超临界CO2萃取两头尖皂甙研究

应用超临界CO2萃取两头尖皂甙，采用正交设计优化条件，以齐墩果酸为对照品，用香草醛—高氯酸显色法测定皂甙含量，来研究两头尖皂甙的超临界CO2提取方法．实验得出超临界萃取的最佳条件为：萃取压力30MPa，萃取温度50℃，萃取时间1．5h，夹带剂95％乙醇用量为20％．结果证明超临界CO2萃取两头尖皂甙方法是可行的，为提高皂甙提取率，预处理工艺有待进一步实验研究．     

影响USFE萃取海藻EPA和DHA的因素分析

研究了萃取温度、压力、时间、CO2流量和超声参数对超声强化超临界流体萃取海藻EPA和DHA的影响,发现与超临界流体萃取相比,超声强化超临界流体萃取过程使CO2流量减小,萃取温度及压力降低,萃取时间缩短,而EPA和DHA的萃取率提高,在单因素实验的基础上进行了正交实验,结果表明,超声强化超临界流体萃取EPA和DHA的最佳工艺条件为：萃取温度35℃,压力25MPa,时间3．0h,CO2流量3L／h。     

超声强化超临界流体萃取的数学模型及机理

采用自行设计的内插式超声强化超,临界流体萃取(USFE)装置,研究了超声强化超,临界流体萃取的数学模型及机理．实验结果表明：所提出的数学模型既证实了超声对超临界流体萃取(SFE)具有强化效应,又对USFE和SFE过程具有很好的预测功能,能够反映萃取的实际过程;低频超声强化超,临界流体萃取的效果比高频超声要好;超声强化超临界流体萃取的机理是超声在微环境内产生的机械波动效应和热效应,     

超临界CO_2萃取丹参酮IIA提取工艺

采用超临界CO2萃取法提取了丹参酮IIA,讨论了压力、温度、时间、乙醇流量对丹参酮IIA提取收率的影响。得出最佳条件为:萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间2 h,乙醇流量1.0 mL/min,并与乙醇提取法进行对比。结果表明,超临界CO2萃取法优于乙醇提取法。而后用液质联机分析得到其结构式。     

超临界CO2萃取丹参酮ⅡA提取工艺

采用超临界CO2萃取法提取了丹参酮ⅡA,讨论了压力、温度、时间、乙醇流量对丹参酮ⅡA提取收率的影响.得出最佳条件为:萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间2h,乙醇流量1.0 mL/min,并与乙醇提取法进行对比.结果表明,超临界CO2萃取法优于乙醇提取法.而后用液质联机分析得到其结构式.     

超临界CO_2和微波辅助萃取当归挥发油

考察当归挥发油的不同提取方法.文中用超临界CO2流体萃取法和微波辅助萃取法研究萃取当归挥发油.实验表明:超临界CO2萃取最佳工艺条件为萃取压力25 MPa、分离釜Ⅰ解析温度55 ℃、萃取温度45 ℃,提取率约1.9%;微波辅助萃取最佳工艺条件为无水乙醇为提取溶剂,微波功率800 W、微波辐射时间150 s、液料质量比为4.71: 1,提取率约11.2%.微波辅助萃取法取得当归油的收率高于超临界CO2萃取法.微波辅助萃取法萃取当归挥发油收率高,但外观品质较超临界萃取的当归挥发油差.     

超临界CO2流体萃取法提取紫杉醇的研究

利用超临界CO2流体萃取法从红豆杉枝叶中提取分离紫杉醇，用反相高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定萃取物中的紫杉醇含量，并用液质联用(LC／MS/MS)进行产物鉴定．结果表明，粒径为0．25—0.45mm的红豆杉枝叶在27．6MPa，31℃下，以甲醇为修饰剂和吸收液进行萃取时，在120min内可使紫杉醇萃取完全，萃取率达96．7％，萃取物中紫杉醇纯度可达到1％以上．与传统的乙醇三次提取方法相比，超临界流体萃取法流程简单，步骤少，耗时短，无废渣溶剂残留，是一种环境友好的提取方法．     

超临界CO2介质中反胶团的形成与热力学

以甲基橙为溶剂化探针，根据其在超临界CO2／表面活性剂／助表面活性剂多元体系中的增溶情况，推断在正丁醇作用下，二辛酯琥珀酸磺酸钠（AOT）与辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（TX-10）在超临界CO2介质中形成了反胶团．反胶团的形成是一个热力学自发过程：对于非离子表面活性剂TX-10，形成反胶团的主要动力来源于体系熵增加．对于阴离子型表面活性剂AOT，在低温下，熵增加是反胶团形成的主要动力；温度较高时，焓变成为反胶团形成的主要推动力．     

超临界CO2萃取薯蓣皂苷元的研究

实验研究超临界C02萃取穿山龙水解物中薯蓣皂苷元的工艺条件．采用单因素法确定了超临界CO2萃取工艺的最佳条件，并对该法作了技术和经济上的评估．确定主要参数为：萃取压力35．0MPa，萃取温度45℃，以95％乙醇为携带剂，携带剂含量为3％．与有机溶剂提取方法相比，超临界CO2萃取法的收率及纯度均较高，且安全高效．超萃法直接从固体水解物滤渣中提取苷元，在设备规模较小时，生产能力较小．     

藜芦生物碱萃取方法的研究

由于藜芦生物碱在藜芦根茎里容易以盐的形式存在,通过碱化使生物碱游离出来,实验证明浓氨水的碱化效果最佳.本文分别用溶剂法,超声萃取法和超临界CO2萃取法萃取藜芦生物碱,实验证明超声萃取法效果最好,萃取条件为:样品用浓氨水碱化1 h,超声波频率为45 kHz,萃取时间为1 h.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-