基于位错运动的镍基单晶各向异性蠕变寿命预测

对3种不同取向的DD6镍基单晶高温合金进行了980℃下的蠕变试验,结果表明镍基单晶高温合金蠕变失效机理是材料内部微孔洞的萌生与微裂纹的扩展,其本质是由位错运动造成的。采用透射电镜(TEM)对蠕变初期[001]、[111]和[011]3种取向的单晶合金的位错形貌进行观测,发现其分别符合八面体滑移系开动、六面体滑移系开动与两滑移系同时开动的特征。针对上述微观现象,基于晶体塑性理论建立了考虑Orowan效应与位错阻碍效应的蠕变本构模型与蠕变损伤模型,并根据试验得到的蠕变曲线拟合了模型参数。该模型的有限元模拟结果与单晶材料的蠕变断口形貌相互印证,解释了单晶蠕变的各向异性的力学行为。     

双剪切试样在镍基单晶合金蠕变变形损伤和寿命研究中的应用

在对不同滑移系的双剪切试样进行蠕变实验的基础上，结合单向应力拉伸蠕变实验，并利用晶体滑各向异性蠕变损伤本构模型和有限元程序，对双剪切蠕变试样进行了研究。结果表明，对剪切试样受剪区域的应力状态基本为均匀分布且随蠕变时间变化很小，大部分受剪区域为单滑移系开动，提出的基于蠕变γ′相筏化规律的蠕变损伤本构模型，结合有限元（FEM）分析可以很好地描述双剪切试样的蠕变损伤规律，并可以和单向应力状态的实验结果联系起来，双剪切试样可以用来研究镍基单晶合金蠕变性能的晶体取向相关性，实验表明这种晶体取向相关性与开动滑移系类型及γ′相符代规律相关。     

镍基单晶合金筏化规律及蠕变持久寿命模型在复杂应力状态下的考核

利用双剪切蠕变试样在受剪切区的筏化试验结果和不同晶体取向试样的蠕变持久寿命试验结果，对镍基单晶合金的蠕变筏化预测模型和蠕变持久寿命模型进行考核，证实此2个模型的合理性。     

镍基单晶合金复杂应力状态低周疲劳寿命预测

根据损伤应变能释放率的定义表达式，将各向同性材料应力二三轴性因子拓展到正交异性材料，定义了含有3个弹性常数的镍基单晶应力三轴性因子。用它修正Mises应变范围作为疲劳损伤参量，可以显著消除晶体取向和多轴载荷对疲劳寿命的影响。用损伤应变能释放率作为热力学广义力描述正交异性材料的疲劳损伤过程，引入取向函数和损伤驱动力循环特征参数反映晶体各向异性对疲劳损伤的非线性影响以及循环载荷的交变特性，提出了单晶合金低周疲劳损伤模型。利用CMSX-2镍基单晶合金薄壁圆筒试样的拉一扭循环载荷低周疲劳试验数据和DD3镍基单晶合金缺口试样的低周疲劳试验数据，运用多元线性回归分析方法拟合模型的材料常数，试验所得数据分别落在2．5倍和2．0倍偏差分布带内。     

细观非均质性对镍基单晶双相合金塑性行为的影响

建立了考虑背应力演化和损伤演化的晶体塑性模型，利用所建立的晶体塑性模型研究了应变速率对镍基单晶合金基体相、强化相的影响。结果表明，镍基单晶基体相和强化相均表现出明显的率相关性。单晶双相合金的细观非均质性导致非均匀的微观应力和微观塑性滑移。塑性滑移变形首先发源于基体相。微观应力和塑性滑移的非均匀性可能是材料微观损伤积累和孔洞形核的根源。     

单晶合金中孔洞对蠕变行为的影响

通过对有/无缺陷单晶镍基合金蠕变性能测试、组织形貌观察及采用有限元对近孔洞区域的应力场分析,研究了组织缺陷对单晶合金蠕变行为及组织演化的影响。结果表明:组织缺陷可明显降低单晶镍基合金的塑性和蠕变寿命。在高温蠕变期间,近孔洞区域的应力等值线具有碟形分布特征,并沿与施加应力轴成45°角方向有较大值,该应力分布特征可使合金中γ′相转变成与施加应力轴成45°角的筏状结构,并使圆形孔洞沿应力轴方向伸长成椭圆状。蠕变期间,在合金圆形孔洞缺陷的上、下区域具有较小的应力值,而在圆形孔洞的两侧极点处具有最大应力值,随蠕变时间延长,应力值增大,促使裂纹在该处萌生,并沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展是降低合金蠕变寿命的主要原因。     

孔洞形态对镍基单晶合金蠕变行为的影响

通过蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究不同形态孔洞缺陷对单晶镍基合金蠕变性能的影响,针对合金中存在有/无裂纹孔洞等铸造缺陷,对高温蠕变期间近有/无孔洞区域的应力分布进行有限元分析,根据拉应力载荷下近孔洞区域的微观应力分布特性,分析不同形态孔洞区域应力分布对单晶合金蠕变行为及组织演化的影响.结果表明:在高温蠕变期间,近有/无裂纹孔洞区域的应力分布对合金中)γ'相筏形化的形态有明显影响,在有/无裂纹孔洞两侧极点处,存在最大应力值,且可致使其裂纹沿垂直于应力轴方向发生萌生与扩展;与无裂纹孔洞相比,在有裂纹孔洞两侧的极点处应力值较大,随着蠕变的进行,在较大应力处易于发生裂纹的扩展是合金具有较低蠕变寿命的主要原因.     

镍基单晶高温合金的蠕变损伤规律研究

基于镍基单晶合金蠕变过程中的细、微观组织结构变化及损伤特点，本文建立了考虑材质劣化和空洞损伤的双参数蠕变损伤本构方程及寿命预测模型。利用ＤＤ３单晶材料〈００１〉晶体取向的７６０，８５０和１０００℃实验结果考核表明，所建模型可以比较准确地预测蠕变第二、第三阶段变形状态及破坏特征。第二阶段持续时间、第三阶段开始时间可以表示成蠕变应力的指数函数；随着温度的升高，材料劣化加剧，空洞损伤也增加。     

THE CREEP─DAMAGE BEHAVIOUR FOR SINGLE CRYSTAL NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOY

基于镍基单晶合金蠕变过程中的细、微观组织结构变化及损伤特点，本文建立了考虑材质劣化和空洞损伤的双参数蠕变损伤本构方程及寿命预测模型。利用ＤＤ３单晶材料〈００１〉晶体取向的７６０，８５０和１０００℃实验结果考核表明，所建模型可以比较准确地预测蠕变第二、第三阶段变形状态及破坏特征。第二阶段持续时间、第三阶段开始时间可以表示成蠕变应力的指数函数；随着温度的升高，材料劣化加剧，空洞损伤也增加。     

镍基单晶高温合金的里面变损伤规律研究

基于镍基单晶合金蠕变过程中的细、微观组织结构变化及损伤特点，本文建立了考虑材质劣化和空洞损伤的双参数里面变损伤本构方程及寿命预测模型。利用ＤＤ３单晶材料（００１）晶体取向的７６０，８５０和１０００℃实验结果考核表明，所建模型可以比较准确地预测蠕变第二、第三阶段变形状态及破坏特征。第二阶段持续时间、第三阶段开始时间可以表示成蠕变应力的指数函数；随着温度的升高，材料劣化加剧，空间损伤也增加。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE NOTCH EFFECT ON THE CREEP BEHAVIOR AND LIFE OF NICKEL-BASE SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOYS

Numerical calculations of creep damage development and life behavior of circular notched specimens of nickel-base single crystal had been performed. The creep stress distributions depend on the specimen geometry. For a small notch radius, von Mises stress has an especial distribution. The damage distribution is greatly influenced by the notch depth, notch radius as well as notch type. The creep crack initiation place is different for each notched specimen. The characteristics of notch strengthening and notch weakening depend on the notch radius and notch type. For the same notch type, the creep rupture lives decrease with the decreasing of notch radius. A creep life model has been presented for the multiaxial stress states based on the crystallographic slip system theory.     

dc Potential Drop Technique in Creep Stress Rupture Testing

The dc potential drop technique can be used in conventional creep tests for high sensitivity measurements of deformation and damage. More importantly, it can be used in creep tests of notched specimens to: measure load creep deformation and damage at the root of the notch; detect crack initiation at the root of notches; and measure crack propagation rates, when the crack grows axisymmetrically. This test methodology is well-suited for testing new alloys. The effects of heat treatment, environment, temperature, and specimen geometry on deformation rates, crack initiation, and crack propagation, can now be assessed in a quantitative way.     

FCC晶体中晶体取向对孔洞长大和聚合的影响

通过编制率相关有限元用户子程序，采用包含一个和两个球形孔洞的单胞探求了FCC晶体中晶体取向对孔洞长大和聚合的影响。计算结果表明：晶体取向对孔洞长大的影响较大，孔洞的形状和长大方向与晶体取向密切相关：由于变形不均匀，孔洞在晶界处产生尖角，易形成裂纹。由于约束较少，孔洞周围和两孔洞间的区域塑性变形较大，晶体的转动和滑移主要集中在孔洞周围以及两孔洞间的区域。     

Coupled Crystal Plasticity–Phase Field Fracture Simulation Study on Damage Evolution Around a Void: Pore Shape Versus Crystallographic Orientation

Various mechanisms such as anisotropic plastic flow, damage nucleation, and crack propagation govern the overall mechanical response of structural materials. Understanding how these mechanisms interact, i.e. if they amplify mutually or compete with each other, is an essential prerequisite for the design of improved alloys. This study shows—by using the free and open source software DAMASK (the Düsseldorf Advanced Material Simulation Kit)—how the coupling of crystal plasticity and phase field fracture methods can increase the understanding of the complex interplay between crystallographic orientation and the geometry of a void. To this end, crack initiation and propagation around an experimentally obtained pore with complex shape is investigated and compared to the situation of a simplified spherical void. Three different crystallographic orientations of the aluminum matrix hosting the defects are considered. It is shown that crack initiation and propagation depend in a non-trivial way on crystallographic orientation and its associated plastic behavior as well as on the shape of the pore.     

EFFECT OF WAVY GRAIN BOUNDARY ON CREEP FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR IN ASTROLOY ALLOY

Astroloy合金中弯曲晶界显著改善了材料的蠕变持久塑性和蠕变裂纹生长抗力。通过尖切口根处蠕变裂纹形成寿命分析与试验比较,证实蠕变J~*积分是控制尖切口(和裂纹)场的有效参量。据此由线性损伤模型和HRR奇异性结合,导出与直晶和弯晶试验结果吻合良好的蠕变裂纹扩展速率表达式: da/dt=Be~(k/n+1)D(x_0)J~(*kn/n+1) 从晶界孔洞形成角度讨论了弯曲晶界蠕变损伤的微观机制。     

镍基单晶超合金中孔洞长大的试验和有限元分析

在高温状态下，镍基单晶超合金的变形、损伤及断裂分析中，孔洞的长大都起着主要的作用。本研究进行了系列的蠕变、疲劳及热机械疲劳（TMF）试验。对试件的断面进行的SEM观察表明，所有的断面都是有许多小断面构成，在断面的中心，至少有一个孔洞。孔洞的尺寸与加载的条件相关。使用晶体塑性有限元程序对单胞模型进行分析，模拟孔洞的长大规律。给出了蠕变和弹塑性两种条件下的模拟结果及不同的晶体取向对孔穴长大的影响结果。对孔洞长大的有限元分析有助于对实验结果的理解。     

Simulation of lattice orientation effects on void growth and coalescence by crystal plasticity

A three dimensional rate-dependent crystal plasticity model is applied to study the influence of crystal orientation and grain boundary on the void growth and coalescence. The 3D computational model is a unit cell including one sphere void or two sphere voids. The results of three different orientations for single crystal and bicrystals are compared. It is found that crystallographic orientation has noticeable influences on the void growth direction,void shape, and void coalescence of single crystal. The void growth rate of bicrystals depends on the crystallographic orientations and grain boundary direction.     

循环压缩载荷下Ni3Al基合金单晶体的疲劳开裂

采用两种晶体取向的单边缺口试样，在循环压缩载荷下对Ｎｉ３Ａｌ基合金单晶体的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展行为进行了研究。在循环压缩载荷下，第一阶段的晶体学开裂在缺口根部同时沿着两个或更多的（１１１）面发生。     

Predicting fatigue crack initiation through image-based micromechanical modeling

The influence of individual grain orientation on early fatigue crack initiation in a four-point bend fatigue test was investigated numerically and experimentally. The 99.99% aluminium test sample was subjected to high cycle fatigue (HCF) and the top surface microstructure within the inner span of the sample was characterized using electron-beam backscattering diffraction (EBSD). Applying a finite-element submodelling approach, the microstructure was digitally reconstructed and refined studies carried out in regions where fatigue damage was observed. The constitutive behaviour of aluminium was described by a crystal plasticity model which considers the evolution of dislocations and accumulation of edge dislocation dipoles. Using an energy-based approach to quantify fatigue damage, the model correctly predicts regions in grains where early fatigue crack initiation was observed. The tendency for fatigue cracks to initiate in these grains appears to be strongly linked to the orientations of the grains relative to the direction of loading – grains less favourably aligned with respect to the loading direction appear more susceptible to fatigue crack initiation. The limitations of this modelling approach are also highlighted and discussed, as some grains predicted to initiate cracks did not show any visible signs of fatigue cracking in the same locations during testing.     

The effects of film formation and mechanical factors on the initiation of stress corrosion cracking of unalloyed steels in carbonate solutions

Investigations into the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of unalloyed steel St 36 in carbonate-bicarbonate solutions have shown that SCC susceptibility is limited to the potential range of magnetite formation for both constant load and constant strain rate tests. Experiments to determine the creep behaviour of the steel in the corrosive solution show that creep rates corresponding to the critical strain rates in the constant strain rate test occur during the crack initiation state after loading of the tensile specimen with a constant crack initiating load. These experimental findings establish, therefore, that critical crack initiating strain rates of the unalloyed steel are always present during the initial stage for SCC regardless of the test method used. The cause of crack initiation at grain boundaries can be attributed to the fact that the magnetite layers feature faults and grooves in the oxide along the grain boundaries in the entire critical potential range. These oxide grooves, which are also observed on unstressed steel, cause a notch-like localized corrosion attack. The depth and crack tip radius of the resultant grain boundary notches appear to be sufficient to initiate propagating cracks under the single action of predominately pure stresses without macroscopic deformation of the steel. This does not necessarily mean, however, that a purely stress induced corrosion process is involved, for it is not out of question that the concentration of stress in the base of grain boundary notches is sufficient to cause localized deformation processes required for crack initiation.