适合分布式冷热电联供系统的中小型发电装置

分布式冷热电联供（combined cooling,heating and power,CCHP）系统是一种小型、临近用户的新型供能方式,可避免能量长距离传输过程损失,同时具有灵活、高效、环保特点,成为大规模、集中式供能方式的重要补充。中小型发电装置是分布式冷热电联供系统的核心,制冷和制热也都围绕发电装置余热展开。对适合分布式冷热电联供系统的2类中小型发电装置的基本工作原理、热力性能和相关研究进展进行综述。一类是以化石燃料为能源输入的中小型发电装置,包括微型燃气轮机、燃气内燃机、小型燃气轮机和燃料电池;另一类是以发电装置余热或太阳能集热等其他热源为能源输入的中小型发电装置,包括有机朗肯循环、正逆耦合循环、热声发电机等。最后,对2类中小型发电装置的优缺点进行对比分析,为分布式供能系统的发电装置选型、系统方案设计等提供参考。     

地热能及与其他新能源联合发电综述

我国地热资源丰富,且分布范围广。随着能源短缺和环境恶化问题的出现,地热能作为一种可再生的清洁能源受到人们的广泛关注,并将其用于发电领域,以降低污染物的排放、减缓煤炭等化石燃料引发的温室效应,实现能源结构的优化。介绍了地热蒸汽发电技术、地热水发电技术、干热岩发电技术、岩浆发电技术等地热发电技术的工作原理,并在适用范围、发电效率、发电成本、优缺点等方面对其进行比较。同时,阐述了地热与太阳能、生物质联合发电技术;分析了地热发电技术中存在的问题,以期为地热能在我国乃至世界范围的实际应用提供参考。     

SAHPPA: a novel power pinch analysis approach for the design of off-grid hybrid energy systems

This work proposes a novel approach called stand-alone hybrid system power pinch analysis (SAHPPA), which is particularly applicable for the design of off-grid distributed energy generation systems. The enhanced graphical tool employs new ways of utilising the recently introduced demand composite curve and supply composite curve while honouring and adapting fundamental energy systems engineering concepts. The SAHPPA method is capable of optimising the capacity of both the power generators and energy storage for biomass (i.e. non-intermittent) and solar photovoltaic (i.e. intermittent) energy technologies, which is a contribution to the emerging area of power pinch analysis. In addition, the procedure considers all possible efficiency losses in the overall system encompassing the charging–discharging and current inversion processes.     

Simulated annealing-based optimal wind-thermal coordination scheduling

The rise of environmental protection and the progressive exhaustion of traditional fossil energy sources have increased the interests in integrating wind energy sources into existing power systems. Development of better wind-thermal coordination algorithms is necessary to determine the optimal proportion of wind generator capacity that can be integrated into the system for operating an isolated hybrid power system reliably and efficiently. A stochastic searching technique, which utilises a simulated annealing (SA) approach combined with an efficient constrained dynamic economic dispatch (CDED) method, is developed to coordinate the wind and thermal generation scheduling in isolated power systems with large integration of wind capacity. The SA algorithm is used for the scheduling of the generating units, whereas a direct search method routine carries out the ramp rate CDED when considering wind power generation. Several technique constraints are applied to determine the maximum proportion of wind generator capacity that can be integrated into the system. A constraint satisfaction technique for generating feasible neighbouring solution is also developed to improve the SA solution process. Numerical experiments are included to understand the wind generator capacity in the operating cost analysis and to provide valuable information for both the operational and planning problems     

Green energy?

The UK gets nearly all its energy from the fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas etc.) and nuclear power, approximately 15% being consumed in the form of electricity. It is now well known that the burning of fossil fuels is accompanied by atmospheric pollution in the form of acid rain, ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. Renewable energy sources, e.g. wind, solar, tidal, wave, hydroelectric and geothermal power do not at present contribute significantly to the UK energy supply and are also accompanied by adverse effects on the environment. The best hope for meeting future energy needs may lie in containing energy consumption, increased generation efficiency and an expanded nuclear power programme. The author discusses the problems of acid rain and the greenhouse effect and describes several forms of renewable energy: wind energy, solar energy, tidal power, wave power, hydroelectricity, biomass geothermal power and nuclear power     

Energie- und CO2-Bilanzen von Solarkollektoranlagen

Energy systems based on solar collectors or other renewable energy sources are normally regarded as CO₂ zero-emission systems because nearly no fossil fuels are used to operate the systems. But the complete evaluation of an energy system concerning its CO₂ reduction potential must not be restricted to the emissions during the operation of the system. The cumulative energy demand and the cumulative CO₂ emissions during the life cycle have to be considered. In case of a solar collector system, in particular the production-determined emissions and emissions due to the requirement of auxiliary electric power for the collector pump are important. An energy analysis is this kind was performed for solar domestic hot water systems. It is shown that the consideration of the life cycle emissions reduces significantly the CO₂ reduction potential of solar collector systems whereby the design of the system has a major influence.     

超临界二氧化碳循环发电技术应用

超临界二氧化碳循环可应用于火力发电、核能发电、太阳能热发电等多种发电技术领域,作为新型的动力循环系统替代目前广泛使用的汽轮发电机组或燃气轮机发电机组。在进入商业化应用之前,需要对超临界二氧化碳循环技术在各种应用场景下的优势及其潜在的社会和经济效益进行探讨。通过分析超临界二氧化碳循环的特点和优势,探索其与化石能源、核能、太阳能、生物质能、余热等各种热源相结合的可行性,提出多种发电系统方案,可为今后超临界二氧化碳循环的商业化应用提供参考。随着超临界二氧化碳循环技术不断成熟,设备成本进一步降低,其系统简化、结构紧凑、效率高等优势将更加突显。     

Multi-objective optimization of steam power plants for sustainable generation of electricity

A unified framework that combines process simulation and multi-objective optimization is presented to simultaneously maximize the annual profit, while minimizing environmental impact (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions) of steam power plants with fixed flowsheet structures. The proposed methodology includes the selection of suitable primary energy sources (i.e., fossil fuels, biomass, biofuels, and solar energy) for sustainable electricity generation. For solving the problem of optimal selection of energy sources, a linear model is developed and included within a highly nonlinear simulation model for the parameter optimization of steam power plants that is solved by using genetic algorithms. This approach is robust and avoids making discrete decisions. Life cycle assessment technique is used to quantify the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from different combinations of energy sources and operating conditions of the power plants. The thermodynamic properties for liquid water and steam are calculated rigorously using the IAPWS-IF 97 formulation. An example problem of an advanced regenerative-reheat steam power plant is presented to illustrate the proposed method, which provides the Pareto optimal solutions, the types and amounts of primary energy sources as well as the optimal values of the operating conditions of the plant that simultaneously maximize the profit while minimizing environmental impact.     

太阳能吸收式和吸附式制冷系统的研究

近年来由于人们对能源需求量增大导致矿物能源供应紧张,同时给环境带来污染,使得开发利用新能源成为研究重点。对太阳能的开发力度也不断加大,不仅利用太阳能发电,而且制冷。主要是对目前比较成熟的太阳能吸收式和吸附式制冷技术的原理以及研究情况进行了介绍,对其应用与优缺点进行了总结,提出了一些建议,并展望了太阳能制冷在未来空调领域重要的推广利用价值。太阳能制冷系统的成本降低,性能的不断改进,为太阳能制冷的推广应用奠定了基础。因此太阳能制冷逐渐走向小型化,促进普及推广与商品化将是未来的发展趋势。     

COMPROMISE: AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR SOLVING MULTIOBJECTIVE THERMAL DESIGN PROBLEMS

In this paper, the application of the compromise Decision Support Problem Technique to the design of a Rankine power cycle to be used in a solar powered irrigation system is described. The system consists of a solar collector cycle coupled with a simple Rankine cycle. The uniqueness or the present approach lies in the interfacing of the thermal system simulation routines with a multi-objective optimization algorithm^1.2, as opposed to the traditional iterative design procedure. The problem, though simple in a mathematical sense, is complete in that it is representative of the complexities associated with the design or thermal systems dealing with thermodynamic property changes.     

基于改进单纯形法和凝结水节流的超超临界机组协调优化

风能、太阳等新能源的规模化并网对电网的安全稳定性造成较大影响。为提高新能源的消纳能力,电网对燃煤机组的运行灵活性、负荷快速响应能力、深度调峰能力等提出了很高的要求。采用先进的控制策略提升协调控制的品质,具有重要的现实意义。基于近年来发展起来的"凝结水节流"快速变负荷方法,采用人工神经网络建立了考虑凝结水节流特性的负荷预测模型及主汽压力预测模型。在此基础上,利用经典优化理论中的改进单纯形法,设计了协调系统智能优化控制策略,编制了实时优化程序。借助1000 MW超超临界机组仿真机开展了详细的优化控制仿真实验,结果表明文中方法可有效提高机组变工况负荷响应的快速性,减少主汽压力波动,提升协调控制品质。     

Line-focusing concentrating solar collector-based power plants: a review

Concentrated solar power (CSP) plant is an emerging technology among different renewable energy sources. Parabolic trough collector (PTC)-based CSP plant, using synthetic or organic oil as a heat-transfer fluid, is the most advanced technology. About 87 % of the operational capacities of CSP plants worldwide are based on PTC technology. Direct steam-generating linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) systems have been developed as a cost-effective alternative to PTC systems. Line-focusing concentrating solar collectors (PTC and LFR), with single-axis tracking, are simple in design and easy to operate. Prior to the detailed design of a CSP plant, it is necessary to finalize type of the solar field, type of the power-generating cycle, overall plant configuration, sizing of the solar field and the power block, etc. The optimal design of a CSP plant minimizes the levelized cost of energy for a given site. In this paper, a detailed review of important design parameters which affect the design of line-focusing concentrating solar collector-based power plants is presented. This includes parameters for solar collector field design, receiver, heat-transfer fluid, thermal energy storage, power-generating cycle, sizing and configuration of the plant, etc. This review may provide a reference for designing CSP plants. Future research directions are also identified.     

Optimal operation of a distributed energy generation system for a sustainable palm oil-based eco-community

The palm oil industry potentially can be environmentally sustainable through utilizing the vast availability of biomass residues from palm oil mills as renewable energy sources. This work addresses the optimal operation of a combined bioenergy and solar PV distributed energy generation system to meet the electricity and heat demands of an eco-community comprising a palm oil mill and its surrounding residential community. A multiperiod mixed-integer linear programming planning and scheduling model is formulated on an hourly basis that optimally selects the power generation mix from among available biomass, biogas, and solar energy resources with consideration for energy storage and load shifting. A multiscenario approach is employed that considers scenarios in the form of many possible weather conditions and various energy profiles under varying mill operation modes and residential electricity consumption. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a realistic case study for a palm oil mill in the Iskandar Malaysia economic development region. The computational results indicate that biomass-based resource is the preferred renewable energy to be implemented due to the high cost associated with solar PV. As well, load shifting and energy storage can be feasibly deployed for demand peak shaving particularly for solar PV systems.     

基于动态规划的光伏蓄冰空调预测控制

光伏空调和蓄冰空调同属于绿色空调,两者均能起到缓解电网压力、节约空调运行费用的作用。本文将光伏空调与蓄冰空调结合,提出了一种含有充供(充冷同时供冷)工作模式的光伏蓄冰空调系统,构建了光伏蓄冰空调系统运行调度的非线性优化模型,并基于动态规划方法对优化问题进行了全局最优求解;根据光伏发电与建筑冷负荷的预测数据,进行了不同建筑冷负荷下的光伏蓄冰空调预测控制案例分析。结果表明:在考虑光伏发电预测的情况下,光伏蓄冰空调系统的预测控制可将夜间的蓄冰能耗转移到日间,有效降低了系统的运行费用,并提高了系统的太阳能保证率、光伏消纳率和平均能效;当光伏售电价格降低时,预测控制下的光伏蓄冰空调系统可更充分利用光伏电能,系统的运行费用得到了更大幅度的降低。     

High-performance flat-panel solar thermoelectric generators with high thermal concentration

The conversion of sunlight into electricity has been dominated by photovoltaic and solar thermal power generation. Photovoltaic cells are deployed widely, mostly as flat panels, whereas solar thermal electricity generation relying on optical concentrators and mechanical heat engines is only seen in large-scale power plants. Here we demonstrate a promising flat-panel solar thermal to electric power conversion technology based on the Seebeck effect and high thermal concentration, thus enabling wider applications. The developed solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs) achieved a peak efficiency of 4.6% under AM1.5G (1 kW m(-2)) conditions. The efficiency is 7-8 times higher than the previously reported best value for a flat-panel STEG, and is enabled by the use of high-performance nanostructured thermoelectric materials and spectrally-selective solar absorbers in an innovative design that exploits high thermal concentration in an evacuated environment. Our work opens up a promising new approach which has the potential to achieve cost-effective conversion of solar energy into electricity.     

基于合作博弈的电力生产商多能互补优化策略

为了稳定电网系统，消纳清洁能源并提高电力生产商利润，提出将现有的化石能源、风能和太阳能发电资源通过合作博弈的方式建立多能互补发电策略模型来满足用户的全部电力需求，通过Shapley值法对电力生产商利益进行合理地分配。为了验证策略可行性，设置3类电力生产商在5种不同合作策略下运作。仿真结果表明，多能互补最优策略下电力生产商单日供电量极差减少了32%，化石燃料、风力和光伏发电电力生产商单日利润分别提高了15.9%、45.5%和65.0%。结果表明，所提策略是正确且行之有效的，具有指导价值。     

Optimal scheduling of biocide dosing for seawater-cooled power and desalination plants

Thermal desalination systems are typically integrated with power plants to exploit the excess heat resulting from the power-generation units. Using seawater in cooling the power plant and the desalination system is a common practice in many parts of the world where there is a shortage of freshwater. Biofouling is one of the major problems associated with the usage of seawater in cooling systems. Because of the dynamic variation in the power and water demands as well as the changes in the characteristics of seawater and the process, there is a need to develop an optimal policy for scheduling biocide usage and cleaning maintenance of the heat exchangers. The objective of this article is to introduce a systematic procedure for the optimization of scheduling the dosing of biocide and dechlorination chemicals as well as cleaning maintenance for a power production/thermal desalination plant. A multi-period optimization formulation is developed and solved to determine: the optimal levels of dosing and dechlorination chemicals; the timing of maintenance to clean the heat-exchange surfaces; and the dynamic dependence of the biofilm growth on the applied doses, the seawater-biocide chemistry, the process conditions, and seawater characteristics for each time period. The technical, economic, and environmental considerations of the system are accounted for. A case study is solved to elucidate the applicability of the developed optimization approach.     

Electric power distribution system design and planning in a deregulated environment

This study presents a hierarchical dynamic optimisation model to address the design, planning and energy scheduling problem in power distribution systems. In addition to planner controlled investments, uncoordinated investor distributed generation investments are also respected, for which recommendations given policies can be made. Beyond planning, this model's usefulness also extends into predicting the impact of different energy policies on system operation and economics.     

A Bistable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Low-Grade Thermal Energy Harvesting and Solar Thermal Energy Conversion

Converting ubiquitous ambient low-grade thermal energy into electricity is of great significance for tackling the fossil energy shortage and environmental crisis but poses a considerable challenge. Here, a novel thermal-driven triboelectric nanogenerator (TD-TENG) is developed, which utilizes a bimetallic beam with a bi-stable dynamic feature to induce continuous mechanical oscillations, and the mechanical motion is then converted into electric power using a contact-separation TENG. The thermal process inside the device is systematically investigated and effective thermal management is conducted accordingly. After optimization, the TD-TENG can produce a power density of 323.9 mW m⁻² at 59.5 °C, obtaining the highest record of TENG-based thermal energy harvesters. Besides, the first prototype of TENG-based solar thermal harvester is successfully demonstrated, with a power density of 364.4 mW m⁻². Moreover, the TD-TENG can harvest and dissipate the heat at the same time, exhibiting great potential in over-heated electronics protection as well as architectural energy conservation. Most importantly, the operation temperature range of the TD-TENG is tunable by adjusting the bimetal parameters, allowing the device a wide and flexible working thermal gradient. These unique properties validate the TD-TENG is a simple, feasible, cost-effective, and high-efficient low-grade thermal energy harvester.     

纳米材料改善硝酸熔盐传蓄热性能的研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

聚光式太阳能热发电是解决能源和环境矛盾的理想途径,传热蓄热技术是光热发电的重要环节,在此需要解决的关键问题是传热蓄热介质。熔盐作为储蓄热介质具有明显优势。国内外运行的光热电站中大多使用二元硝酸熔盐(Solar salt)与三元硝酸熔盐(Hitec),但二者传蓄热性能均欠佳,影响了太阳能的利用效率。纳米材料的独特空间结构,使其具有优异的导热性能、良好的稳定性等,将其作为添加剂引入到硝酸熔盐体系中,有望改善材料的传热蓄热等热物性能,进而提高太阳能光热利用的效率,降低发电成本。本文综述了纳米金属粒子、纳米金属氧化物、纳米碳材料和其他无机纳米材料作为添加剂掺杂到硝酸熔盐体系中的相关研究,论述了改性后熔盐热物性的变化并探讨了作用机理,以期为制备优异热性能的储能熔盐提供参考。未来的研究可重点关注热物性测试、传热机理、构效关系和工业化中试,将具有优异的传蓄热性能的硝酸熔盐应用在太阳能光热发电领域,在清洁能源开发利用方面发挥更重要的作用。