8 富烧绿石在模拟处置条件下的浸出行为研究

本工作实验研究包容46．8％模拟锕系废物的富烧绿石在5种模拟处置条件介质纯花岗岩、花岗岩＋水泥、花岗岩＋Fe3O4、纯膨润土和膨润土＋Fe3O4中的浸出行为。用X射线衍射（XRD）和带有X射线能谱仪的扫描电镜（SEM／EDS）对样品表面进行了分析。     

富烧绿石在模拟处置条件下的浸出行为研究

本工作实验研究包容46.8%模拟锕系废物的富烧绿石在5种模拟处置条件介质纯花岗岩、花岗岩 水泥、花岗岩 Fe3O4、纯膨润土和膨润土 Fe3O4中的浸出行为。用X射线衍射(XRD)和带有X射线能谱仪的扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)对样品表面进行了分析。实验结果显示,质量浸出率在182d后基本保持为1     

模拟高放玻璃固化体处置条件下浸出行为研究

根据国际上推荐多重地质屏障体系作为高放废物地质处置方案,本工作实验研究了模拟高放玻璃固化体在5种地质介质(由花岗岩、膨润土、水泥、Fe3O4组成)中两年内的浸出行为。实验结果显示,玻璃固化体在花岗岩介质中的质量损失最小,在膨润土介质中的质量损失最大。扫描电镜分析结果显示,在浸出后的玻璃固化体表面,Na、Si和Mg元素含量随时间延长而减少,而Ba、Al和Fe元素含量随时间延长而在表面略显富集。模拟高放玻璃固化体处置条件下浸出行为研究@张华 @杨建文 @李宝军 @罗上庚IAEA合作项目(10637)…     

富烧绿石人造岩石固化模拟锕系废物

采用国际上较少研究的烧绿石为主要矿相,针对分离的锕系核素进行人造岩石固化研究。设计并制备了对模拟锕系元素包容量为46.8％的富烧绿石人造岩石固化体。对其物理性能、抗浸出性能、耐辐照性能和微观结构进行的研究结果表明富烧绿石人造岩石固化体具有很好的性能。     

喷雾热解合成An_2Zr_2O_7(An=La、Nd)烧绿石及结构分析

锆基烧绿石An2Zr2O7以优异抗辐照性能和化学稳定性成为高放废物中锕系核素的理想固化基材。镧系核素常作为替代核素进行锕系核素的固化研究,实验以硝酸盐为原料,以三价的镧系元素(La、Nd)模拟锕系元素,采用sol-喷雾热解方法在1 200℃、6h内合成了(La、Nd)2Zr2O7烧绿石。采用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱分析方法对合成的样品进行了结构表征,结果表明:利用该方法合成了单一物相的烧绿石立方结构An2Zr2O7;相对于La2Zr2O7的烧绿石结构,Nd2Zr2O7烧绿石具有向萤石结构转变的趋势。该合成方法为目前的高放废液人造岩石固化提供了一定的技术基础。     

富烧绿石人造岩石固休模拟锕系废物

采用国际上较少研究的烧绿石为主要矿相，针对分离的锕系核素进行人造岩石固化研究。设计并制备了对模拟锕系元素包容量为46．8％的富烧绿石人造岩石固化体。对其物理性能、抗浸出性能、耐辐照性能和微观结构进行的研究结果表明：富烧绿石人造岩石固化具有很好的性能。     

镧系元素模拟衰变子体对An_2Zr_2O_7固化体结构及其γ辐照性能的影响

锆基烧绿石An2Zr2O7以优异的抗辐照性能和化学稳定性成为高放废物中锕系核素的理想固化基材,高放废物固化体在长期贮存过程中不断衰变产生衰变子体,必将影响固化体的结构和性能。本文以镧系核素Nd模拟锕系核素Pu、Am,La模拟其衰变子体U、Np,通过溶胶凝胶方法合成了(LaxNd1-x)2Zr2O7模拟固化体。样品经高能γ辐照,辐照剂量为233.78kGy。利用X射线衍射、Raman振动光谱和结构精修方法对辐照前后的系列样品进行了分析。结果表明:(LaxNd1-x)2Zr2O7系列固化体均为单一的烧绿石结构相;固化体的晶格常数随La的增加呈线性增加,晶体结构趋于有序化,意味着衰变子体有助于固化体趋向于更加有序的烧绿石结构。γ辐照和结构精修结果表明,随着子体的增加,An—O48f键长增大,离子键结合力减小,在辐照情况下晶格易发生无序化,抗辐照能力减弱。     

多组元烧绿石陶瓷固化体的制备及其抗浸出性能

烧绿石具有优异的理化稳定性和耐辐照稳定性,被认为是理想的放射性核素固化基材。然而,人造烧绿石在烧结过程中对核素的选择性高,从而限制了其固化核素的种类和数量。针对上述问题,本工作以镧系元素铕（Eu）、钐（Sm）、钕（Nd）模拟放射性的锕系核素,成功制备得到了2、3、4组元的烧绿石结构陶瓷固化体。结果表明,目标核素均匀地固溶在烧绿石的晶格结构中形成了单相均一的多组元烧绿石陶瓷固化体。化学浸出实验表明,多组元烧绿石结构具有优异的抗浸出性能,是一种具有应用前景的高放废物陶瓷固化体候选材料。     

模拟高放废物玻璃固化体在处置条件下的浸出行为研究（Ⅰ）

用模拟高放废物硼硅酸盐玻璃固化体和介质（包括膨润土、凝灰岩、沸石、氧化铁粉、去离子水和模拟地下水）构成模拟处置条件下的９个浸泡体系，研究了在有介质存在条件下，玻璃固化体浸泡后的失重，玻璃体的元素浸出和浸出液的ｐＨ值变化；研究了温度和ｐＨ对浸出的影响，求出了玻璃、水反应的表观活化能为７３．０ＫＪ／ｍｏｌ。对高放废物处置库的回填材料的选择提供了优选方案。     

高放玻璃多重屏障介质多因素耦合处置方法研究

地下水透过多重屏障介质与高放玻璃固化体直接接触后,放射性核素会从固化体中释放,因此成为高放废物处置库安全评价的源项。为更精确地预测玻璃固化体长期处置行为,本文考察了围岩、回填材料等因素对模拟高放玻璃固化体中各关键元素浸出的影响,实验处置温度为90 ℃,模拟高放玻璃固化体依据德国配方制备。结果表明,围岩对玻璃体中不同元素的阻滞作用有所差异。B、Re和U的浸出浓度在二长花岗岩中最大;膨润土含水量高时,玻璃体中元素释出量大;而含水量低时,释出量小;在膨润土中添加5%的素玻璃粉,对玻璃的腐蚀有抑制作用。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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