竖直矩形窄缝通道内气液两相流的实验研究

为研究竖直矩形窄缝通道内气液两相垂直向上流动的现象,搭建了气液混合流动的实验台,采用高速照相机对竖直矩形窄缝通道内的气液两相流进行拍摄,通过Matlab软件实现了图像识别以及相近气泡的区分。结果表明:拟合得到的平均截面含气率α与体积含气率β的关系为α=0.88β;对Chen模型的系数C修正后,摩擦压降计算值与实验值具有较高的匹配度。     

卧式螺旋管内气液两相流截面含气率的研究

本文利用快速关闭阀门法和电导探针法分别测量了卧式螺旋管内空气-水两相流的总平均截面含气率和平均截面含气率沿周向的分布,并以分相流动模型为基础,导出了平均截面含气率周向分布的计算公式。理论预测和实验结果符合较好。     

垂直上升管内气水两相流动截面含气率的测量

用水平－上升管组合法测量垂直上升内气水两相流动在泡状流和弹状流情况下截面含气率的值,应用理论模型对实验结果进行了预测,预测值与实结果吻合良好。证实了此方法在工程应用中是一种简单、准确、可行的测量方法。     

基于图像处理的小通道内气液两相流含气率的实验研究

采用高速摄像机对水力直径为1.15 mm的正三角形小通道内气液两相流流型进行实时拍摄和图像采集,提出一种利用数字图像处理技术检测小通道内气液两相弹状流体积含气率的方法。针对小通道内两相流型中气泡间相互无遮掩的优势,利用图像处理技术对各流型图像进行消噪、边缘提取、二值化、区域标记和填充等处理,根据提出的三维气相体积计算模型得到体积含气率。最后与漂移流模型计算结果进行比较,比较和实验结果都表明:对于弹状流,该方法得到的含气率与真实值的误差在±15%以内,具有较高的测量精度;并对实验数据进行回归分析得到了截面含气率公式,可用于微小通道内气液两相流参数的在线检测,为今后微小通道内的两相流动特性研究提供参考。     

亚临界压力下两相流动时截面含气率的测量

两相流参数的检测对于工程实际应用和两相流的理论研究有着十分重要的意义。作者对亚临界压力下两相流动时的截面含气率进行了深入的实验研究,获得了大量的实验数据,为两相流动参数的检测及理论研究提供了可靠的资料。图６参４     

列管式余热锅炉内垂直管束的截面含气率测量

应用电导探针测量列管式余热锅炉中管束的截面含气率。实验段采用垂直布置的管壳式换热器模型，其圆形外壳内的管束由４９根管子组成，并沿长度方向用３块折流板将管束分成４个冲刷流程。当水－空气两相流从实验段底部的侧面进入并斜向上冲管束时，测出了局部截面含气率的分布规律，通过分析得到了平均截面含气率的计算式。     

壳侧气液两相流沿水平方向横掠水平管束截面含气率的预测

本文在实验研究的基础上,结合前人的研究结果,将预测管内平均截面含气率的理论模型经适当修正后,提出了预测带的流板的管壳式换热器壳侧气液两相流沿水平方向横掠水平管束截面含气率的理论模型。结果表明,该模型能很好地预测壳侧顺排和叉排水平管束中不同物纱两相流体的平均截面含气率。     

气液两相流容积含气率的图像检测方法

研究开发了一种在线检测气液两相泡状流容积含气率的方法.该方法基于数字图像处理技术,采用高速摄像仪系统,对垂直上升管道中泡状流流动过程进行实时拍摄和图像采集,利用边缘检测和图像填充技术提取并计算气泡尺寸,从而计算容积含气率.对不同工况下的客积含气率进行了实时在线检测,实验结果表明:检测值与真实值比较,相对误差不超过15%,具有较高的测量精度,可以用于气液两相流参数的在线检测.     

方柱体与圆柱体气液两相涡街特性的研究

气液两相流体在垂直上升矩形截面管道内横向冲刷水平布置的柱体时,一定条件下会在柱体后面产生旋涡交替脱落现象.利用管壁压差法来研究气液两相流横掠圆柱体和方柱体时的旋涡脱落特性,得到了涡街的脱落频率和斯特罗哈数的变化情况.实验中雷诺数的范围为0.9×10~4～2.3×10~4,截面含气率的范围为0～0.2.实验结果表明:在一定的含气率范围内,两种柱体涡街的脱落频率与斯特罗哈数都随着截面含气率的增大而增大;方柱体斯特罗哈数增大的梯度与雷诺数无关,圆柱体斯特罗哈数增大的梯度受雷诺数的影响.     

垂直上升管中采用光纤探针测量截面含气率的实验研究

采用快速关闭阀门法和光纤探针法对垂直上升管中截面含气率的测量进行了试验研究。在常温常压下，对不同管径和不同流量下的垂直上升管中的油气两相流，建立了平均截面含气率α和管道中心局部含气率αc之间的函数关系式；参考Bankoff变密度模型建立了指数分布模型；最后对局部含气率αr沿管径分布进行了研究。结果表明：在试验工况下，αr沿径向逐步减小，局部含气率的最大值出现在管道中心。     

Experimental study of convective condensation in an inclined smooth tube. Part II: Inclination effect on pressure drops and void fractions

This article is the second part of a two-part paper, dealing with an experimental study of convective condensation of R134a at a saturation temperature of 40 °C in an 8.38 mm inner diameter smooth tube in inclined orientations. The first part concentrates on the flow pattern and the heat transfer coefficients. This second part presents the pressures drops in the test condenser for different mass fluxes and different vapour qualities for the whole range of inclination angles (downwards and upwards). Pressures drops in a horizontal orientation were compared with correlations available in literature. In a vertical orientation, the experimental results were compared with pressure drop correlations associated with void fraction correlations available in literature. A good agreement was found for vertical upward flows but no correlation predicted correctly the measurements for downward flows. An apparent gravitational pressure drop and an apparent void fraction were defined in order to study the inclination effect on the flow. For upward flows, it seems as if the void fraction and the frictional pressure drop are independent of the inclination angle. Apparent void fractions were successfully compared with correlations in literature. This was not the case for downward flows. The experimental results for stratified downward flows were also successfully compared with the model of Taitel and Dukler.     

The flow characteristics of an upward gas‐liquid two‐phase flow in a vertical tube with a wire coil: Part 2. Effect on void fraction and liquid film thickness

An experimental study has been carried out to clarify the characteristics of the void fraction and the liquid film thickness of the air‐water two‐phase flow in vertical tubes of 25‐mm inside diameter with wire coils of varying wire diameter and pitch. The flow pattern in the experiment on the average void fraction and the local void fraction distribution in cross section was a bubble flow, and the liquid film thickness was in the region of semiannular and annular flows. It is clarified from these experiments that the average void fraction in tubes with wire coils is lower than that in a smooth tube and decreases with the wire diameter owing to the centrifugal force of the swirl flow which concentrates bubbles at the center of the tube, that the local liquid film thickness becomes more uniform with a decrease in the pitch of the wire coil, and that the liquid film becomes thicker after the passage through the wire coil with an increase in the wire diameter. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(8): 652–664, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10067     

低流速净蒸汽产生点模型预测过冷沸腾空泡率

空泡率是汽液两相流动的基本参数之一,而已有过冷沸腾空泡率计算方法研究以高质量流速为主,且大量文献报道现有空泡率模型难以适用于低流速过冷沸腾工况。本文基于低流速过冷沸腾净蒸汽产生点(NVG)理论模型,进一步建立了计算过冷沸腾空泡率的分布拟合模型。在较宽广的压力、质量流速、热流密度和流道尺寸范围内将模型计算结果与现有空泡率实验数据进行了比较,低流速工况下该模型与实验数据符合良好,表明该模型可适用于低流速过冷沸腾工况。     

Drift-flux model for downward two-phase flow

In view of the practical importance of the drift-flux model for two-phase flow analysis in general and in the analysis of nuclear-reactor transients and accidents in particular, the distribution parameter and the drift velocity have been studied for downward two-phase flows. The constitutive equation that specifies the distribution parameter in the downward flow has been derived by taking into account the effect of the downward mixture volumetric flux on the phase distribution. It was assumed that the constitutive equation for the drift velocity developed by Ishii for a vertical upward churn-turbulent flow determined the drift velocity for the downward flow over all of flow regimes. To evaluate the drift-flux model with newly developed constitutive equations, area-averaged void fraction measurement has been extensively performed by employing an impedance void meter for an adiabatic vertical co-current downward air-water two-phase flow in 25.4-mm and 50.8-mm inner diameter round tubes. The newly developed drift-flux model has been validated by 462 data sets obtained in the present study and literatures under various experimental conditions. These data sets cover extensive experimental conditions such as flow system (air-water and steam-water), channel diameter (16-102.3 mm), pressure (0.1-1.5 MPa), and mixture volumetric flux (−0.45 to −24.6 m/s). An excellent agreement has been obtained between the newly developed drift-flux model and the data within an average relative deviation of ±15.4%.     

Acoustic Wave Prediction in Flowing Steam-Water Two-Phase Mixture

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High speed bubbly nozzle flow with heat, mass, and momentum interactions

The characteristics of high speed bubbly flows through convergent-divergent nozzles are studied theoretically. A steady, one-dimensional flow is considered. The liquid phase is water, whereas the gaseous phase consists of a mixture of both non-condensable (air) and condensable (water vapor) components. The comprehensive physical model allows for momentum and thermal lags as well as mass transfer between the gaseous and liquid phases due to evaporation and condensation. The parametric analysis reveals that choked flow with supersonic speeds along the diverging section of the nozzle, similar to the behavior of a compressible gas flow, may be obtained under appropriate conditions. Effects of flow parameters such as wall friction, interphase heat transfer, initial bubble size and void fraction are demonstrated.     

A simplified model of gas–liquid two‐phase flow pattern transition

An experiment of upward gas–liquid two‐phase flow was conducted in an air–water isothermal system under atmospheric pressure. The differential pressure was measured at the fully developed section by using a variable reluctance type transducer to classify the flow patterns and their transitions. The flow behavior was observed with a high‐speed video camera. The probability density function (PDF) of the differential pressure signal was employed to identify the flow pattern. A simplified one‐dimensional flow model was proposed to clarify dominant factors affecting the formation and transitions of flow patterns. The model dealt with the gas‐component advection based on the spatiotemporal void fraction behaviors by considering the gas compressibility, the wake, and the liquid phase redistribution mechanism. The simulation results of the model indicated four kinds of the void wave patterns (ripple‐like, rectangular, distorted rectangular, and uniform wave patterns) depending on gas and liquid volumetric fluxes. These void wave patterns corresponded well to the experimentally observed flow patterns. The transitions among void wave patterns agree well with the Mishima–Ishii flow pattern map. The friction loss estimated by the present model coincides fairly well with Chisholm's empirical formula. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(7): 445–461, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20029     

Effect of void fraction models on the film thickness of R134a during downward condensation in a vertical smooth tube

In the present study, the void fraction and film thickness of pure R-134a flowing downwards in a vertical condenser tube are indirectly determined using relevant measured data together with an annular flow model and various void fraction models reported in the open literature. The vertical test section is a countercurrent flow double tube heat exchanger with refrigerant flowing down in the inner tube and cooling water flowing upward in the annulus. The inner tube is made from smooth copper tubing of 9.52 mm outer diameter with a length of 0.5 m. The experimental runs are carried out at average saturated condensing temperatures of 40 and 50 °C, and mass velocities are around 456 kg m^− 2 s^− 1, over the vapour quality range 0.82–0.93, while the heat fluxes are between 45.60 and 50.90 kW m^− 2. Analysis based on simple void fraction models of the annular flow pattern are presented for forced convection condensation of pure R134a, taking into account the effect of the different saturation temperatures at high mass flux conditions. The comparisons of calculated film thickness show that the void fraction models of Spedding and Chen, and Chisholm and Armand are the most accurate ones with the experimental data due to their low deviation with Whalley's annular flow model over 35 void fraction models presented in this paper.     

Investigation on the void fraction of gas–liquid two-phase flows in vertically-downward pipes

A special experimental loop is designed and constructed to study the characteristics of the void fraction of gas–liquid two-phase flow in vertically-downward pipes. The test section is made of transparent pipe with a length of 6 m and an internal diameter of 25 mm. The void fraction ranging from 0.1 to 0.98 widely is measured using quick-closing valve method. It is found that the range of the void fraction could be divided into three regions with different flow patterns and different relationships between the void fraction and the gas–liquid volumetric flow rate ratio. Moreover, 39 correlations for calculating the void fraction collected from present literature, are classified, and evaluated using the experimental data obtained in this study. The prediction of correlations in the literature needs to be improved when the void fraction is small.