连续测量水中挥发性有机物的膜进样-单光子电离-质谱仪的研制及其应用

研制了膜进样-单光子电离-飞行时间质谱仪,并应用于水中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的连续在线快速测量.以50 μm硅橡胶膜为富集膜,用蠕动泵和电动切换阀,实现了水中VOCs的自动进样、富集和测量,无记忆效应.采用真空紫外灯发出的10.6 eV的光子,对待测有机物实现单光子电离,无碎片离子,便于根据分子量进行定性分析.苯、甲苯、二甲苯和氯苯等样品的响应时间均低于100 s; 苯的检出限可达3×10-9(V/V),且在10×10-9～1×10-6(V/V)范围内具有良好的线性.将仪器应用于某化工厂排污水的在线检测中,在200 s时间内可检测到20多种10×10-9(V/V)量级的有机物.结果表明: 膜进样-单光子电离-飞行时间质谱在水中VOCs在线检测方面具有广泛应用前景.     

国内首创的SPIMS-1000在线挥发性有机物质谱仪

概述了国内首款具有完全自主知识产权的商品化在线挥发性有机物质谱仪(SPIMS-1000)。SPIMS-1000融合了膜富集、紫外光单光子软电离(SPI)和反射式飞行时间质谱等多种技术,实现了对挥发性有机物(VOCs)及半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)的在线定性定量分析。对其基本原理、仪器设计、分析参数及应用进行了介绍。     

一种新型光电离/微型正交加速飞行时间质谱仪的设计和性能测试

介绍了自行研制的光电离/微型正交加速飞行时间质谱仪的设计原理和性能。电离源采用光子能量为10.6 eV真空紫外灯,它可将待测分子电离只产生单电荷母体离子,不产生碎片离子。采用该光电离方法得到的质谱谱图比较简单,气体样品可以不经分离直接进行分析。离子正交引入结构的飞行时间质量分析器有效地提高了质谱分辨率。用32 cm无场飞行管,测量碘甲烷得到的质谱分辨率可达430。在谱图获得频率10 kHz的操作条件下,样品总分析时间20 s,得到苯和碘甲烷的检出限分别为10×10-6,5×10-6。软电离和微型化使得该质谱仪在可挥发性有机物的实时在线监测方面有广泛的应用。     

单光子/光电子电离-膜进样质谱法在线检测水中醚类汽油添加剂

采用膜进样-光电子磁场增强电离(MEPEI)/单光子电离(SPI)复合电离源飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)在线分析水中醚类汽油添加剂:甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、乙基叔丁基醚(ETBE)、甲基叔戊基醚(TAME)和二异丙基醚(DIPE)。膜进样方式无需样品前处理,通过渗透蒸发实现液体样品在线富集;SPI电离碎片离子少,谱图简单,可利用分子离子进行快速的半定性分析;MEPEI产生样品分子碎片可精确定性同分异构体,从而克服直接进样时复杂基质中重叠峰解析的难题。在最优实验条件下:膜温度为60℃,膜厚度为50μm,膜面积为160 mm2,单个样品分析时间小于100 s。MTBE,ETBE,TAME和DIPE的检出限分别达到5.5,4.8,3.3和4.3μg/L。本方法成功应用于模拟地下水中MTBE类汽油添加剂的快速检测。     

飞行时间质谱仪新技术的进展及应用

本文介绍了近几年来发展应用于飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)仪中的软电离技术.质子转移电离实现了可挥发性有机物的高灵敏度分析;真空紫外灯电离源体积小、简单,利于便携式仪器;电喷雾解吸电离在线、无损和灵敏度高,在公共安全方面具有很大的发展潜力,而且还可以直接用于活的生物体表面分析;大气压下的在线直接分析电离技术利用载气分子的激发态使得被分析化合物电离得到分子离子.针对不同的电离方法简单评述了其性能及应用,同时介绍了飞行时间质谱在串联方面的新发展,以及TOF-MS在仪器微型化方面的进展及其应用,并对飞行时间质谱仪今后的发展作了展望.     

飞行时间质谱仪新技术的进展及应用

本文介绍了近几年来发展应用于飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)仪中的软电离技术.质子转移电离实现了可挥发性有机物的高灵敏度分析;真空紫外灯电离源体积小、简单,利于便携式仪器;电喷雾解吸电离在线、无损和灵敏度高,在公共安全方面具有很大的发展潜力,而且还可以直接用于活的生物体表面分析;大气压下的在线直接分析电离技术利用载气分子的激发态使得被分析化合物电离得到分子离子.针对不同的电离方法简单评述了其性能及应用,同时介绍了飞行时间质谱在串联方面的新发展,以及TOF-MS在仪器微型化方面的进展及其应用,并对飞行时间质谱仪今后的发展作了展望.     

飞行时间质谱仪新技术的进展及应用

本文介绍了近几年来发展应用于飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS)仪中的软电离技术。质子转移电离实现了可挥发性有机物的高灵敏度分析;真空紫外灯电离源体积小、简单,利于便携式仪器;电喷雾解吸电离在线、无损和灵敏度高,在公共安全方面具有很大的发展潜力,而且还可以直接用于活的生物体表面分析;大气压下的在线直接分析电离技术利用载气分子的激发态使得被分析化合物电离得到分子离子。针对不同的电离方法简单评述了其性能及应用,同时介绍了飞行时间质谱在串联方面的新发展,以及TOF-MS在仪器微型化方面的进展及其应用,并对飞行时间质谱仪今后的发展作了展望。     

Proton Trasfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry for On-line Detection of Trace Volatile Organic Compounds in Breath

通过对自主研制的大气成分在线检测质子转移反应质谱的进样管路系统进行改造,建立了可在线检测呼气中痕量挥发性有机物的质子转移反应质谱装置.通过对呼气进样系统的旁路流量控制,实现对进样速度的调控,既可提高进样速度,以满足实时监测呼气中指定成分浓度变化;也可适时关闭旁路,以降低进样速度,从而对呼气成分进行全谱分析,避免采样袋采样和浓缩的复杂程序和潜在干扰.以作者呼出气体作为研究对象,对装置性能进行测试,结果表明:装置最快响应时间可达1 s,对呼气中丙酮的探测灵敏度高达每10-9(V/V)浓度的信号强度为14.6 counts/s,多次呼气测量重复性好,有望广泛应用于呼气疾病诊断研究.     

真空紫外灯电离源飞行时间质谱仪的研制及应用

为了实时、在线分析卷烟烟气,研制了一台采用真空紫外灯作电离源的光电离飞行时间质谱仪,主要由真空系统、进样接口、光电离室、离子传输区、反射式飞行时间质量分析器和数据采集系统等组成;采用甲苯标准气体对仪器的质量精度、分辨率、检出限和标准工作曲线等性能参数进行了测试;同时考察了该质谱仪在卷烟主流烟气气相化学成分分析中的应用。结果表明:质谱仪的质量精度优于1.0×10~(-4),分辨率优于2000,对甲苯的定性检出限为0.41 mg/m~3,标准工作曲线相关系数可达0.9990;质谱仪采用毛细管进样方式,能够直接与商用吸烟机联用,可实现在2 s内获得新鲜单口烟气气相化学成分的信息,非常适合对卷烟烟气进行实时、在线分析。     

热脱附-单体稳定同位素技术测定挥发性有机物

采用热脱附与稳定同位素质谱联用技术分析了城市不同源及大气环境中挥发性有机物排放的单体同位素特征。系统考察了样品进样量、进样方式和样品分离度对同位素分馏影响情况。使用填有Tenax TA的吸附管采集汽油车尾气、汽油挥发、柴油车尾气、柴油挥发、溶剂挥发和餐饮油烟等污染源,以及城市不同功能区的挥发性有机物(VOCs)样品,不同污染源中挥发性有机物的稳定碳同位素δ13C值不同,97#汽油车尾气的δ13 C值偏重,平均值为-25.84‰,富集13 C;餐饮油烟的δ13 C值偏轻,平均值为-30.26‰。油品挥发比燃烧后以尾气的形式排放的苯系物δ13 C值重。厦门市各功能区挥发性有机物的δ13 C平均范围在-27.03‰~-25.40‰,接近于汽油和柴油挥发及尾气中的δ13 C值,表明厦门市空气中挥发性有机物以机动车排放源为主。     

Utilization of a multimembrane inlet and a cyclic sudden sampling introduction mode in membrane inlet mass spectrometry

Sudden sampling introduction into a membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) considerably improves the selectivity of the membrane inlet and is therefore applicable even for compounds with low permeabilities through a silicone membrane. In this study the basics of cyclic non-steady-state sudden increase sample injection were studied using a three-membrane inlet and a portable sector double-focusing mass spectrometer. The operational parameters of the inlet system providing the most efficient enrichment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air were defined. Simulation of the diffusion process following sudden sample introduction into the three-membrane inlet was also carried out. Experimental testing of the three-membrane inlet system with the cyclic sudden sample injection mode for benzene, toluene, styrene, and xylene in air was performed. The simulation and the experimental results demonstrated that, when this mode is used, the VOCs/nitrogen relative enrichment factor of samples introduced into the mass spectrometer equipped with a three-membrane inlet is increased by a factor of approximately 10(5) compared with a direct introduction method. This effect may be used to decrease detection limits of compounds obtained with mass spectrometry to decrease matrix flow through the inlet at the same detection limits.     

A new membrane inlet interface of a vacuum ultraviolet lamp ionization miniature mass spectrometer for on-line rapid measurement of volatile organic compounds in air

A novel membrane inlet interface coupled to a single-photon ionization (SPI) miniature time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been developed for on-line rapid measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source for SPI was a commercial krypton discharge lamp with photon energy of 10.6 eV and photon flux of 10(10) photons/s. The experimental results showed that the sensitivity was 5 times as high as obtained with the traditional membrane inlet. The enrichment efficiency could be adjusted in the range of 10 to 20 times for different VOCs when a buffer cell was added to the inlet interface, and the memory effect was effectively eliminated. A detection limit as low as 25 parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) for benzene has been achieved, with a linear dynamic range of three orders of magnitude. The rise times were 6 s, 10 s and 15 s for benzene, toluene and p-xylene, respectively, and the fall time was only 6 s for all of these compounds. The analytical capacity of this system was demonstrated by the on-line analysis of VOCs in single puff mainstream cigarette smoke, in which more than 50 compounds were detected in 2 s.     

真空紫外灯单光子电离源飞行时间质谱仪的研制

研制了真空紫外灯单光子电离源飞行时间质谱仪(Vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization time-offlight mass spectrometer,VUV-SPI-TOFMS),包括真空系统、毛细管进样系统、真空紫外灯电离源、垂直加速反射式飞行时间质量分析器和数据采集系统...     

Characterization of a mini membrane inlet mass spectrometer for on-site detection of contaminants in both aqueous and liquid organic samples

A mini membrane inlet mass spectrometer (mini-MIMS) of a total weight of 12 kg was constructed using a miniature Multipole mass spectrometer, a small vacuum system and a flexible flat sheet membrane inlet, where the exposed membrane area can be changed by a factor of 80. The variable membrane area together with the possibility of operating the Multipole at pressures up to 1 x 10(-3) Torr made it possible to test the system with three microporous membranes (cellulose, polyether sulfone and polypropylene) normally not compatible with standard electron ionization MIMS systems and a standard non-porous polydimethylsiloxane membrane. We found that the hydrophilic cellulose and polyether sulfone membranes had selectivity characteristics opposite to those of the standard silicone membrane. They demonstrated preferential detection of hydrophilic compounds in hydrophobic organic solvents, whereas the silicone membrane preferentially detects hydrophobic organic compounds in aqueous solution. Using the cellulose membrane, organic contaminants and water could be detected in organic solvents at 10-100 ppm levels by weight, the relative high detection limits primarily caused by interference from a high chemical background from the solvent. When being used with the standard silicone membrane the mini-MIMS behaved just like most standard MIMS systems with detection limits of volatile organic compounds in water at concentrations just below 1 ppm. The hydrophobic microporous polypropylene membrane was not found to be useful with the mini-MIMS.     

Solid phase micro-extraction in a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer

Fiber introduction mass spectrometry (FIMS), a variation of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS), is employed with a miniature mass spectrometer. The inlet system, constructed of commercially available vacuum parts, allows the direct introduction of the SPME needle vacuum chamber into the mass spectrometer. Thermal desorption of the analyte from the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coated fiber was achieved with a built in nichrome heater, followed by electron ionization of the analytes internal to the cylindrical ion trap (CIT). The system has been tested with several volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air and to analyze the headspace over aqueous solutions, with limits of detection in the low ppb range. The signal rise (10-90%) and fall (90-10%) times for the system ranged from 0.1 to 1 s (rise) and 1.2 to 6 s (fall) using heated desorption. In addition, this method has been applied to quantitation of toluene in benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) mixtures in water and gasoline. This simple and rapid analysis method, coupled to a portable mass spectrometer, has been shown to provide a robust, simple, rapid, reproducible, accurate and sensitive (low ppb range) fieldable approach to the effective in situ analysis of VOC in various matrices.     

Separation of aqueous organic mixtures by pervaporation and analysis by mass spectrometry or a coupled gas chromatograph—mass spectrometer

A method of analysis has been developed based on the use of selective membranes which gives the possibility of enriching, identifying and quickly analysing organic volatile compounds in dilute aqueous solution. The process used to separate water from organic products is pervaporation. p]One side of the selective membrane is in contact with the liquid mixture. The other side of the membrane, under vacuum, is directly connected with the ionization source of a mass spectrometer which analyses quantitatively and qualitatively the organic compounds in proportion as they pass through the membrane. p]A number of different pervaporation membranes were studied and the selectivity of the membranes to different aqueous mixtures has been measured. Four types of analytical applications are described.     

Fingerprint identification of volatile organic compounds in gasoline contaminated groundwater using gas chromatography differential ion mobility spectrometry

Groundwater can be contaminated when e.g. gasoline tanks leak. Due to sampling and lab analysis, groundwater monitoring is time consuming and expensive. The technologies developed for rapid on-site analysis of gasoline contaminated groundwater face the technical limitation to distinguish the gasoline from complex matrices. In the present study the fingerprint identification of volatile organic components (VOCs) in gasoline contaminated groundwater using gas chromatography (GC) differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) is investigated. Groundwater was spiked with five sorts of gasoline (one reformulated gasoline, gasoline without additives and three different brand gasoline collected on petrol stations) and analyzed by GC-DMS. Seven VOCs (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) were identified by GC mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as by GC-DMS and selected as markers. The semi-quantitative determination of the selected compounds was achieved. The limits of detection of the GC-DMS are 46.42?ng for benzene, 1.13?ng for toluene, 1.80?ng for ethylbenzene, 0.22?ng for m-xylene, 1.13?ng for p-xylene, 0.61?ng for o-xylene and 0.37?ng for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, respectively. These results reveal the feasibility of GC-DMS for on-site monitoring of contaminated groundwater.     

Simultaneous quantification of polar and non-polar volatile organic compounds in water samples by direct aqueous injection-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A direct aqueous injection-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (DAI-GC/MS) method for trace analysis of 24 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water samples is presented. The method allows for the simultaneous quantification of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes (BTEX), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), as well as a variety of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, propane, enthenes and benzenes. Applying a liquid film polyethylene glycol or a porous layer open tubular (PLOT) divinylbenzene GC capillary column to separate the water from the VOCs, volumes of 1-10 microL aqueous sample are directly injected into the GC. No enrichment or pretreatment steps are required and sample volumes as low as 100 microL are sufficient for accurate quantification. Method detection limits determined in natural groundwater samples were between 0.07 and 2.8 microg/L and instrument detection limits of <5 pg were achieved for 21 out of the 24 evaluated VOCs. DAI-GC/MS offers both good accuracy and precision (relative standard deviations 相似文献   

Trace level analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in water using a membrane/jet separator interfaced to an ion trap mass spectrometer

An ion trap mass spectrometer, equipped with a membrane/jet separator interface, is used for the direct detection of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in aqueous solutions. Aqueous sample is passed through a capillary membrane, the outside surface of which is continuously purged by helium. The permeate is pneumatically transported to the mass spectrometer via a jet separator which acts as an additional enrichment device. The performance and response characteristics of non-porous silicone and microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes are studied. The microporous membrane allows sufficient water to pass for it to be used as a reagent gas for chemical ionization. Both types of membranes provide detection limits in the parts per trillion (pptr) to parts per billion (ppb) range with a linear dynamic range of 3 orders of magnitude for some volatile organic compounds. Results show that there is no detectable matrix effect on response in the selected cases examined. The use of microporous membranes to analyze more polar compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethyl furfuraldehyde and lactic acid, is also demonstrated. The effects of other experimental parameters, such as membrane temperature and length, on sensitivity are also investigated.     

Coupling of stir bar sorptive extraction with single photon ionization mass spectrometry for determination of volatile organic compounds in water

A home-made stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) apparatus was combined to a single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (SPI-TOFMS) for rapid and sensitive determination of trace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water. The home-made SBSE bar, low-cost and disposable, was used for VOCs extraction. A thermal desorption (TD) device was designed to desorb the analytes from the SBSE bar, and a high throughput interface was developed to transfer the analytes into the ionization chamber of the SPI-TOFMS. The combination of large extraction volume of SBSE bar, and the direct measurement power of SPI-TOFMS enable a short analysis time for VOCs in water with high sensitivity, for example the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 7.4-11.1 ng L(-1) for benzene, toluene, and p-xylene (BTX) within 15 min. BTX aqueous solutions were chosen to demonstrate the quantitative capability, the linear range was from 0.05 to 100 μg L(-1) and the correlation coefficients were better than 0.996. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of VOCs in urban river water.