叶药理最新进展情况,为更好的研究临床应用指明方向。方法对银杏叶提取物在临床各个方面的最新试验情况予以客观的综术。结果通过对银杏叶提取物对各种疾病方面的治疗取得了显着的效果,值得临床推广。结论银杏叶提取物具有抗氧化活性、抗自由基活性、改善微循环、降低血液黏度、增加脑血流量,改善记忆力,减轻脑损伤,保护脑微血管平滑肌细胞,提高神经可塑性、改善神经退行性疾病等多种药理作用。通过对银杏叶提取物药理作用的研究,以期扩大其临床治疗范围,为广大患者带来更多的福音。     

银杏叶的药理作用及其机制的研究进展

银杏为银杏科植物 (ＧｉｎｋｏｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬ .) ,6 0年代以来国内外学者对银杏的化学成分、药理作用进行了广泛的研究 ,证实它们对心脑血管及多种疾病有确切的治疗作用。其中尤以银杏叶的研究最为大量。银杏叶成分复杂 ,主要为黄酮类、萜类内酯化合物、多糖类等。银杏叶提取物 (ＥＧｂ及银杏叶标准提取物ＥＧｂ 76 1)中萜类内酯化合物 (银杏内酯ｇｉｎｋｇｏｌｉｄｅｓ ,白果内酯ｂｉｌｏｂａｌｉｄｅ ,以下分别简称内酯及ＢＢ)因为是血小板激活因子 (ｐｌａｔｅｌｅｔａｃｔｉｖｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＰＡＦ)的特异性受体拮抗剂 ,一直…     

银杏叶提取物的药理药用研究进展

银杏叶提取物(EG b)有效成分为黄酮类、萜内酯类,对动物、人类具有明显的药理活性,是一种药效确切、不良反应较少的天然药物。阐述了EG b的化学成分、药理作用、药用价值及临床应用。     

银杏叶及其提取物中33种禁用农药残留检测分析及风险评估

目的 建立银杏叶及其提取物中33种禁用农药残留的分析方法,并开展风险评估研究。方法 采用液相色谱-串联质谱法及气相色谱-串联质谱法对136批银杏叶及58批银杏叶提取物进行检测,采用点评估方式计算样品中农药残留的急性和慢性摄入风险,采用英国兽药残留风险排序矩阵计算各农药的风险得分。结果 136批银杏叶中共检出6种禁用农药,总检出率为35.29%,农药检出量为0.002～0.210 mg·kg^-1;检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险为0.018%～0.620%,急性膳食摄入风险为0.000 1%～0.014 0%,表明银杏叶中农药的膳食暴露风险处于较低水平。58批银杏叶提取物中共检出2种禁用农药,检出率为55.17%,农药检出量为0.002～1.788 mg·kg^-1;检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险为0.003%～0.143%,急性膳食摄入风险为0.002 4%,其膳食暴露风险也处于较低水平。风险排序结果表明,银杏叶中甲拌磷风险最高,应在生产和安全监管中重点关注。结论 该方法准确,重复性好,可用于银杏叶及其提取物中33种禁用农药的检测。测定结果显示,银杏叶及...     

银杏叶药效分子机制研究进展

银杏具有重要的药用和食用价值。银杏叶中丰富的代谢成分包括黄酮类及其糖苷、萜类、苯丙素及多酚类、烷基酚酸类、生物碱和甾醇等，使其成为发挥最大药用价值的部位，具有改善心脑血液循环、治疗神经系统、调节代谢、抗氧化、抗炎症、抗肿瘤等活性。虽然已将银杏叶提取物药理活性基本总结清楚，但还缺乏关于这些药效的物质基础以及作用靶点和分子机制的综述。本文首先分类汇总主要化学成分的化学结构，然后根据药用活性，对它们发挥药效的分子机制进行综述，总结出以分子靶点为分类依据的药效轮廓图，为新药开发或临床联合用药提供指导。     

HILIC‐UPLC‐MS/MS combined with hierarchical clustering analysis to rapidly analyze and evaluate nucleobases and nucleosides in Ginkgo biloba leaves

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been widely used in dietary supplements and more recently in some foods and beverages. In addition to the well‐known flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones, G. biloba leaves are also rich in nucleobases and nucleosides. To determine the content of nucleobases and nucleosides in G. biloba leaves at trace levels, a reliable method has been established by using hydrophilic interaction ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC‐UPLC‐TQ‐MS/MS) working in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Eleven nucleobases and nucleosides were simultaneously determined in seven min. The proposed method was fully validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, and repeatability, as well as recovery. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was performed to evaluate and classify the samples according to the contents of the eleven chemical constituents. The established approach could be helpful for evaluation of the potential values as dietary supplements and the quality control of G. biloba leaves, which might also be utilized for the investigation of other medicinal herbs containing nucleobases and nucleosides. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry of bilobalide in plasma and brain of rats after oral administration of its phospholipidic complex

Standardized extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. leaves are widely used in clinical practice for the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate dementia syndromes, cerebral insufficiency and for the enhancement of cognitive function. The main active components present in G. biloba extracts are flavonol-glycosides and terpene-lactones. In recent investigations, the sesquiterpene trilactone bilobalide has been described to exert an interesting neuroprotective effect when administered systemically to experimental animals.     

丹皮酚银杏叶提取物组合物对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用研究

目的评价丹皮酚与银杏叶提取物1∶1组合物对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法尼莫地平(10.8 mg/kg)组、丹皮酚(37.5 mg/kg)组、银杏叶提取物(37.5 mg/kg)组以及丹皮酚银杏叶提取物1∶1组合物(75.0 mg/kg)组大鼠灌胃给予相应药物,给药容积10 m L/kg,ig给药6 d后大脑中动脉栓塞造模,脑缺血再灌注后4、24 h进行观察,计算行为学评分;动物取脑,测定脑梗死面积,计算脑梗死率;大鼠脑缺血再灌注后24 h后,测定血清中自由基超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、谷氨酸(Glu)水平和脑组织中基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、GABA、Glu含量。结果与模型组比较,脑缺血再灌注22 h后,各组大鼠行为学评分均有降低趋势,其中组合物组的降低作用的差异具有显著性(P0.05);与模型组比较,脑缺血再灌注24 h后,银杏叶提取物、丹皮酚、组合物组大鼠脑梗死率均明显降低,差异具有显著性(P0.01);与模型组比较,组合物组大鼠血清中SOD水平、丹皮酚和组合物组血清中GABA水平显著升高(P0.05),银杏叶提取物、丹皮酚、组合物组大鼠血清中MDA水平、组合物组血清中Glu水平显著降低(P0.01、0.05);丹皮酚和组合物组大鼠脑组织中MMP-9、Glu含量显著降低(P0.01、0.05),组合物组脑组织中GABA含量显著升高(P0.01)。结论丹皮酚银杏叶提取物组合物对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能是通过抗氧化损伤、平衡兴奋性氨基酸与抑制性氨基酸浓度、调节MMP-9表达量有关。     

Gingko biloba leaf extract induces oxidative stress in carcinoma HSC-2 cells

The antiproliferative effects of a Gingko biloba leaf extract to cells from tissues of the human oral cavity were studied. Toxicity to carcinoma HSC-2 cells was correlated with the prooxidative nature of the extract. G. biloba leaf extract generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell culture medium and, albeit to a lesser extent, in buffer, with higher levels detected at alkaline pH. Lowered levels of ROS were detected in culture medium coamended with the extract and with either catalase or superoxide dismutase, indicating the generation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion, respectively. Biological activity of the extract was through oxidative stress. Toxicity to the HSC-2 cells was lessened by the ROS scavengers, divalent cobalt and pyruvate, by catalase, and by the antioxidant, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, and was potentiated by the glutathione depleters, dl-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea. G. biloba reacted directly with authentic glutathione and lowered the intracellular glutathione content in HSC-2 cells. Induction of apoptosis upon exposure of HSC-2 cells to G. biloba extract was noted by apoptotic cell morphologies, by TUNEL staining, and by PARP cleavage. The data strongly suggest that the prooxidative nature of the G. biloba extract was the cause of apoptotic cell death.     

金银花与忍冬叶挥发油成分对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖效果研究

目的 提取、分析金银花、忍冬叶挥发油成分;比较两者对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖效果。方法 采用多级蒸馏设备提取挥发油,通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法进行成分解析及定量;采用小鼠灌胃,进行淋巴细胞转化实验测定。结果 与传统方法相比,自制多级蒸馏设备挥发油提取率明显提高;金银花和忍冬叶挥发油在种类及含量上存在一定异同;药理结果显示,忍冬叶和金银花挥发油均能显著促进小鼠淋巴细胞转化,且忍冬叶挥发油增强免疫药理活性更为明显。结论 相比金银花,忍冬叶挥发油成分种类及含量丰富,增强免疫药理活性明显,可为新药源及保健功能开发提供研究基础。     

Dual Effects of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract on Human Red Blood Cells

Abstract: Extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba have been used in Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Today, various standardized preparations from G. biloba leaf extract have been developed. G. biloba leaf extract, which contains flavonoids and terpenoids as the major biologically active components, has become one of the most popular and commonly used herbal remedies due to its wide spectrum of beneficial effects on health. In this study, we investigated the effects of G. biloba leaf extract on the properties of human red blood cells in the presence and absence of amyloid peptide (Aβ25‐35), peroxide and hypotonic stress. The results suggest that G. biloba leaf extract has a dual action, both protective and disruptive, on red blood cells, depending on whether an exogenous stress is present. G. biloba leaf extract has a protective role on red blood cells against Aβ‐ and hypotonic pressure‐induced haemolysis, peroxide‐induced lipoperoxidation, as well as glutathione consumption and methaemoglobin formation. On the other hand, G. biloba leaf extract also exhibited damage to red blood cells by increasing cell fragility, changing cellular morphology and inducing glutathione consumption and methaemoglobin formation, especially when applied at high doses. These anti‐ and pro‐oxidative activities of polyphenolic substances are thought to be involved in the dual function of G. biloba leaf extract. The results of this study suggest that high doses of herbal remedies and dietary supplements can be toxic to cells.     

Stimulation of DNA repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Ginkgo biloba leaf extract

Many extracts prepared from plants traditionally used for medicinal applications contain a variety of phytochemicals with antioxidant and antigenotoxic activity. In this work we measured the DNA protective effect of extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves from oxidative stress using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as experimental model. The extract improved viability of yeast cells under oxidative stress imposed by hydrogen peroxide. In accordance with previous reports on antioxidant properties of G. biloba extracts, pre-incubation of yeast cells promoted a decrease in intracellular oxidation. We assessed DNA damage by our recently developed yeast comet assay protocol. Upon oxidative shock, DNA damage decreased in a dose-dependent manner in experiments of pre-incubation and simultaneous incubation with the extract, indicating a direct protective effect. In addition, the extract improved DNA repair rate following oxidative shock as measured by faster disappearance of comet tails. This suggests that the extract stimulates the DNA repair machinery in its DNA protective action in addition to directly protect DNA from oxidation. The observed DNA repair depends on the DNA repair machinery since no DNA repair was observed under restrictive conditions in a conditional mutant of the CDC9 gene (Accession No. Z74212), encoding the DNA ligase involved in the final step of both nucleotide and base excision repair.     

基于Markov模型的银杏叶口服制剂治疗缺血性脑卒中药物经济学评价

目的 评价银杏叶口服制剂联合常规治疗缺血性脑卒中的经济性。方法 从卫生体系角度出发,基于1项随机临床对照研究结果,构建长期Markov模型,模拟轻度残疾、中重度残疾、复发及死亡的动态变化。对照组为化学药常规治疗,试验组为银杏叶口服制剂联合化学药常规治疗。运用TreeAge Pro 2019软件构建药物经济学模型并模拟分析。结果 模型模拟13周期后,试验组的成本和产出分别为202 418.71元和5.15质量调整生命年（QALY）;对照组的成本和产出分别为195 982.73元和4.81 QALY。相比对照组,试验组的增量-成本效果比（ICER）为18 519.24元（每个QALY）,小于支付意愿阈值。敏感性分析结果显示该经济学评价结果稳定。结论 对于缺血性脑卒中的治疗,相比化学药常规治疗,银杏叶口服制剂联合化学药常规治疗为具有药物经济学优势的治疗方案。