弹性波阻抗在时移地震中的应用分析

常规声波波阻抗由于缺乏横波的信息,使得它对于流体的变化很不敏感,而弹性波阻抗反演,除了与纵波速度,密度有关之外,还与横波速度、入射角度有关,由于考虑了AVO(Amplitude Variation with Offset)效应,使得对流体和岩性的预测能力增强.本文将弹性波阻抗反演应用于时移地震中,采用AVA(Amplitude Variation with Angle)约束稀疏脉冲反演来进行弹性波阻抗反演,得到纵横波阻抗等弹性参数,通过交会图分析,将弹性参数转换为油藏参数,如预测含水饱和度的变化,通过本方法可增强对储层流体的预测,提高储层管理能力.     

地震勘探中广义弹性阻抗的正反演

常规的地震道反演方法建立在反射P波垂直入射假设 的基础上,而实际地震资料采集时多数是非零炮检距的，反射振幅是共中心点道集叠加的结 果 . 因此，利用常规地震道反演方法就不能得到可靠的波阻抗或其他岩性信息. 本文利用Patr ick Connolly弹性阻抗的思想，通过对Zoeppritz方程的进一步简化，推导出适合常规叠后 资料的、非零炮检距条件下纵波反射系数递推公式，提出了广义弹性阻抗的概念，解决了非 零炮检距条件下，常规叠后地震道正反演的关键问题. 广义弹性阻抗不仅包含波阻抗，还包 含了纵横波速度等岩性信息，具有很好的实用价值. 进行广义弹性阻抗的反演，能较常规地 震道反演获得更多、更可靠的流体、孔隙度、砂泥含量等信息，有助于解释常规地震道反演 和道积分剖面中的假象，降低反演的多解性，提高储层预测的精度.     

测井资料岩石物理分析在苏西地区储层预测研究中的应用

苏里格地区天然气资源量丰富,勘探前景广阔,是我国油气增储上产的重要区域.研究区位于苏里格气田的西侧,该区储层段砂岩与泥岩的纵波速度、密度和纵波阻抗等常规参数相互叠置,叠后波阻抗反演难以解决该区储层预测和流体识别问题.为此,利用测井资料,开展了以地震岩石物理参数分析、弹性阻抗分析、流体替换及AVO特征分析为基础的叠前储层预测可行性研究.研究结果表明:岩石的弹性参数能够很好地区分岩性,并优选出反映储层或含气性的敏感参数,如纵横波速度比、泊松比、拉梅系数和拉梅系数/剪切模量对含气性具有良好的识别能力;不同角度的弹性阻抗既可以识别岩性,也可以区分气层和非气层;利用AVO属性可以预测盒8砂岩是否含气,但不能预测其是否具有工业价值.上述研究为该区开展地震叠前储层预测和流体识别研究提供了依据,使得该区的储层预测更具针对性.     

测井约束与神经网络联合反演储层预测技术

目前地震反演方法广泛应用于储层预测,并已取得重要进展.常规反演技术以测井数据为约束,有效结合测井资料与地震资料的优势频段信息,根据反演结果波阻抗的差异区分储层.但在复杂地质条件下薄储层砂泥岩波阻抗信息较为接近,反演结果难以满足储层精细刻画要求,为此在已有波阻抗信息的基础上进行神经网络岩性反演,将波阻抗等地震属性转化为与岩性更密切的伽玛数据体,使地震反演的地质属性与测井标定的地质属性达到最大程度的相关,从而提高对簿储层的识别能力.实际资料的应用效果表明,该方法较为准确地实现了对簿储层的精细刻画,为非构造油气藏的勘探提供了重要依据.     

基于Fatti近似的弹性阻抗方程及反演

用Connolly的弹性阻抗(EI,elastic impedance)公式进行反演只能直接得到纵、横波速度和密度的信息,然后才可间接计算得到纵横波阻抗等其它的参数数据体,这样便增加了一步误差使数据的准确性降低.本文首先针对该方法的这些缺点和不足,提出了以Zoeppritz方程的Fatti近似为基础一种新的弹性阻抗公式,由该公式可得到比用Fatti近似更准确的反射系数,然后对这个公式进行了标准化以实现不同角度的弹性阻抗间量纲的统一,最后用标准化后的公式进行了反演,从反演得到的不同角度的弹性阻抗数据体中可直接提取得到纵横波阻抗数据体.应用实例表明用这种方法提取得到的纵横波阻抗更加稳定、准确,而且能很好地反映储层信息.这种新的方法是对以Connolly公式为基础的传统方法的改进.     

弹性波阻抗反演在稠油热采地震监测中的应用

在稠油热采地震监测中,储层特性的变化主要是通过弹性波参数的变化才最终表现为地层速度和实际地震响应的变化.因此,在一定条件下,弹性波参数应当是储层特定变化最直接和灵敏的标志.本文详细叙述了弹性波阻抗反演的方法,并将其应用于稠油热采地震资料的反演和解释中,结果表明弹性波阻抗反演用于稠油热采地震监测是切实可行的.     

叠前反演和地震吸收技术在复杂天然气藏地震预测中的应用

针对某复杂断块天然气目标储层,在岩石物理分析的指导下,综合利用地质、地震、测井等资料,提出了一套面向复杂天然气藏的叠前地震预测技术.首先基于地震岩石物理分析得到的初始横波信息,采用叠前贝叶斯非线性三参数反演得到了井旁控制点处精确纵横波速度和密度信息,然后通过叠前/叠后联合反演技术实现了面向目标的弹性阻抗体反演及含气储层敏感参数直接提取,最后结合小波变换时频谱分析的方法从叠前地震资料中估算地层吸收参数值,提高天然气藏识别精度.实际应用表明,综合各种叠前地震预测技术,可以大大提高对复杂天然气藏的识别精度,降低勘探风险.     

纵横波弹性阻抗联立反演在GD地区的应用

在GD油田复杂油藏描述中应用叠前纵横波弹性阻抗反演,精确地进行了油藏岩性的划分。利用三个或三个以上部分叠加数据,进行纵横波弹性阻抗联立反演,既克服了因叠后地震反演结果单一而不能满足复杂储层描述的需求,又避免了由于叠前道集信噪比低造成反演结果不稳定的缺陷。本文论述了叠前弹性波阻抗反演的基本原理,结合GD地区实际资料,对反演过程中涉及的角道集子波提取、层位标定、横波速度预测、弹性参数提取与解释等关键步骤进行了详细研究,指出基于测井资料分析的多种弹性参数综合解释是提高叠前地震反演应用效果的关键。     

基于叠前弹性反演的含气储层预测技术

叠前弹性反演是目前岩性气藏储层预测的主要技术,仅仅使用纵波阻抗反演预测储层在理论和准确性方面都存在着一些不足,反演的多解性更是其致命的缺陷.本文从横波测井资料不同岩性、流体的岩石物理参数分析入手,优选能够区分岩性和流体的最佳敏感弹性参数,通过叠前反演获得反映储层岩性和含气性的弹性参数体,最后进行地震弹性参数交汇解释预测储层和识别流体.将纵向分辨率较高的测井岩石物理参数分析和横向分辨率较高的地震叠前反演结合起来,应用多个弹性参数,明显提高了储层预测的精度.地震数据中的AVO信息得到了充分的应用,采用纵波独立变量求解Zoeppritz方程.为有效储层预测和流体识别探索出了新途径.在靶区利用叠前弹性纵横波速比的属性,刻画出五级层序单砂体,在此基础上确定建议的水平井井位及其轨迹,通过叠前弹性反演比P波数据独立反演钻井成功率提高了10%以上.     

基于频变AVO技术对多尺度裂缝内流体属性反演与识别（英文）

通过地震数据获取裂缝储藏中流体的性质并对流体类型进行识别,是地震勘探岩性反演的重要问题之一。由于地震波的速度、储层的密度等弹性参数对某些流体不具有很强的敏感性,使只依赖振幅信息进行流体识别的传统AVO方法面临困境。作为传统叠前振幅反演的一个拓展,频变AVO（FDAVO）技术进一步考虑了振幅对频率的依赖关系,将这种依赖关系与地下裂缝结构、流体填充对应起来,能带来更丰富的流体信息。利用该技术,本文提出了一种基于地震数据参数化Chapman模型的贝叶斯反演新方法（BIDCMP）,它包含两步算法,即,FDAVO反演储层的非弹性属性和贝叶斯框架下的流体识别。首先,通过匹配观测数据和模型数据,构造差函数反演裂缝储层非弹性参数。随后,在贝叶斯框架下,使用马尔科夫随机场（MRF）作为先验模型,联合多参数场识别流体。本方法在计算过程中,除综合考虑了弹性参数场、测井资料等常规信息外,还特别地加人了第一步中反演得的非弹性参数的约束,从而充分利用了流体粘性差异,最后在最大后验概率（MAP）准则下输出最佳岩性一流体识别结果。分别对合成地震记录和模拟岩性—流体剖面验证本文方法的有效性,结果证明本文方法获得的流体识别结果准确可信。     

基于弹性阻抗的储层物性参数预测方法

储层物性参数是储层描述的重要参数,常规的基于贝叶斯理论的储层物性参数反演方法大多是通过反演获得的弹性参数进一步转换而获得物性参数,本文提出一种基于弹性阻抗数据预测储层物性参数的反演方法.该方法主要通过建立可以表征弹性阻抗与储层物性参数之间关系的统计岩石物理模型,联合蒙特卡罗仿真模拟技术,在贝叶斯理论框架的指导下,应用期望最大化算法估计物性参数的后验概率分布,最终实现储层物性参数反演.经过模型测试和实际资料的处理,其结果表明本文提出的方法具有预测精度高,稳定性强,横向连续性好等优点.     

Look-ahead vertical seismic profiling inversion approach for density and compressional wave velocity in Bayesian framework

To reduce drilling uncertainties, zero-offset vertical seismic profiles can be inverted to quantify acoustic properties ahead of the bit. In this work, we propose an approach to invert vertical seismic profile corridor stacks in Bayesian framework for look-ahead prediction. The implemented approach helps to successfully predict density and compressional wave velocity using prior knowledge from drilled interval. Hence, this information can be used to monitor reservoir depth as well as quantifying high-pressure zones, which enables taking the correct decision during drilling. The inversion algorithm uses Gauss–Newton as an optimization tool, which requires the calculation of the sensitivity matrix of trace samples with respect to model parameters. Gauss–Newton has quadratic rate of convergence, which can speed up the inversion process. Moreover, geo-statistical analysis has been used to efficiently utilize prior information supplied to the inversion process. The algorithm has been tested on synthetic and field cases. For the field case, a zero-offset vertical seismic profile data taken from an offshore well were used as input to the inversion algorithm. Well logs acquired after drilling the prediction section was used to validate the inversion results. The results from the synthetic case applications were encouraging to accurately predict compressional wave velocity and density from just a constant prior model. The field case application shows the strength of our proposed approach in inverting vertical seismic profile data to obtain density and compressional wave velocity ahead of a bit with reasonable accuracy. Unlike the commonly used vertical seismic profile inversion approach for acoustic impedance using simple error to represent the prior covariance matrix, this work shows the importance of inverting for both density and compressional wave velocity using geo-statistical knowledge of density and compressional wave velocity from the drilled section to quantify the prior covariance matrix required during Bayesian inversion.     

叠前地震反演技术的进展及其在岩性油气藏勘探中的应用

与叠后地震反演相比,叠前地震反演可得到更丰富的储层信息,可提高储层的描述精度.目前,叠前地震反演主要包括弹性阻抗反演、叠前P波阻抗和S波阻抗联合反演、叠前地震波形反演.文中概述了叠前地震反演各项技术的主要进展及其典型应用实例,提出了叠前地震反演技术在岩性油气藏勘探开发中的应用策略.叠前地震反演技术在未来的油气勘探开发中将有广阔的应用前景.     

油藏水驱开采时移地震监测岩石物理基础测量

岩石物理测量是油藏水驱开采时移地震监测的基础.在实验室对来自胜利油田的5块岩石样品模拟储层条件进行了水驱和气驱动态岩石物理弹性测量,重点分析了流体替换、温度、孔隙压力对岩石纵、横波速度的影响.实验表明,在水驱情形下,由于流体替换和温度、孔隙压力变化所引起的岩石纵横波速度的变化均很小,实施时移地震监测具有较大的风险性.相比之下,气驱可能引起较为明显的纵波速度变化,有利于时移地震监测的实施.进一步完善实验方法、丰富实验内容、是今后时移地震岩石物理实验研究的主要任务.     

The added value of joint PP–PS inversion for reservoir characterization: A case study using Jubarte PRM seismic data (offshore Brazil)

The added value of the joint pre-stack inversion of PP (incident P-wave and reflected P-wave) and PS (incident P-wave and reflected S-wave) seismic data for the time-lapse application is shown. We focus on the application of this technique to the time-lapse (four-dimensional) multicomponent Jubarte field permanent reservoir monitoring seismic data. The joint inversion results are less sensitive to noise in the input data and show a better match with the rock physics models calibrated for the field. Further, joint inversion improves S-impedance estimates and provides a more robust quantitative interpretation, allowing enhanced differentiation between pore pressure and fluid saturation changes, which will be extremely useful for reservoir management. Small changes in reservoir properties are expected in the short time between the time-lapse seismic acquisitions used in the Jubarte project (only 1 year apart). The attempt to recover subtle fourth-dimensional effects via elastic inversion is recurrent in reservoir characterization projects, either due to the small sensitivity of the reservoirs to fluid and pressure changes or the short interval between the acquisitions. Therefore, looking for methodologies that minimize the uncertainty of fourth-dimensional inversion outputs is of fundamental importance. Here, we also show the differences between PP only and joint PP–PS inversion workflows and parameterizations that can be applied in other projects. We show the impact of using multicomponent data as input for elastic seismic inversions in the analysis of the time-lapse differences of the elastic properties. The larger investment in the acquisition and processing of multicomponent seismic data is shown to be justified by the improved results from the fourth-dimensional joint inversion.     

基于叠前地震纵横波模量直接反演的流体检测方法

流体因子是储层流体识别的重要方法,而叠前地震反演是获得流体因子的有效途径之一.本文从流体因子的构建出发,基于多孔弹性介质岩石物理模型,建立了流体因子与纵横波模量之间的直接关系,避免了流体因子计算所需的密度参数无法准确求取的问题,通过推导基于纵横波模量的Zeoppritz近似方程及弹性阻抗方程,探讨了基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法,模型与实际应用表明,基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法合理、可靠,减少了常规方法间接计算纵横波模量带来的累积误差,基于纵横波模量的流体因子计算方法有较好的实际应用效果.     

储层弹性与物性参数地震叠前同步反演的确定性优化方法

储层弹性与物性参数可直接应用于储层岩性预测和流体识别,是储层综合评价和油气藏精细描述的基本要素之一.现有的储层弹性与物性参数地震同步反演方法大都基于Gassmann方程,使用地震叠前数据,通过随机优化方法反演储层弹性与物性参数;或基于Wyllie方程,使用地震叠后数据,通过确定性优化方法反演储层弹性与物性参数.本文提出一种基于Gassmann方程、通过确定性优化方法开展储层弹性和物性参数地震叠前反演的方法,该方法利用Gassmann方程建立储层物性参数与叠前地震观测数据之间的联系,在贝叶斯反演框架下以储层弹性与物性参数的联合后验概率为目标函数,通过将目标函数的梯度用泰勒公式展开得到储层弹性与物性参数联合的方程组,其中储层弹性参数对物性参数的梯度用差分形式表示,最后通过共轭梯度算法迭代求解得到储层弹性与物性参数的最优解.理论试算与实际资料反演结果证明了方法的可行性.     

Iterated extended Kalman filter method for time-lapse seismic full-waveform inversion

Time-lapse seismic data is useful for identifying fluid movement and pressure and saturation changes in a petroleum reservoir and for monitoring of CO₂ injection. The focus of this paper is estimation of time-lapse changes with uncertainty quantification using full-waveform inversion. The purpose of also estimating the uncertainty in the inverted parameters is to be able to use the inverted seismic data quantitatively for updating reservoir models with ensemble-based methods. We perform Bayesian inversion of seismic waveform data in the frequency domain by combining an iterated extended Kalman filter with an explicit representation of the sensitivity matrix in terms of Green functions (acoustic approximation). Using this method, we test different strategies for inversion of the time-lapse seismic data with uncertainty. We compare the results from a sequential strategy (making a prior from the monitor survey using the inverted baseline survey) with a double difference strategy (inverting the difference between the monitor and baseline data). We apply the methods to a subset of the Marmousi2 P-velocity model. Both strategies performed well and relatively good estimates of the monitor velocities and the time-lapse differences were obtained. For the estimated time-lapse differences, the double difference strategy gave the lowest errors.     

Anisotropic elastic full‐waveform inversion of walkaway vertical seismic profiling data from the Arabian Gulf

Borehole seismic addresses the need for high‐resolution images and elastic parameters of the subsurface. Full‐waveform inversion of vertical seismic profile data is a promising technology with the potential to recover quantitative information about elastic properties of the medium. Full‐waveform inversion has the capability to process the entire wavefield and to address the wave propagation effects contained in the borehole data—multi‐component measurements; anisotropic effects; compressional and shear waves; and transmitted, converted, and reflected waves and multiples. Full‐waveform inversion, therefore, has the potential to provide a more accurate result compared with conventional processing methods. We present a feasibility study with results of the application of high‐frequency (up to 60 Hz) anisotropic elastic full‐waveform inversion to a walkaway vertical seismic profile data from the Arabian Gulf. Full‐waveform inversion has reproduced the majority of the wave events and recovered a geologically plausible layered model with physically meaningful values of the medium.