Effect of surfactants on weight gain in mice

A study was conducted to determine if four surfactants can induce increased weight gain in the mouse. Basic-H, Triton X-100, Amway All Purpose Adjuvant and X-77 were put in water and fed to various groups of ICR 21 day old female mice for a period of 43 days. All the mice were clinically normal throughout the study period. Pathological examination of a random sample of the mice revealed no gross pathological changes. Similarly, histopathological examination of the lungs, livers and intestines did not reveal any visible lesions. Basic-H and Amway surfactants induced weight gain, though not significantly, better at 0.1% (V/V) concentration while X-77 and Triton X-100 induced weight gain better at 0.4% (V/V) concentration. Overall results show that none of the surfactants tested induced significant weight gain.     

Effects of novel vaccines on weight loss in diet-induced-obese （DIO） mice

The purpose of the study was to test the therapeutic effects of novel vaccines for reducing weight gain and increasing weight loss in diet induced obesity (DIO) model. Male C57BL/6 J mice, fed a 60% Kcal fat diet for 8 weeks prior to the start of the study, were vaccinated via the intraperitoneal route with two formulations (JH17 & JH18) of chimeric-somatostatin vaccines at 1 and 22 days of the study. Control mice were injected with PBS. All mice continued to be feed the 60% Kcal fat diet for the 6 week study. Body weights were measured two times a week and food intake was measured weekly. At week 6, mice were euthanized and a terminal bleed was made and antibody levels to somatostatin and levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were determined. Vaccination with both vaccine formulations induced a statistically significant body weight change over the study period, as compared with PBS controls. Percentage of baseline body weight was also significantly affected by vaccination during the study period. Vaccinates finished the study at 104% and 107% of baseline weight, JH17 & JH18 respectively, while untreated controls reached 115% of baseline weight. Food intake per mouse was similar in all mouse groups during the entire study. Control mice did not demonstrate any antibody titers to somatostatin, while all vaccinated mice had measurable antibody responses (> 1:500,000 titer). IGF-1 levels were not statistically significant among the groups, but were elevated in the JH18 vaccinates (mean 440.4 ng/mL) when compared with PBS controls (mean 365.6 ng/mL). Vaccination with either JH17 or JH18 chimeric-somatostatin vaccines produced a statistically significant weight loss as compared with PBS controls (P < 0.0001), even though the DIO mice with continually fed a 60% Kcal fat diet. The weight loss/lower weight gain observations were even more significant, as all mice consumed similar amounts of food for the entire study. The presence of high levels of anti-somatostatin antibodies at 6 weeks was correlative with the weight observations and confirmed the success of vaccination.     

Effects of novel vaccines on weight loss in diet-induced-obese (DIO) mice

The purpose of the study was to test the therapeutic effects of novel vaccines for reducing weight gain and increasing weight loss in diet induced obesity (DIO) model. Male C57BL/6 J mice, fed a 60% Kcal fat diet for 8 weeks prior to the start of the study, were vaccinated via the intraperitoneal route with two formulations (JH17 & JH18) of chimeric-somatostatin vaccines at 1 and 22 days of the study. Control mice were injected with PBS. All mice continued to be feed the 60% Kcal fat diet for the 6 week study. Body weights were measured two times a week and food intake was measured weekly. At week 6, mice were euthanized and a terminal bleed was made and antibody levels to somatostatin and levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were determined. Vaccination with both vaccine formulations induced a statistically significant body weight change over the study period, as compared with PBS controls. Percentage of baseline body weight was also significantly affected by vaccination during the study period. Vaccinates finished the study at 104% and 107% of baseline weight, JH17 & JH18 respectively, while untreated controls reached 115% of baseline weight. Food intake per mouse was similar in all mouse groups during the entire study. Control mice did not demonstrate any antibody titers to somatostatin, while all vaccinated mice had measurable antibody responses (> 1:500,000 titer). IGF-1 levels were not statistically significant among the groups, but were elevated in the JH18 vaccinates (mean 440.4 ng/mL) when compared with PBS controls (mean 365.6 ng/mL). Vaccination with either JH17 or JH18 chimeric –somatostatin vaccines produced a statistically significant weight loss as compared with PBS controls (P < 0.0001), even though the DIO mice with continually fed a 60% Kcal fat diet. The weight loss/lower weight gain observations were even more significant, as all mice consumed similar amounts of food for the entire study. The presence of high levels of anti-somatostatin antibodies at 6 weeks was correlative with the weight observations and confirmed the success of vaccination.     

Comparison of different diluents and chromophores for spectrophotometric determination of livestock blood cholinesterase activity

Effects of seven different blood diluents (distilled water, Triton X-100, saponin, isotonic saline solution, pH 7.5 and 8 phosphate buffers and bovine serum albumin) and two chromophores: 5, 5'-dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (2- PDS) on blood cholinesterase determination in four domestic species (cow, sheep, goat and horse) are described and compared. Haemolytic diluents (distilled water, Triton X-100 and saponin) gave the best precision results when fresh blood was assayed. However, Triton X-100 induced lower ChE activity values in horses, and saponin yielded very high backgrounds in all species tested; so distilled water was recommended as diluent for fresh blood cholinesterase determination. In frozen samples all diluents (except Triton X-100) gave homogeneous final ChE results and showed good between-run precision.Use of 2- PDS as chromophore allowed to do kinetic measurements with approximately 1/3 less haemoglobin interference than when DTNB was employed. This fact allows the use of more concentrated whole blood samples, improving measurements accuracy and decreasing the possible reactivation of inhibited ChE. On the basis of these results, distilled water as diluent and 2- PDS as chromophore are recommended for ChE determination in whole blood.     

鳖源致病性气单胞菌外膜蛋白型的差异分析

从鳖等水生生物中分离及收集到11株致病性细菌,经全自动细菌仪鉴定为气单胞菌.采用Triton X-100法和Sarkosyl法提取其外膜蛋白(OMPs),进行SDS-PAGE电泳及聚类分析.结果表明,不同的提取方法对OMPs型有影响,Triton X-100法提取的菌株OMPs条带较多,分子质量范围在17 ku～100...     

The evaluation of an experimental porcine herpesvirus 1 (Aujeszky's disease virus) subunit vaccine in mice

Porcine herpesvirus 1 (PHV-1) antigens were extracted from virus-infected cells using the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. A single vaccination with these viral antigens in Freund's incomplete adjuvant resulted in the production of neutralizing antibody and a cellular immune response in mice. An 87% rate of protection was observed in these mice upon challenge with a lethal dose of PHV-1. A second vaccination given at day 21 resulted in higher levels of neutrilizing antibody and 100% protection of vaccinated mice upon challenge with virulent PHV-1.     

Comparison of different methods for the solubilisation of Neospora caninum (Phylum Apicomplexa) antigen

Parasite antigens are of interest both for the development of better diagnostic tools and potential subunit vaccines. Particularly, relevant in this regard are membrane proteins as the first point of contact between host and parasite. Here, four different methods for the extraction and solubilisation of Neospora caninum proteins were evaluated by comparing protein yield, specific antigenicity and relative protein abundance in the electrophoresis profile. Extraction with SDS and sulphobetaines (SB) gave higher yields than those achieved using the standard sonication method. SDS and SB preparations also gave the best signal to noise ratio when used as capture antigens in an ELISA. Electrophoresis of the three preparations showed an even protein-banding pattern spread out over the 90-10 kDa size range. However, there were a greater proportion of lower molecular weight proteins when the sonication method was used suggesting that this method may have resulted in the degradation/proteolysis of some proteins. Extraction with Triton X-114 resulted in the concentration of three or four proteins but led to a considerable reduction in the overall protein yield. The ELISA indicated that not all of the Triton X-114 extracted proteins were involved in specific antibody binding. The optimal extraction method for parasite proteins depends on the intended application.     

Rearing of female cattle twins using complete feed pellets in comparison to straw pellets plus concentrate mixture. 1. Weight gain performance and feed expenditure as well as rumen fermentation conditions during the 4th-12th months of life

The investigations with young female cattle (twin cattle, n = 30) the applicability of straw as sole roughage after the end of the suckling period was tested. Completely (I) and partly (II) pelleted rations of dried feed with a straw component of 65% each in the total rations were used. Feed intake, development of body weight, feed expenditure as well as indexes of rumen fermentation and of the concentration of some metabolism parameters in the blood serum were measured. In the complete test period (between 5th and 12th months of life, 243 days) there were not any significant differences between the groups in all registrations. Average daily weight gains of 570 g were achieved with an overall high dry matter (2.6 kg/100 kg live weight) and roughage (straw) intake (1.6 kg dry matter/100 kg live weight). The standard expenditure of energy and protein given for the stage of development was differentiatedly undercut. The energy expenditure being below the standard (ca. 10%), the total energy expenditure (kEFUcattle) was by 20 (II) and 25% (I) below standard expenditure. Energy expenditure aimed at weight gain reached very satisfactory values with 3.68 (I) and 3.79 kEFUcattle/kg weight gain (II). Protein expenditure fell short of the standard for the development stage by 14 (II) and 20% (I) resp. All parameters ascertained of the rumen and intermediate metabolism were in the physiologic standard range, as is characteristic of feeding regimes with a relatively high quota of roughage.     

Triton X-100-solubilized Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae ELISA antigens

Triton X-100-solubilized Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae ELISA antigens were found to be more specific and sensitive than six other antigens at a concentration of 250 ng protein/0.1 ml per microtiter plate well.     

Hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralizing response of rabbits inoculated with bovine herpesvirus 1 subunit vaccine

The immunogenicity of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) hemagglutinin has been investigated. Both live and nonionic detergent solubilized vaccines were prepared and 5000 hemagglutinating units (HAU) were injected subcutaneously into rabbits. Both types of vaccine induced a good antibody response but live virus was four times more efficient in inducing hemagglutination inhibiting and neutralizing antibodies than either Triton X-100- or octylglucoside-solubilized subunit vaccine. Blotting analysis revealed that five proteins, of 105,000, 90,000, 74,000, 64,000 and 54,000 mol. wt, were recognized by the serum of vaccinated animals. Triton X-100-solubilized vaccine did not induce antibodies against the 105,000 and 64,000 mol. wt proteins, indicating the important role of VP 90,000 and VP 74,000 in hemagglutination and neutralization. The order in which antibodies to the different viral proteins were induced was VP 90,000, (VP 105,000, VP 64,000, VP 54,000) and VP 74,000. Our data indicate that VP 90,000 is the hemagglutinin. Using convalescent serum from intranasally infected animals, we could identify nine structural proteins for BHV-1; VP 105,000, VP 90,000, VP 74,000, VP 64,000, VP 54,000, VP 50,000, VP 47,000, VP 40,000 and VP 31,000.     

Alternate‐day fasting diet improves fructose‐induced insulin resistance in mice

Increased fructose consumption is linked to insulin resistance, weight gain, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Although the advantages of several dietary restriction regimens have been demonstrated, the effects of alternate‐day fasting (ADF) on fructose‐induced insulin resistance have not yet been studied. This study is based on a new modification on ADF by combining the fructose‐rich solution (10% w/v) and regular mice diet. Mice were randomly allocated into four groups: ADF50% (50% restriction in chow food intake but ad libitum fructose drink), ADF100% (100% restriction for chow food but ad libitum fructose drink), control (ad libitum chow food intake plus tap water) and daily food and fructose (DFF) (had free access to both chow and fructose solution). Biweekly fasting blood sugar (FBS), glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were conducted. All groups gained weight during the study (p < 0.05). Body weights of DFF and control groups did not differ from that of ADF groups, but ADF50% gained more (p < 0.01) weights than ADF100% through the study. Total calorie intake (feed + fast days) of ADF50% was higher than that of ADF100% (p < 0.001) and control (p < 0.03). In addition, ADF groups consumed more energy than the control and DFF groups in feed (ad libitum) days (p < 0.05). At the end of the study, the mean FBS levels in the control and ADF100% groups were similar and significantly lower in relation to that of DFF and ADF50% groups (p < 0.01). Measurements of area under the curve in GTT and ITT revealed that the ADF100% group was more insulin‐sensitive than the DFF and ADF50% groups. In conclusion, these data suggest that the ADF100% improves fructose‐induced insulin resistance in mice.     

Treatment of experimentally induced Pasteurella multocida infections in broilers and turkeys: comparative studies of different oral treatment regimens

Experimental fowl cholera was induced in 60 healthy 10-week-old broiler chickens and 8-week-old turkeys by intramuscular inoculation with approximately 80 colony-forming units (cfu) of Pasteurella multocida X-73 strain and with approximately 70 cfu of P. multocida P-1059 strain, respectively. This method of infection proved to be useful for evaluating the efficacy of anti-microbial medication, by measuring mortality, weight gain, pathological responses and frequency of re-isolation of P. multocida. The efficacies of two different dosing methods, continuous and pulse dosing, were compared. Using the continuous-dosing method, norfloxacin was administered to drinking water at 100 mg/l for 5 days in chickens. Efficacies were slightly improved compared with pulse dosing at 15 mg/kg bodyweight for the same length of time. The opposite was observed in turkeys, to the degree of control of mortality and maintenance of weight gain.     

Preparation of biologically active components of Mycobacterium bovis, using Triton X-100 or potassium chloride

Methods of producing antigen extracts of Mycobacterium bovis are described. Extraction of M bovis with a chaotropic salt, potassium chloride, or a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, before autoclaving resulted in the production of soluble M bovis components. These antigens induced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses when injected intradermally in M bovis-sensitized guinea pigs. A comparison of the diameters of the hypersensitivity responses (on the basis of equal protein concentrations in the inocula) revealed that the potassium chloride extract and the Triton extract of M bovis induced similar responses compared to the response induced with a purified protein derivative of M bovis. These findings indicate alternative methods may be used for the production of biologically active extracts of M bovis.     

The induction of a protective immunity against Jembrana disease in cattle by vaccination with inactivated tissue-derived virus antigens

The ability to induce a protective immunity against Jembrana disease, an acute lentivirus disease of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) present in Indonesia, was investigated. A protective immune response was induced in cattle by vaccination with virus-containing plasma and spleen tissue derived from acutely affected cattle. The virus was inactivated with Triton X-100 and emulsified in either incomplete Freund's adjuvant or a mineral oil adjuvant (MOA). The vaccination procedure suppressed the duration and severity of the disease but did not completely prevent the development of disease in animals challenged with 100 infectious doses of virus.     

Use of detergent extracts of Brucella abortus RB51 to detect serologic responses in RB51-vaccinated cattle.

Serologic responses to the newly introduced rough Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 have been determined in a dot-blot format using gamma-irradiated RB51 cells as the antigen. Because gamma-irradiated cells are not easily prepared and the signal from cells was not always reliable, an alternative antigen was sought. Detergent extracts of B. abortus RB51 were prepared using zwittergent 3-14, Triton X-100, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and examined in a dot-blot format. Zwittergent 3-14 extracts and gamma-irradiated RB51 cells gave the same titers. Unlike gamma-irradiated RB51 cells, zwittergent 3-14 extracts produced signals consistently, and the signals were easily interpreted. Triton X-100 extracts interfered with signal development, and SDS extracts resulted in a high background signal. Western blot analyses revealed several outer membrane proteins in the zwittergent 3-14 extract. The major antigens in the extract had apparent molecular weights of <20,000.     

营养调控剂对荷斯坦奶公牛育肥性能的影响

为了探讨2种营养调控剂对荷斯坦奶公牛育肥性能和屠宰性能的影响,按体重和月龄相近原则选择60头荷斯坦奶公牛,并随机分成3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2组分别在基础日粮中添加100 g/d调控剂Ⅰ和Ⅱ,预试期14 d,正试期31 d。结果表明,试验1、2组每头牛的日增重分别比对照组提高0.32和0.37 kg(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验2组能显著提高胴体产肉率、肉骨比和十三块分割肉重(P<0.05),试验1、2组的屠宰率、净肉率和十三块分割肉占净肉重比例分别提高了2.96%、3.05%、1.47%和1.89%、2.82%、2.39%,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);在试验期内,试验1、2组比对照组分别多增加利润1233.80和1370.20元。结果提示,2种营养调控剂均对荷斯坦奶公牛的育肥效果较好,可以产生较好的经济效益。     

山梨醇铁注射液预防仔猪缺铁性贫血和促进生长的研究

采用四种补铁制剂于仔省3日龄时分别一次肌肉注射,测定血红点白含量、增重等指标,研究山梨醇铁及其它类似制剂对预防仔猪贫血及促进生长的影响。试验结果表明:①各用药组仔猪各项指标均高于对照组;②福铁维组和100mg Fe/ml山梨醇铁组仔猪的血红蛋白含量升高及增重都极显著地高于对照组(P<0.01),期末增重比值分别达到135.04％与119.02％;③100mg Fe/ml山梨醇铁注射液吸收良好,无毒副作用,对预防仔猪缺铁性贫血及促进生长有较明显的效果,优于国内同类产品。     

Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on performance and blood parameters of growing-finishing swine fed in high ambient temperatures

A growing-finishing trial using 96 crossbred pigs (21.8 kg initially) was conducted to determine the effect of dietary electrolyte balance (EB = Na + K - Cl, meq/kg of feed) on rate and efficiency of weight gain, blood gases and whole blood Na and K concentration during high ambient temperatures. Dietary EB (25, 100, 175, 250, 325 or 400 meq/kg) was altered by the substitution of CaCl2 for CaCO3 or NaHCO3 for corn and soybean meal. Increasing EB during the grower phase (21 to 50 kg) increased feed intake and average daily gain linearly (P less than .03). Efficiency of feed utilization was unaffected (P greater than .70). During the finisher phase (50 to 105 kg), live weight gain was 7% higher for pigs receiving the 250 meq EB diet compared with the average of all other EB levels. Feed intake during the finisher period increased linearly (P less than .03) as dietary EB increased from 25 to 400 meq/kg of diet. Live weight gain and daily feed intake measured over the entire growing-finishing period (21 to 105 kg) improved linearly (P less than .03) with increasing dietary EB. Blood pH, HCO3, total CO2, Na concentration, and base excess increased linearly (P less than .05) as dietary EB increased. We interpret the data to indicate that feed intake and weight gain of growing-finishing swine may be enhanced by dietary electrolyte modification during periods of high ambient temperature. This improvement probably is due to increased blood buffering capacity.     

Outer-membrane proteins of Haemophilus paragallinarum

The outer-membrane protein (OMP) profiles of four isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum (0083, 0222, Modesto, and HP31) were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. OMPs were isolated by sonic disruption followed by differential centrifugation and selective solubilization in Triton X-100. Although the isolates had similar profiles overall, two distinct OMP profile types, based on the variable molecular weight of a protein termed OMP C (39,000 or 38,000), were found. In addition, OMP C was found to be a heat-modifiable protein--being either absent or present in only minor amounts if the preparations were not heated at 100 C. Major and minor OMPs, some common to all four isolates, were recognized in immunoblots by an immune serum to isolate HP31.     

Effect of feeding higher concentrations of limiting amino acids on performance,slaughter variables and nitrogen retention in broiler chicken fed graded levels of toasted guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal

ABSTRACT

1. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing higher concentrations (100% vs. 110%) of critical amino acids (CAA) on performance (body weight gain – BWG, feed efficiency – FE), slaughter variables and nitrogen retention in broiler chicken (1–6 weeks of age) fed graded levels of toasted guar meal (TGM) as a protein source in diets.

2. The TGM was included at five graded concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg) in iso-caloric and iso-protein diets with either the recommended concentration (100%) of CAA (lysine, total sulphur amino acids, threonine, tryptophan and valine) or at 10% higher (110%) concentration. A metabolism trial of 3-day duration was conducted during 6th week of age to study nitrogen retention.

3. The TGM levels and CAA concentration at 21 or 42 d of age did not influence BWG, FI and FE. BWG was not affected with inclusion of TGM up to 100 g/kg in starter and overall production (1–42 d of age) phases. The FE improved with TGM supplementation during starter phase, while at the end of experiment (42 d), FE was depressed by inclusion of TGM in dose dependant manner. All performance variables improved with increase in concentration of CAA from 100% to 110%.

4. Breast meat weight improved and abdominal fat weight reduced with higher levels of CAA in diet. Retention of nitrogen reduced with increase in level of TGM in broiler diet. Increasing concentrations of CAA in diet improved nitrogen retention.

5. It was concluded that TGM could be incorporated up to 100 g/kg with 100% CAA and up to 150 g/kg with 110% CAA without affecting performance. Increasing CAA concentration (110%) in diets significantly improved BWG and FE (21 and 42 d), breast meat weight and nitrogen retention in broiler chicken.