近13万年来南沙沉积物中的剩磁记录

对长355 cm的南沙NS93-5钻孔连续取古地磁样品281块,进行沉积物磁性特征的研究。详细的岩石磁学结果表明,沉积物中以低矫顽磁力的磁性矿物为主,剩磁携带者主要是磁铁矿类矿物,但同时存在少量赤铁矿和磁赤铁矿等。钻孔191~206、232~248和292~308 cm记录的剩磁磁倾角出现较小的负值,根据氧同位素地层学和14C测年、火山灰层年龄,计算其对应的沉积年龄分别为65.87~68.7、73.4~80.8和108.4~113.6 kaBP。其中108.4~113.6 kaBP的剩磁异常可能是布莱克(Blake)事件在南沙沉积物中的记录。     

中－晚第四纪东太平洋隆起区（南纬21°）古海洋条件

中－晚第四纪东太平洋隆起区（南纬２１°）古海洋条件Ｅ．Ｂ．等本文根据微古和氧同位素资料对东太平洋海隆２１°区中－上第四系含金属碳酸盐沉积物进行了详细的气候地层划分，计算了平均沉积速率，恢复了表层水温的变化；并根据最敏感的指示剂——有孔虫碎屑含量计算了...     

南海南部NS93-5柱样揭示的晚第四纪以来的古海洋学特征

由南海南部海区NS93 - 5柱样的浮游有孔虫氧同位素地层学和浮游有孔虫分析结果获得的古环境参数 ,揭示了距今 1 90ka以来南部海区受西太平洋热带水的影响 ,以及南沙海区表层水和苏禄海变性水的变化历史 ;在末次盛冰期碳酸盐含量较低 ,但是碳酸盐含量的最低值出现在氧同位素 4期 ;表层水体的含氧量呈现为间冰期大于冰期 ,而古生产力的变化则为冰期大于间冰期 ;依据氧同位素和浮游有孔虫特征分析结果 ,建立了南部海区距今 1 90ka以来的古气候演变序列。     

南海南部沉积物中黏土矿物组成变化及其古沉积信息记录初探

通过对南海南部2个代表13万a以来柱状沉积样品高分辨率的黏土矿物组成分析,认为所研究的黏土矿物主要为陆源碎屑成因,埋藏过程中的成岩变化或黏土矿物自生特征不明显,而以采样点南面加里曼丹岛、菲律宾东、西两侧的火山群岛和湄公河流域为主要陆源的地质条件、风化环境及物质迁移途径的差异控制了南海南部沉积物中黏土矿物组成的空间和时间变化.研究发现,沉积物样品中较高的蒙皂石含量对应于地质历史上的暖期,而较低的蒙皂石含量对应于冷期.伊利石的行为及其古海洋指示意义则与蒙皂石相反.将柱状沉积物样品上高分辨率的黏土矿物组成分析作为一种研究方法,有助于研究晚第四纪以来南海陆源碎屑物的源区特征、迁移途径及海区古环境演变.     

南黄海东北陆架YSDP 105孔冰消期以来沉积层序的磁学特征…

尝试对南黄海东北陆架ＹＳＤＰ１０５孔０．６０－２９．６８ｍ的沉积层序进行环境磁学的研究，测量了岩心的磁化率，非磁滞剩磁，饱和等温剩磁等磁学参数。对磁学参数及其有关比值的研究发现，沉积层序以含碎屑成因的低矫顽力磁性矿物为主，另含少量高矫顽力磁性矿物。     

南海陆坡晚第四纪沉积物磁化率的对比及其古海洋学意义

对南海西沙群岛附近陆坡、南海南部陆坡以及东沙群岛附近陆坡晚第四纪磁化率变化特征进行了综合对比,并初步分析了磁化率与碳酸钙百分含量之间的关系。就磁化率变化特征而言,西沙群岛附近陆坡和南海南部陆坡可归为一个单元,东沙群岛附近陆坡划为另一单元,其中,前一单元晚第四纪磁化率曲线的共性表现为深海氧同位素期次的奇数期向偶数期过渡时期以磁化率峰值为特点,偶数期向奇数期过渡时期以磁化率谷值为特点;后一单元晚第四纪磁化率曲线的共性表现为磁化率曲线大致平行于有孔虫氧同位素曲线。上述两个单元内的磁化率曲线共性都具有地层学意义,但这两个单元内部某些部位的晚第四纪磁化率变化具有地方局限性,不宜当作大范围地层对比的工具。南海陆坡磁化率曲线和碳酸钙百分含量曲线的关系存在镜像和平行两大基本类型,但这两种对应关系未必意味着磁化率和碳酸钙百分含量之间存在着直接的因果联系。南海陆坡磁化率变化的原因很可能与冰期旋回中南海陆源物质通量的变化密切相关,另外,局部海域磁化率还可能严重受沉积物早期成岩作用的影响。     

黄河三角洲飞雁滩HF孔沉积物的磁性特征及其环境意义

对黄河三角洲飞雁滩HF孔岩芯磁性特征的研究表明,大多数沉积物的磁性特征由PSD和SD磁铁矿所主导,少数以SD和PSD磁铁矿所主导。按磁化率等磁参数的变化可将该孔划分为7个层位,参照前人研究成果,结合岩性分析以及沉积物粒度和磁性特征,推断HF孔所在飞雁滩地区大致经历了河流—海陆过渡—浅海—前三角洲—三角洲前缘的沉积过程。沉积物磁性参数与粒度之间具有良好的相关性,可将χARM、χARM/χ和χARM/S IRM视作细粒级组分含量的代用指标。     

南海西北部16 kaBP以来沉积物的环境磁学特征及其物源指示意义

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海,对东亚季风和全球气候变化具有敏感的响应,然而目前对南海沉积物的物源分析仍存在众多争议。对南海琼东南盆地SCS-02孔的沉积物样品进行了系统的磁学分析,旨在通过环境磁学参数追踪沉积物的来源。结果表明,SCS-02岩芯的磁性矿物主要为磁铁矿和赤铁矿。自16 kaBP以来,磁性矿物的粒径和成分发生了系统变化,指示了沉积物源-汇过程的改变。15.5～16 kaBP期间,磁化率较高,粒径较粗,矫顽力也较高。海平面比现今低100多米,莺歌海出露于海平面以上,古红河口距研究区较近,红河的物质可以较容易到达沉积区,因此该时期红河贡献较大,珠江和台湾贡献较小。7.5～15.5 kaBP期间,随着海平面的迅速上升,磁性矿物组成和粒度发生了变化,总的磁性矿物含量减少,磁铁矿的含量逐渐增加,粒度变细,表明随着海平面的升高,珠江和台湾的贡献有所增加。7.5 kaBP以来,现代的海陆格局基本形成,磁性矿物组成和粒度变化较稳定,沉积物主要来源于红河和珠江。因此,环境磁学参数可以指示南海西北部沉积物的源-汇变化,为海平面变化和气候演化研究提供有效参考。     

中一晚第四纪东太平洋隆起区（南纬21^。）古海洋条件

本文根据微古和氧同位素资料对东太平洋海隆21^。区中一上第四系含金属碳酸盐沉积物进行了详细的气候地层划分．计算了平均沉积速率．恢复了表层水温的变化；并根据最敏感的指示剂——有孔虫碎屑含量计算了浮游有孔虫壳的溶解强度．     

南海南部大陆架14ka来微型双壳类营养结构与海流活动

双壳类食悬浮物类与食沉积物类的发育变化是反映水动力环境的一种指标,对南海南部NS93－12－58柱样14ka来微型双壳营养结构分析表明,晚更新世末次冰期向后期全新世转化阶段,食沉积物类一度较为发育,表明南海南部表层环流很不活跃,从这一转化阶段到全新世早期,双壳类食悬乳物类与食沉积物类的比例有规律地变大,表明随着气候转暖,海水温度增高,海平面上升,海流作用显增强,该柱样整样分析表明,双壳类食悬乳物类占据着明显的优势,显示了14ka来南海海流作用一直比较强例,在全新世中晚期,双壳类主要栖息在次表层水团的海底,仍以食悬浮物类为主,可能与南海南部陆坡上升流发育有关。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.