3种莠去津复配剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果

为降低莠去津对后茬作物的危害及环境的污染,选用3种莠去津复配制剂（20％烟嘧·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、25％硝磺草酮·莠去津悬浮剂、50％硝磺草酮·莠去津·乙草胺悬乳剂）进行玉米田杂草防除效果研究,为田间合理选用除草剂提供依据。结果显示,3种复配剂对玉米地田间杂草群体防效均较好,药后45 d杂草群体株防效在84．00％以上、鲜质量防效在97．00％以上,25％硝磺草酮·莠去津悬浮剂对狗尾草防效较差,说明各复配剂能有效防除玉米地田间杂草且对玉米生长安全。     

药剂混配防除玉米田杂草试验初报

药剂防除玉米田杂草试验表明,硝磺草酮与烟嘧磺隆、莠去津配伍使用,扩大了硝磺草酮的杀草谱,提高防效7～10个百分点;混配施药还减少了烟嘧磺隆的用量,降低了玉米药害,增强了玉米生产的安全性.     

15％硝磺草酮防除草坪（早熟禾）杂草效果及其安全性

为了明确15％硝磺草酮悬浮剂防除草坪（早熟禾）杂草效果及对早熟禾的安全性,进行茎叶喷雾处理法防除草坪（早熟禾）田间药效试验。结果表明,硝磺草酮对反枝苋除草活性最高,其次为牛筋草和马唐,对马齿苋活性相对较低,总体防效好;不同草龄的杂草对药剂敏感程度有较大差异,草龄较小者则防效好。在供试剂量范围内对草坪作物早熟禾安全。     

550g／L硝磺·氰草津悬浮剂防除玉米田杂草的田间药效试验

采用田间小区试验方法,研究硝磺·氰草津对玉米田杂草的防除效果。结果表明,550g／L硝磺·氰草津悬浮剂825-1650ga．i．／hm^2能有效防除玉米田主要杂草,其中对玉米田中的反枝苋防效最理想,对牛筋草、铁苋菜防效较好,对马唐的防效稍差,且本试验剂量范围对玉米安全。     

玉米田除草剂筛选试验

80%烟嘧磺隆WP、25%砜嘧磺隆DF、15%甲基磺草酮SC、10%硝磺草酮SC、10%硝磺草酮SC+80%烟嘧磺隆WP混用对马唐等禾本科杂草及凹头苋、酢浆草等阔叶杂草防效优良。除70.5%哈利WG、42.5%氯氟比氧乙酸+2甲4氯EC观察到玉米根部有联合成板根的药害症状外,其余试验药剂未见对玉米有明显药害现象。     

助剂HA对玉米田茎叶处理除草剂活性的影响

通过对玉米田茎叶处理除草剂烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮、唑嘧磺草胺、唑草酮和噻吩磺隆等与不同用量HA桶混使用效果的测定,初步明确了上述除草剂推荐剂量下对玉米田主要杂草的生物活性以及HA对其活性的影响,除烟嘧磺隆外,硝磺草酮、唑嘧磺草胺、唑草酮及噻吩磺隆等除草剂推荐剂量苗后单独使用对已萌发的稗草、牛筋草控制效果不理想,药后30 d生物量积累的控制效果低于70%。0.2%HA显著提高了硝磺草酮的除草活性,药后30 d对杂草生物量积累的控制效果较硝磺草酮单独使用提高10%~50%,有助于降低硝磺草酮的使用量。     

硝磺草酮·莠去津550克，升悬浮剂防除夏玉米田杂草田间药效试验

通过硝磺草酮·莠去津550克／升悬浮剂在夏玉米苗2、4、6叶期对田间杂草进行防效试验,结果表明：其对夏玉米田间禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草具有较好的防除效果,且对夏玉米生长安全。在60～120mL／667m。剂量下,药后30d,对禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草的株防效分别为76．1％～100．0％,95．5％～100．0％,鲜重防效为82．6％～100．0％,且2、4叶期施药,对夏玉米产量增产8．4％～27．5％。     

硝草酮在玉米田的除草效果及安全性研究

2005年在北京市小汤山进行了田间试验,对硝草酮做茎叶处理的除草效果及对玉米的安全性进行了研究。结果表明:供试试验田反枝苋、苍耳、苘麻、苦蘵、龙葵、稗草、马唐对硝草酮敏感。铁苋菜、马齿苋对该药中度敏感。牛筋草、狗尾草、葎草、野西瓜苗、扁蓄、打碗花、刺儿菜、半夏对该药不敏感。该药对阔叶杂草防效好于对禾本科杂草的效果。供试剂量范围内,随施药量增加对敏感杂草防效提高。杂草3～4叶期施用10%硝草酮水悬浮剂70g/667m2的处理对稗草和马唐鲜重防效接近90%,对反枝苋、苍耳、苘麻鲜重防效在90%以上;100g/667m2及140g/667m2的处理对稗草和马唐鲜重防效为90%～95%,对反枝苋、苍耳、苘麻鲜重防效在95%～100%。杂草叶龄越小,硝草酮对其防效越高。禾本科杂草3～4叶期前用药防效理想,阔叶杂草反枝苋、苘麻等10叶期施药也能达到较好防效。10%硝草酮水悬浮剂施药剂量应为70～100g/667m2商品量。硝草酮100～140g/667m2的处理个别玉米植株叶片表现白化,叶片白化的植株占全小区植株数的3%～20%,但随作物生长药害症状消失。硝草酮水悬浮剂40～70g/667m2在玉米3～8叶期用药,对玉米中单44产量无影响。该剂量在玉米3～4叶期用药,对8个供试玉米品种生长及产量无影响。     

烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮复配剂防除玉米田杂草效果

以3种单剂为对照,调查三元复配制剂35%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂不同用量处理对山西临汾玉米田主要杂草反枝苋、藜和狗尾草的防效。该复配剂140~320 g/667m2处理对3种杂草的株防效和鲜质量防效均在98%以上,总体高于各对照单剂处理。     

玉米地除草剂防治宽叶酢浆草的田间药效评价

宽叶酢浆草为近年来入侵云南耕地和园林的重要检疫性杂草。为筛选出防除玉米地宽叶酢浆草的最佳除草剂种类,使用7种玉米地阔叶杂草防治剂处理旺盛生长期的宽叶酢浆草,于施药后10、20、30 d调查株防效并且于药后30 d调查鲜质量防效。结果表明,40 g/L烟嘧磺隆油悬浮剂、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂、200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油、30%苯唑草酮悬乳剂、30%莠去津悬乳剂、15%硝磺草酮悬乳剂和25%砜嘧磺隆水分散粒剂施药后30 d对宽叶酢浆草的株防效和鲜质量防效均超过75%,其中41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂和15%硝磺草酮悬乳剂的株防效和鲜质量防效均超过99%,说明玉米地宽叶酢浆草可以用除草剂进行防治。     

Photosynthetic and growth responses of zea mays L and four weed species following post-emergence treatments with mesotrione and atrazinet

We compared photosynthesis and growth of Zea mays L (corn) and four weed species, Setaria viridis (L) Beauv (green foxtail), Echinochloa crus-galli (L) Beauv (barnyardgrass), Abutilon theophrasti Medic (velvetleaf), and Amaranthus retroflexus L (redroot pigweed), following foliar applications with atrazine, mesotrione, or a combination of atrazine and mesotrione in two greenhouse experiments. Plant responses to the three herbicide treatments were compared with responses of untreated plants (control). Photosynthesis on day 14 and dry mass of Z mays was not reduced by any of the herbicide treatments. Photosynthesis and dry mass of E crus-galli, A retroflexus and A theophrasti were significantly reduced by mesotrione and atrazine alone and in combination. Photosynthesis on day 14 and dry mass of large Sviridis plants were not suppressed by either herbicide applied alone. The mesotrione plus atrazine treatment was the most effective treatment for grass weed control because plants did not regain photosynthetic capacity and had significantly lower dry mass. Shoot dry mass of broadleaf weeds was significantly reduced by all three herbicide treatments, except for A retroflexus treated with mesotrione alone.     

九种除草剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果及其安全性评价

为明确9种常用除草剂对玉米田杂草的防除效果及其安全性。在福建省甜玉米制种田，采用茎叶喷雾法开展了9种除草剂在推荐剂量下的田间药效试验，并测定了除草剂对甜玉米及其后茬花椰菜和萝卜的安全性。结果表明，施药后25 d，9种除草剂的杂草株防效和鲜重防效均在92%以上；施药后50 d，27%烟 ? 硝 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂[有效成分(下同) 810 g/hm2 ] 和25%硝磺 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂 (750 g/hm2 ) 处理的杂草防除效果最好，以20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油 (180 g/hm2 ) 处理的杂草防除效果最差，杂草覆盖表现为重度。供试的9种除草剂对甜玉米生长安全，无明显药害症状，且部分药剂有明显的增产效果，其中以25%硝磺 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、20%烟嘧 ? 辛酰溴苯腈可分散油悬浮剂 (300 g/hm2 )、80%莠去津可湿性粉剂 (1 440 g/hm2 ) 和27%烟 ? 硝 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂处理的玉米产量较高，与对照相比，增产率分别为21.03%、19.26%、18.74%和16.84%。10%硝磺草酮悬浮剂 (150 g/hm2 )、27%烟 ? 硝 ? 莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、33.5%硝磺 ? 异丙草胺 ? 莠去津悬浮剂 (1 005 g/hm2 ) 和30%苯唑草酮悬浮剂 (27 g/hm2 ) 处理对后茬花椰菜和萝卜均有较好的增产效果，增产率分别为18.05%和13.68%、3.37%和12.67%、15.45%和11.06%、8.21%和11.67%，但40 g/L烟嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂 (60 g/hm2 ) 对后茬花椰菜和萝卜的生长有抑制作用，与清水对照相比，分别减产9.74%和3.57%。研究结果可为甜玉米田杂草防除有效药剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。     

防除宽叶酢浆草除草剂的室内生物活性评价

宽叶酢浆草Oxalis latifolia为入侵云南玉米地的进境检疫性鳞茎类杂草?为筛选防治该草的高效除草剂, 室内测定了8种除草剂对宽叶酢浆草的生物活性?结果表明, 用田间推荐剂量处理后30 d, 氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯(210 g/hm2)对宽叶酢浆草的鲜重抑制率超过90%, 硝磺草酮(202.50 g/hm2)?烟嘧磺隆(60 g/hm2)和砜嘧磺隆(25.13 g/hm2)处理的鲜重抑制率超过85%, 苯唑草酮(27 g/hm2)?莠去津(1 875 g/hm2)和2甲4氯钠(1 201.20 g/hm2)处理的鲜重抑制率分别为81.29%?76.36%和70.71%?1/4草甘膦推荐剂量(712.50 g/hm2)即可彻底杀死宽叶酢浆草?推荐剂量的草甘膦?氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯?砜嘧磺隆?烟嘧磺隆?硝磺草酮?莠去津?苯唑草酮和2甲4氯钠处理后30 d, 宽叶酢浆草的繁殖抑制率分别为100%?100%?98.17%?98.17%?90.87%?83.56%?81.74%和56.17%?其中氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯1/16推荐剂量(13.13 g/hm2)和草甘膦1/8推荐剂量(356.25 g/hm2)对宽叶酢浆草的繁殖抑制率仍超过90%?结果表明上述除草剂均可用于玉米地宽叶酢浆草的防除?草甘膦和氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯控制宽叶酢浆草生长和繁殖效果最优, 硝磺草酮?砜嘧磺隆和烟嘧磺隆也是优良的备选玉米宽叶酢浆草防治剂?     

Use of mesotrione and tembotrione herbicides for post-emergence weed control in alkaloid poppy (Papaver somniferum)

Two field experiments were carried out a year apart on the alkaloid poppy (Papaver somniferum) in 2012 and 2013 in north-west Hungary, to assess the efficacy of mesotrione and tembotrione herbicides for post-emergence weed control. Our experiments tested (1) a single application of mesotrione at 144 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha^–1, (2) two separate applications of mesotrione at 144 g a.i. ha^–1, (3) a single application of tembotrione at 88 g a.i. ha^–1, (4) two separate applications of mesotrione at 88 g a.i. ha^–1, and (5) the combination of a single application of mesotrione at 144 g a.i. ha^–1 followed by a single application of tembotrione at 88 g a.i. ha^–1. Both non-treated and hand-weeded plots were used as controls. Among the most important weeds, Chenopodium album was most successfully controlled in the majority of the test treatments, but Fallopia convolvulus and Polygonum aviculare tolerated each herbicide application in 2012, likely due to the dry weather conditions. Because of the botanical similarity to the crop, none of the treatments proved to be significant against Papaver rhoeas. One dosage of tembotrione alone never reduced the dry weights of the target weed species or weed numbers significantly. The cuticular wax layer of the opium poppy can provide a natural defence against these herbicides, but some temporary phytotoxic yellowish discoloration occurred after tembotrione treatments. Our results show that mesotrione in combination with tembotrione is the most effective treatment and should be employed in poppy cultivation.     

硝磺草酮的除草活性及对玉米的安全性

通过温室盆栽试验,研究茎叶喷施硝磺草酮对反枝苋、稗草和千金子的活性及对玉米的安全性。结果表明硝磺草酮对玉米和反枝苋、千金子、稗草的选择性指数分别为6．73、5．95、5．34。说明硝磺草酮对玉米和杂草的选择性很强,可安全地使用茎叶处理法防除玉米田杂草。     

Chemical management of weeds in corn hybrids

Corn stands out among the cultivars because of its high importance in food, animal feed and raw materials for energy production. The quantity and quality of the harvested grain can be reduced, mainly due to inadequate weed management. Nowadays, weed control is accomplished with the use of herbicides as pre‐emergence and postemergence, applied alone or in a tank mix. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the control of weeds and phytotoxicity of the herbicides that were applied in tank mix or isolated in the corn hybrids, Formula TL® and SYN 7B28 . Two experiments were conducted: in the 2012/2013 season (Formula TL®) and 2013/2014 season (SYN 7B28). There was a low initial phytotoxicity of all the tested herbicides in the initial evaluation; however, from 14 days after treatment, it was minimal. The weed control of Ipomoea indivisa, Urochloa plantaginea and Euphorbia heterophylla in both experiments was better, in general, when using the tank mixtures of atrazine + simazine + tembotrione and atrazine + simazine + mesotrione, respectively. The application of atrazine + simazine + tembotrione in the SYN 7B28 hybrids provided, with the exception of the thousand‐grain weight, the best expression of grain yield components, combining a low phytotoxicity and best control of the weeds. The Formula TL® hybrid presented the highest mass of a thousand grains and yield with the application of nicosulfuron + tembotrione. The yield average difference of the herbicide treatments and the unweeded control showed an increase of 27.66 and 34.59% in the grain yield of the corn hybrids, Formula TL® and SYN 7B28, respectively.     

Crop competitive ability contributes to herbicide performance in sweet corn

Crop variety effects on herbicide performance is not well characterised, particularly for sweet corn, a crop that varies greatly among hybrids in competitive ability with weeds. Field studies were used to determine the effects of crop competitive ability on season‐long herbicide performance in sweet corn. Two sethoxydim‐tolerant sweet corn hybrids were grown in the presence of Panicum miliaceum and plots were treated post‐emergence with a range of sethoxydim doses. Significant differences in height, leaf area index and intercepted light were observed between hybrids near anthesis. Across a range of sub‐lethal herbicide doses, the denser canopy hybrid Rocker suppressed P. miliaceum shoot biomass and fecundity to a greater extent than the hybrid Cahill. Yield of sweet corn improved to the level of the weed‐free control with increasing sethoxydim dose. The indirect effect of herbicide dose on crop yield, mediated through P. miliaceum biomass reduction, was significant for all of the Cahill’s yield traits but not Rocker. These results indicate that a less competitive hybrid requires relatively more weed suppression by the herbicide to not only reduce weed growth and seed production, but also to maintain yield. Sweet corn competitive ability consistently influences season‐long herbicide performance.