上海市自闭谱系障碍儿童早期干预现状调查

研究者选取上海市6所开展自闭谱系障碍儿童早期干预工作的专业教育机构,对其中的46位教师及69位儿童家长进行调查。结果表明,自闭谱系障碍儿童从早期发现到早期评估再到接受早期干预需要经历相当长的时间,仅有27.5%的儿童在3岁前接受了早期干预;教师队伍有待优化;家长虽然对早期干预态度积极,但参与程度有限;儿童每周接受有效干预的时间偏少,干预效果有进一步提高的空间。建议尽快建立并完善自闭谱系障碍儿童早期教育支持体系,配备足量教师并推动教师专业发展,延长儿童接受有效干预的时间,鼓励家长积极参与,以提高干预效果。     

美国小学阶段自闭谱系障碍儿童融合教育支持体系

自闭谱系障碍儿童被称为"特殊儿童之王",基于自闭症谱系障碍儿童的核心缺陷是"社会性"发展的缺陷,融合教育对儿童的发展有积极的意义。我国现在也有越来越多的自闭谱系障碍儿童进入普通学校普通班级就读,但近年很多新闻报道这些儿童在随班就读过程中遭遇到困难,甚至被普通家长联名劝退。因为实现真正的融合,并不是简单地将特殊儿童安置在普通教育环境,还需要同时提供系统性的综合的持续的支持和相关服务。本文运用综述研究、实地观察等方法,对美国小学阶段自闭谱系障碍儿童融合教育支持体系的构成和运作机制进行综合分析,以期为我国建设自闭谱系障碍儿童融合教育支持体系提供参考和建议,来提升自闭谱系障碍儿童随班就读的有效性。     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童家长参与课题研究:影响因素和改进策略

近年来,人们越来越多地推动自闭症儿童家长有意义地参与科学研究。这种参与式研究能够更好地满足自闭症谱系障碍儿童及其家庭的评估和干预需求。从自闭症儿童自身特征、家庭因素、研究课题本身等方面分析影响家长参与课题研究的因素,基于对影响因素的综合分析,分别从家长及研究者层面提出相关对策建议,以促进家长更积极、更深入地参与课题研究,从而为自闭症儿童的干预提供更多机会。     

美国特殊需要儿童家庭参与早期干预的特点及启示

美国特殊需要儿童家庭参与早期干预经过多年的发展,已经拥有较为成熟的经验,其特点表现为：家庭参与早期干预工作基本法制化、系统化,重视家庭参与早期干预积极氛围的营造,高度重视家长在早期干预工作中的需求和权利,注重对家长参与早期干预的支持,重视家庭资源以及家庭与专业人员的合作。汲取其经验,结合我国家庭参与早期干预的现状,可从提高家庭认知水平、建构家庭支持保障体系、强化多方合作等方面着手来提高我国特殊需要儿童家庭参与早期干预成效。     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童的个案研究

调查发现,自闭症谱系障碍儿童数量呈增长趋势。通过对一名自闭谱系障碍儿童一年时间的跟踪研究,观察、记录、分析其典型行为,并同步争取家长的配合,营造接纳的环境,以游戏提高其认知能力。事实证明,有效的干预措施能够促进研究对象的社会认知和人际交流能力的发展。     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童家长参与教育的影响因素:国外近30年研究进展

家长参与教育是提高自闭症谱系障碍儿童教育成效的关键因素,而教育参与程度是多种因素综合作用的结果。文章根据已有研究分析了自闭症谱系障碍儿童自身的特征、家庭因素、学校和其他社会支持因素对家长参与教育的影响。基于对影响因素的综合分析,提炼了有助于提升自闭症儿童家长教育参与度的因素。     

自闭症儿童早期干预中家长参与的优势、困境及发展策略

早期干预是自闭症儿童康复的有效手段。对于自闭症儿童,家庭特别是家长的态度尤为关键,家长的态度和信心在对自闭症儿童早期干预过程中起着不可忽视的作用。然而,据相关实证研究和论文资料显示,家长参与仍存在缺乏专业指导、作用范围有限、以及影响家庭整体生活质量等难题。有鉴于此,本文从自闭症儿童早期干预中家长参与的优势、困境、发展策略以及反思与小结四个方面进行了论述,并着重探讨了自闭症儿童早期教育中家长的参与的发展策略,以期帮助相关家长更有效地参与自闭症儿童的早期干预,让自闭症儿童更好地成长。     

一个母亲对情绪与行为障碍儿童的早期干预研究

情绪与行为障碍儿童的预防、发现、干预、教育问题亟待解决。在以家庭为依托进行的矫治中,家长尤其是母亲的干预理念及参与程度对干预效果至关重要。综合运用调查、测验、观察等研究方法,描述、评估小乐的情绪与行为异常,并进一步分析诱因,探寻小乐母亲的早期干预策略对小乐产生的一系列积极变化,为家长参与儿童的干预矫治提供实践经验。     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童的教育干预

近年来,自闭症谱系障碍儿童的发病率稳定增长,如何为他们提供更多的教育和支持成为人们关注的焦点。本文对自闭症谱系障碍儿童教育干预方法的分类、普遍的教育干预方法及目前研究的热点进行了阐述,以便能够更好地促进自闭症谱系障碍儿童的发展。     

正面管教干预自闭症儿童家庭教养的个案研究

对于自闭症谱系障碍儿童的干预需从家庭入手。通过评估需求,采用团体辅导和个体辅导两种方式,从正面管教认知和正面管教行为两个维度介入,为家庭制定干预目标、干预内容、干预措施等,由研究者和家长共同实施干预计划,最终使父母在研究者的指导下改善家庭教育方式,儿童的社会情绪能力显著提高。     

Parent involvement in early intervention: what role does setting play?

This study compared levels of parent involvement in early intervention services for children under three which were delivered in community settings (children’s homes and child care programs) and specialized settings (early intervention centers and provider offices) in the USA. Respondents reported the highest levels of parental involvement in the home. However, level of involvement in the home was not significantly higher than the provider’s office for parent attendance, quality and content of parent-provider communication, and effective instruction; level of provider communication and instruction to parents was not significantly higher in the home than in the early intervention center. Early intervention services in the child care setting were associated with the lowest levels of parent involvement. With the exception of child care, these results suggest that specialized and natural settings are associated with similar levels of parent involvement.     

Early intervention: parental involvement,child agency and participation in creative play

Early intervention activities for very young disabled children are frequently linked to developmental targets and goals. A key challenge for parents and practitioners involved in early intervention programmes is to encourage their child to play and develop creatively through enjoyable, everyday childhood experiences. This paper reports on a small-scale ethnographic study involving two young children identified with Down syndrome participating in early intervention programmes and whether and how their creative process was supported through their play and activities with parents and professionals. The ‘in-the-picture’ method used within this ethnographic study was developed from a listening to children paradigm. This article provides examples of the ways in which early intervention that recognises child agency can support children’s play and self-directing ‘little c’ of creativity.     

美国循证实践在自闭症谱系障碍儿童干预中的应用及其对我国的启示

国际趋势表明自闭症谱系障碍儿童干预方法的有效性需循证实践来检验。美国自闭症干预方法的循证实践过程经历了研究文献筛选、建立证据强度分类系统、干预次级分类系统三个阶段,循证实践结果将当前的自闭症干预方法划分为已经证实有效的方法、正在形成有效的方法、尚未证实的方法。我国自闭症教育研究者及临床工作者应遵循循证实践,科学选择干预方法。     

自闭症儿童共同注意干预的现状与展望

自闭症是一种发展性障碍.共同注意作为自闭症儿童的核心技能缺陷,与社会认知技能障碍如语言、游戏、积极情感等存在紧密的联系.目前很多研究针对自闭症儿童的共同注意实施干预,已取得较好的干预效果.文章在阐述国内外相关共同注意干预研究和干预方案的基础上,对当前取得的成果和有待解决的问题进行了系统评价和总结,并就自闭症干预方面提出了建议.     

Early Head Start and African American families: Impacts and mechanisms of child outcomes

Persistent disparities exist between African American children and their European American counterparts across developmental domains. Early childhood intervention may serve to promote more positive outcomes among African American children. The current study examined whether and how the Early Head Start (EHS) program benefited African American children at the end of the program, when they were 36 months of age, as well as the parenting these children experienced and how this affected their developmental outcomes. The data show a wide and strong pattern of impacts of EHS for African American children and families. Path analysis yielded findings that suggested a direct effect of EHS on specific child outcomes and parenting processes within this group of African American families. Parental supportiveness and cognitive stimulation emerged as important direct influences on African American children's outcomes and as pathways through which Early Head Start benefits these children. These findings are discussed in the context of early childhood intervention practice.     

孤独症谱系儿童社会交往干预研究———视觉文本干预法研究综述

孤独症谱系儿童的典型特点之一是社会性发展障碍,目前国外有许多针对孤独症谱系儿童的社会交往干预方式,近几年也出现了视觉文本干预方式的研究,因此,需要对视觉文本干预方式的有效性进行分析。通过对国外文献的查询、整理和分析,发现各研究结果均显示出视觉文本干预能够增加儿童积极的沟通行为,社会交往也能够泛化到新的同伴、新的环境以及新的刺激当中。     

从神经可塑性角度探究自闭症早期干预的有效性

早期干预是国内外自闭症领域的研究热点,大量的实证研究表明早期干预能够有效改善自闭症的早期症状,特别是对于处在发展关键期的儿童。早期干预能够促进大脑沿着正常的轨迹发展,从而对早期发展中的大脑产生根本的影响。     

Learning and behaviour of three- to five-year-old children with ADHD / Aprendizaje y conducta de niños y niñas con TDAH de tres a cinco años

Early childhood education is a developmental period in which early symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be observed. This work examines the educational background of 206 children, from the ages of three to five years (109 of them with an ADHD diagnosis and 97 without a clinical diagnosis), by analysing 306 reports from their teachers. The aim of this study is to discover if these educational reports reflect differences in academic performance and behaviour between both groups. The 123 educational goals analysed in the reports have been classified into 15 categories. A nonparametric analysis (Chi square) was performed on each variable to compare ADHD/control groups. Our results claim that ADHD children show more difficulties in different curricular and behavioural aspects like attention, self-regulation, independence, motivation, basic learning, social relationships, motor skills and communication. These reports are useful in identifying children who are at risk of developing the disorder and in establishing intervention goals that decrease negative effects in children’s development.     

儿童异常发展的整合干预

儿童异常发展的整合干预是指在儿童成长过程中及时地发现与防治儿童行为问题、促进他们健康发展的综合措施。本文在探讨儿童异常发展的原因的基础上 ,认为健康教育和三级预防是整合干预的主渠道 ,早期干预、游戏治疗和家庭治疗是儿童行为干预的主要措施。     

Creating the effective school : The role of evaluation

The concept of children's rights evolved during the 1980s giving prominence to the role of children as active participants in the construction of their lives. The rhetoric of children's rights has emerged as an important consideration in all policy and practice relating to children. Implementation of children's rights in practice is necessary to maximise their potential to improve the lives of children. This paper presents an argument for the importance of giving meaning to the implementation of children's rights in the Individual Education Plan (IEP) process for pupils with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) in Ireland. The study, on which this paper is based, was conducted in two stages using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first stage focused on the development of a set of indicators for the IEP process based on a children's rights framework and informed by the perspectives of children, parents and teachers, alongside the literature on best practice on IEPs. In the second stage, a survey questionnaire was designed, based on the children's rights indicators, to evaluate current IEP practice in Ireland for pupils with autistic spectrum disorder. This article outlines the development of a set of indicators for the IEP process. It also presents findings of the survey which evaluates current practice in relation to the IEP process for pupils with ASD in Ireland. The article focuses specifically on Article 3(1) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which stipulates that in all actions concerning children, ‘the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration’.