人肺鳞癌组织及癌旁组织蛋白质双向电泳图谱的差异分析

背景与目的:肺鳞癌的发生发展是一个多因素、多步骤的过程,虽然从基因和转录水平已对肺癌进行了许多成功的研究,但其癌变机制仍不十分明确,目前尚缺乏有效的用于肺鳞癌早期诊断和预后监测的特异性分子标志物。本研究的目的是利用蛋白质组学方法,建立分辨率高和重复性好的人肺鳞癌组织及其癌旁正常支气管上皮组织的双向凝胶电泳图谱,并识别鉴定其差异表达的蛋白质。方法:利用固相pH梯度(immobilizedpHgradient,IPG)双向凝胶电泳(two-dimensionalelectrophoresis,2-DE),分离人肺鳞癌组织及癌旁正常支气管上皮组织的总蛋白质,用图像分析软件比较分析,以识别差异表达的蛋白质;应用质谱仪(massspectrometry)得到相应的肽质指纹图谱(peptidemassfingerprint,PMF),然后搜索数据库鉴定部分差异蛋白质点。结果:(1)建立双向凝胶电泳图谱:癌组织和癌旁正常支气管上皮组织3块凝胶的平均蛋白质点数分别为1349±67和1297±73,平均匹配的点数分别为1235±48和1183±56,匹配率达91.5%和91.2%;同一癌组织的3块胶在蛋白质点位置上有较好的重复性,不同胶间蛋白质点在等电聚焦(Isoelectricfocusing,IEF)方向的偏差是(0.873±0.125)mm,在十二烷基磺酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳SDS-PAGE方向上的偏差为(1.025±0.213)mm。(2)肽质指     

人肺鳞癌组织的比较蛋白质组学研究

目的利用蛋白质组学方法建立人肺鳞癌组织及其癌旁正常支气管上皮组织的差异蛋白质表达谱。方法对20例人肺鳞癌组织和配对的癌旁正常支气管上皮组织进行比较蛋白质组学研究,即利用双向凝胶电泳（2-DE）分离二者总蛋白质后,经图像分析识别差异表达的蛋白,应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI—TOF—MS）鉴定差异蛋白质。结果（1）比较分析20例肺鳞癌及正常配对组织的2-DE图谱,找到差异蛋白质点76个;（2）对68个差异蛋白质点进行了肽质量指纹图分析,鉴定出一些与瘤基因、细胞周期调控、信号转导等有关的肺鳞癌相关蛋白;（3）肺鳞癌相关蛋白mdm2、c-Jun和表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）在人肺鳞癌组织中高表达,而在正常对照中均表达下调,与蛋白质组的分析鉴定结果是一致的。结论成功鉴定了68个肺鳞癌相关蛋白,为进一步筛选用于肺鳞癌诊断、治疗和预后评估的肺鳞癌分子标志物奠定了坚实的基础。     

Comparative proteome analysis of human adenocarcinoma

This study was designed to use comparative proteomics technology to find the differentially expressed proteins between human lung adenocarcinoma and paired normal tumor-adjacent lung tissues. The total proteins of 20 human lung adenocarcinoma tissues and paired normal tumor-adjacent lung tissues were separated by means of immobilized pH gradient-based two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and Coomassie Blue staining. The differentially expressed proteins were analyzed with image analysis software and then identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS). (1) Well-resolved, highly reproducible 2-DE patterns of human lung adenocarcinoma and paired normal tumor adjacent lung tissues were obtained. (2) PDQUEST 2D image analysis software was used to analysis 20 cases of lung adenocarcinoma and paired normal lung tissues, 1006 ± 54 spots were matched among tumor tissues and normal lung tissues. Twenty-eight differentially expressed spots were screened. (3) Twenty non-redundant differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, thirteen proteins were up-regulated, and seven proteins were down-regulated, some proteins were involved in the regulation of cell signal transduction or metabolized enzyme of cell. (4) To validate the results screened by proteome research, immunohistochemistry was used to validate several lung adenocarcinoma differentially expressed proteins including 14-3-3 sigma, annexin 1, and manganese superoxide dismutase. The results showed that these three proteins were really differentially expressed between lung adenocarcinoma and paired normal lung tissues. These results will provide scientific foundation and new clue for the research of human lung adenocarcinoma.     

人支气管上皮组织癌变各阶段2-DE图谱及差异分析

支气管上皮细胞的癌变是一个多基因参与、多阶段的复杂过程,但癌变机理仍不清楚,应用蛋白质组学技术研究此过程有可能识别癌变相关蛋白质,对揭示肺鳞癌癌变机制具有重要的意义。本研究的目的是优化支气管上皮组织的蛋白质样品制备方法,建立人支气管上皮癌变各阶段组织的2-DE图谱并进行差异分析,为鉴定肺鳞癌癌变相关蛋白质奠定基础。     

Membrane proteomic analysis comparing squamous cell lung cancer tissue and tumour-adjacent normal tissue

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the predominant histological subtypes of lung cancer. Detecting lung cancer at an early stage is essential for successful therapy and increasing survival. There are still no satisfactory biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer. In this study, tumour tissue paired with tumour-adjacent normal bronchial epithelial tissue was obtained from patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma without metastasis. The proteins extracted from the cell membrane were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and were analysed with the Image Master two-dimensional platinum software. Twenty-five significantly different protein spots were selected and identified with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A total of 19 proteins were successfully identified. Twelve proteins were up-regulated, and seven proteins were down-regulated in the cancerous tissue compared with the tumour-adjacent normal tissue. One up-regulated protein and one down-regulated protein in squamous cell lung carcinoma were verified by Western blot analysis and RT-PCR; the results were consistent with the 2-DE analysis. In conclusion, membrane proteomics identified a number of candidate biomarker proteins that were differentially expressed between squamous cell lung cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue. These biomarker candidates have the potential to elucidate the underlying pathogenesis of squamous cell lung cancer.     

双向凝胶电泳飞行时间质谱技术筛选食管癌相关蛋白

目的：建立分辨率高和重复性好的人食管癌组织及其癌旁正常上皮组织的双向凝胶电泳分析方法,并筛选食管癌相关蛋白质。方法：选取10例食管癌及其癌旁正常上皮组织,提取总蛋白质进行双向凝胶电泳分析,并采用Blue silver法染色。凝胶图像分析后,对差异蛋白质进行MALDI-TOF质谱分析。结果：在所鉴定的6个差异蛋白质在中,磷酸丙糖异构酶1、锰超氧化物歧化酶和热休克蛋白27在食管癌组织中表达上调,而鳞状细胞癌抗原1、细胞角蛋白4和膜联蛋白Ⅰ在食管癌中表达下调。结论：所鉴定的这些差异蛋白将为阐明食管癌发生机制提供线索,也为寻找食管癌潜在标志奠定理论基础。     

人Ⅰ期肺腺癌及癌旁组织蛋白质双向电泳图谱的差异分析

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish reproducible two-dimensional electrophoretic assay used for profiling and identification of differentially expressed proteins in human stage I lung adenocarcinoma and paired normal tu- mor-adjacent tissue. Methods: The proteins from 12 human stage I lung adenocarcinoma tissues and normal tumor-adjacent tissues were separated using isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (the first dimension) and the subsequent homogeneous SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (the second dimension). The differentially expressed proteins were determined with PDQuest image analysis software, and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and database searching. Results: The well-reproducible 2-DE gel patterns of human stage I lung adenocarcinoma and normal tumor-adjacent tissues were profiled and 26 differentially expressed proteins uncovered. Nine of these 26 protein spots were cut out from the preparation gels and determined with MALDI-TOF-MS. Searching against the protein database, four candidate proteins were identified. They were 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2, Cathepsin B1, Apolipoprotein A-I precursor, and La 4.1 protein. Conclusion: In this study, high reproducible 2-DE gel protein images of human stage I lung adenocarcinoma and paired normal tumor-adjacent tissues were achieved successfully, and 4 differentially expressed proteins were revealed. These data will be helpful for screen of early biomarker and study of molecular mechanisms of human lung adenocarcinoma.     

不同临床分期大肠癌组织的蛋白质组学比较研究

Objective: Colorectal carcinoma clinical stage associated proteins would be found by comparing differential expressed proteins from colorectal carcinoma tissues with different clinical stages. Methods: Total protein from colorectal carcinoma tissues were extracted; differential proteome profiles were established and analyzed by means of immobilized pH gradient-based two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Results: Well-resolved, reproducible 2-DE profiles of human colorectal carcinoma tissues were obtained. Average protein spots were 970±41,980±32,1010±43,1240±34 in stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ,stage Ⅲ, stage Ⅳ respectively; Compared to stage Ⅰ, differential expressed protein spots was 52.00 ± 12 in stage Ⅱ, 42.00± 11 in stage Ⅲ, 72.00 ± 15 in stage Ⅳ; Part of differential expressing proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry and bioinformation, 19 of them were well characterized. Three proteins were overexpressed in stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅲ, stage Ⅳ, and one protein were overexpressed in stage Ⅳ exclusively. Conclusion: Differential expressed proteins exist in clinical stage of colorectal carcinoma, which would be biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of prognosis.     

膀胱低级别尿路上皮癌及癌旁组织比较蛋白质组学的研究

目的:利用蛋白质组学方法建立膀胱低级别尿路上皮癌组织及其癌旁黏膜组织的差异蛋白质表达谱.方法:对15例人低级别尿路上皮癌组织和配对的癌旁黏膜组织进行比较蛋白质组学研究,利用双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)分离两者总蛋白质后,经图像分析识别差异表达的蛋白,应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定差异蛋白质.结果:1)比较分析15例膀胱癌及正常配对组织的2-DE图谱,得到差异蛋白质点54个;2)对54个差异蛋白质点进行了肽质量指纹图分析,鉴定出一些与癌基因、细胞周期调控及信号转导等有关的膀胱癌相关蛋白.结论:成功鉴定45个膀胱低级别尿路上皮癌组织相关蛋白,为进一步筛选用于膀胱癌诊断、治疗和预后评估的分子标志奠定基础.     

蛋白质组学方法筛选早期肺鳞癌相关蛋白

目的:应用蛋白质组学技术筛选早期肺癌癌变相关蛋白.方法:利用双向凝胶电泳方法分离人早期肺鳞癌组织和相应癌旁正常组织总蛋白,选择差异蛋白质点进行质谱分析.免疫组织化学法验证部分差异蛋白质的表达差异.结果:肺鳞癌组织与癌旁正常组织的双向凝胶电泳图谱中平均蛋白质点数分别为626和602个.选择在癌组织中高表达的10个差异蛋白点进行质谱分析,最终鉴定为膜联蛋白1 (annexin-1, Anx-A1)、热休克蛋白27(heat shock protein 27, HSP27)等与细胞周期、信号转导等功能相关的蛋白质.免疫组织化学检测结果显示,Anx-A1和HSP27蛋白在肺鳞癌组织中的阳性表达率均显著增高(P<0.05).结论:蛋白质组学方法是一种应用于初步筛选早期肺癌相关蛋白的有效方法,所鉴定的蛋白为进一步筛选用于肺癌早期诊断及其治疗的分子标志物奠定了前期基础.     

人Ⅰ期肺腺癌及癌旁组织蛋白质双向电泳图谱的差异分析

目的筛选并鉴定存在明显表达差异的蛋白质,为人肺腺癌发病机制及其早期诊断的研究提供理论依据。方法采用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳技术分离12例Ⅰ期肺腺癌及其相配的癌旁正常肺组织可溶性总蛋白,建立人Ⅰ期肺腺癌及相配癌旁正常肺组织蛋白质的双向电泳凝胶图谱;PDQuest凝胶图像分析软件比较分析,筛选出差异表达的蛋白质点;基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱获得相应蛋白质点的肽质量指纹图谱;搜索蛋白质数据库鉴定差异表达的蛋白质。结果建立了重复性较好的人Ⅰ期肺腺癌及相配癌旁正常肺组织蛋白质的双向电泳凝胶图谱;筛选出存在明显表达差异的蛋白质点26个,挖取其中的9个蛋白质点进行质谱分析,9个蛋白质点均得到了满意的肽质量指纹图谱;搜索蛋白质数据库鉴定出4种蛋白质,分别是:60S核糖体蛋白P2、组织蛋白酶B1、载脂蛋白A-I前体和La4.1蛋白。结论成功建立了人Ⅰ期肺腺癌及相配癌旁正常肺组织蛋白质的双向电泳凝胶图谱,鉴定出4种在肺腺癌发生早期出现明显表达变化的蛋白质,为进一步探索人肺腺癌的发病机制及寻找特异性的早期分子标志物提供了理论依据。     

Two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis of differential protein expression in squamous carcinoma of the cervix

Objective： To establish and optimize the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） maps of squamous carcinoma of the cervix and to study the protein difference between squamous carcinoma of the cervix （SCC） and normal cervical tissue. Methods： Using Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by computer-assisted image analysis, the differential proteins between squamous carcinoma of the cervical tissue and normal cervical tissue were compared. Then using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, the differential proteins were identified. Results： The well-resolved and reproducible two-dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of squamous carcinoma of the cervix tissue and normal cervical tissue were obtained. After silver staining, the average matching ratio of squamous carcinoma of the cervix was 86.1%. There was a good reproducibility of spot position in 2-DE map, with average deviation in IEF direction of 0.95±0.13 mm, while in SDS-PAGE direction it was 1.20±0.18 mm. Ten protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry, some of which were involved in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, intracellular enzymes, structural proteins, cycle regulation, and tumor occurrence. Conclusion： The differentially expressed proteins provide a fundamental basis for further study of human squamous carcinoma of the cervix and screening of its specific markers.     

Alteration of expression or phosphorylation status of tob, a novel tumor suppressor gene product, is an early event in lung cancer

Tob is a member of the Tob/BTG family, a novel class of anti-proliferative proteins. To investigate the involvement of tob as a tumor suppressor gene in human lung cancer, we analyzed the expression of tob mRNA and protein in lung cancer tissue and adjacent normal lung tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis using anti-Tob antibody showed decreased expression of Tob in 72% (31/43) of lung cancer tissues. Furthermore, 95% (19/20) of squamous cell carcinoma patients showed an apparent decrease in Tob in cancer tissues, associated with smoking status. The phosphorylated form of Tob, an inactive form of Tob, was detected in 76% (16/21) of cancer tissues of adenocarcinoma patients, but not in normal alveolar epithelial cells. Either a decrease in Tob expression or an accumulation of phosphorylated Tob was observed from early clinical stages, even in bronchial dysplasia, a premalignant lesion of squamous cell carcinoma. The above findings suggest that the disruption of anti-proliferative Tob plays a distinct part in the early stage of lung carcinogenesis.     

A reference map of human nasopharyngeal squamous carcinoma proteome

In order to conduct a comparative proteomics study of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) to understand the molecular mechanisms that participate in the formation of NPC, the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) reference map of human NPC tissue proteome was described. To provide a high level of reproducibility between gels and accurately array each protein expressed in NPC tissue proteome, the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system, modified colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining method and ImageMaster 2D Platinum image analysis software were used. The NPC 2-DE maps show that high quality and good reproducibility of the 2-DE gel pattern was attained. An average total of 1,100 protein spots were separated by 2-DE, visualized by a modified colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining method. A synthesized 2-DE reference gel was acquired after detailed analysis of the NPC 2-DE gel maps, and 216 medium to high abundant spots were identified as landmark spots of NPC 2-DE gel, which expressed on >75% of gels. To provide an unambiguous identification of the landmark spots in gels, MALDI-TOF, ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry and database search were used to identify the proteins expressed in NPC tissue proteome. Between the 216 landmark spots, all proteins were identified with MALDI-TOF at first, 41 of which were identified with both MALDI-TOF and ESI-Q-TOF. All identified proteins were classified in terms of their subcellular localization and physiological function with information from SWISS-PROT and NCBI websites. According to our knowledge this is the first 2-DE reference map of human NPC. This reference map will serve as a basis for further studies of human NPC and the reference map data will be used to expand the proteome database of human NPC, which can be accessed in our website (http://www.xyproteomics.org/).     

Proteomics-based identification of proteins secreted in apical surface fluid of squamous metaplastic human tracheobronchial epithelial cells cultured by three-dimensional organotypic air-liquid interface method

Squamous cell carcinoma in the lung originates from bronchial epithelial cells that acquire increasingly abnormal phenotypes. Currently, no known biomarkers are clinically efficient for the early detection of premalignant lesions and lung cancer. We sought to identify secreted molecules produced from squamous bronchial epithelial cells cultured with organotypic culture methods. We analyzed protein expression patterns in the apical surface fluid (ASF) from aberrantly differentiated squamous metaplastic normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) and mucous NHTBE cells. Comparative two-dimensional PAGE analysis revealed 174 unique proteins in the ASF of squamous NHTBE cells compared with normal mucociliary differentiated NHTBE cells. Among them, 64 well-separated protein spots were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, revealing 22 different proteins in the ASF from squamous NHTBE cells. Expression of six of these proteins [SCC antigen 1 (SCCA1), SCC antigen 2 (SCCA2), S100A8, S100A9, Annexin I, and Annexin II] in the squamous NHTBE cells was further confirmed with immunoblot analysis. Notably, SCCA1 and SCCA2 were verified as being expressed in squamous metaplastic NHTBE cells but not in normal mucous NHTBE or normal bronchial epithelium. Moreover, SCCA1 and SCCA2 expression increased in in vitro lung carcinogenesis model cell lines with increasing malignancy. In summary, we identified proteins that are uniquely secreted from squamous metaplastic primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured by the organotypic air-liquid interface method. These ASF proteins may be used to detect abnormal lesions in the lung without collecting invasive biopsy specimens.     

小细胞肺癌细胞系NCI-H446蛋白质表达谱的建立

背景与目的:小细胞肺癌(smallcelllungcancer,SCLC)是一种侵袭性极强的恶性肿瘤,具有增长迅速、早期转移等特点。目前公开的数据库中尚未见到小细胞肺癌的双向电泳参考图谱及其蛋白表达谱。本研究目的是建立高分辨率的小细胞肺癌细胞系NCI-H446细胞双向凝胶电泳图谱,并初步分析其蛋白质表达情况。方法:用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳技术(IPG-DALT)分离NCI-H446细胞总蛋白,凝胶银染显色,ImageMaster2D图像分析系统分析,从凝胶中选取分离较好的蛋白质点,应用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)技术和数据库搜索鉴定蛋白质。结果:获得了背景清晰、分辨率和重复性较好的双向凝胶电泳图谱,三块胶平均蛋白质点数为1506±74,匹配点数为1412±56,匹配率达93.4%,三块胶蛋白质点在位置上有较好的重复性,不同胶间蛋白质点在IEF方向偏差是(0.96±0.27)mm,在SDS-PAGE方向偏差是(1.24±0.41)mm。胶内酶解-肽质指纹图分析鉴定了58个蛋白质,其中有原癌蛋白、细胞周期调控和信号转导相关蛋白质。结论:建立了小细胞肺癌细胞系NCI-H446双向电泳参考图谱,并应用质谱技术鉴定了部分蛋白质点,为进一步构建其蛋白质表达数据库提供了基础。     

双向凝胶电泳-飞行时间质谱法分析人肺鳞癌细胞NCI-H520蛋白质组成分

目的：建立和优化肿瘤蛋白质组研究的方法系统,并分析人肺鳞癌细胞蛋白质组。方法：用固相 pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离人肺鳞癌细胞系 NCI H520总蛋白,银染显色, PDQuest 2DE软件分析,对部分蛋白质点用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱 ( matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flying mass spectrometry, MALDI TOF MS) 测定其胶内酶解后的肽质指纹图谱,用 PeptIdent软件查询 SWISS PROT数据库。结果：获得了分辨率和重复性均较好的双向电泳银染图谱,图像分析探测到 3块胶的平均蛋白质点数为 (1146± 116),平均匹配的点数为 (851± 95),匹配率达 73.7％, 3块胶在蛋白质点位置上具有较好的重复性, IEF方向的平均偏差为 (1.52± 0.22)mm, SDS PAGE方向的平均偏差为 (1.97± 0.13) mm。随机取 60个蛋白质点进行胶内原位酶解 - 质谱指纹图分析得到了 54个蛋白质点的肽质指纹图,查询数据库初步鉴定了 44个蛋白质,其中部分是与细胞周期有关的蛋白,部分是与信号传导有关的蛋白,部分是与癌基因相关的蛋白。结论：通过该研究建立了一套分辨率和重复性均较好的固向 pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离细胞总蛋白和银染胶内原位酶解后 MALDI TOF MS肽质指纹图分析鉴定方法。通过该方法系统分析人肺鳞癌细胞 NCI H520蛋白质组成分而获得的资料将有益于人肺鳞癌细胞蛋白质组数据库的建立,从而为肺鳞癌的诊断、预防和治疗提供依据。     

Comparative proteomics analysis of colorectal cancer

Background and Objective: Protein expression in colon and rectal cancer (CRC) and paired normal tissues wasexamined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to identify differentially expressed proteins. Materialsand Methods: Five fresh colorectal cancer and paired adjacent normal tissues were obtained and differentiallyexpressed protein spots were determined using PDQuest software, with identification on the basis of MALDITOFmass spectra. Results: Compared with normal colorectal mucosa, protein abnormal expression of 65 spotsvarying more than 1.5 times were found in 2-DE gels from colorectal cancer samples (P<0.05); forty-two proteinswere up-regulated and 23 were down-regulated; twelve protein spots were identified using mass spectrometry,of which 8 were up-regulated, includimng HSPB1and Annexin A4, while 4 were down-regulated, the resultsbeing consistent with Western blot findings. Conclusions: Two-dimensional electrophoresis reference maps forCRC tissues and adjacent normal mucosa (NMC) were established and 12 differentially expressed proteinswere identified. Up-regulated HSPB1 and Annexin A4 may play many important roles in the pathogenesis ofcolorectal cancer.