Approximate KKT points and a proximity measure for termination

Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions are often checked for investigating whether a solution obtained by an optimization algorithm is a likely candidate for the optimum. In this study, we report that although the KKT conditions must all be satisfied at the optimal point, the extent of violation of KKT conditions at points arbitrarily close to the KKT point is not smooth, thereby making the KKT conditions difficult to use directly to evaluate the performance of an optimization algorithm. This happens due to the requirement of complimentary slackness condition associated with KKT optimality conditions. To overcome this difficulty, we define modified ${\epsilon}$ -KKT points by relaxing the complimentary slackness and equilibrium equations of KKT conditions and suggest a KKT-proximity measure, that is shown to reduce sequentially to zero as the iterates approach the KKT point. Besides the theoretical development defining the modified ${\epsilon}$ -KKT point, we present extensive computer simulations of the proposed methodology on a set of iterates obtained through an evolutionary optimization algorithm to illustrate the working of our proposed procedure on smooth and non-smooth problems. The results indicate that the proposed KKT-proximity measure can be used as a termination condition to optimization algorithms. As a by-product, the method helps to find Lagrange multipliers correspond to near-optimal solutions which can be of importance to practitioners. We also provide a comparison of our KKT-proximity measure with the stopping criterion used in popular commercial softwares.     

Approximate solution to the resource consumption minimization problem. II. Estimates for the proximity of controls

The proximity is estimated of a resource quasioptimal control to the optimal control. We give a method for subdividing the bounded region of initial conditions into subregions and bringing the quasioptimal control closer to the resource optimal control.     

Bold graph drawings

When a graph is drawn in a classical manner, its vertices are shown as small disks and its edges with a positive width; zero-width edges and zero-size vertices exist only in theory. Let r denote the radius of the disks that show vertices and w the width of edges. We give a list of conditions that make such a drawing good and that apply to not necessarily planar graphs. We show that if r<w, a vertex must have constant degree for a drawing to satisfy the conditions, and if r?w, a vertex can have any degree. We also give an algorithm that, for a given drawing and values for r and w, determines whether the bold drawing satisfies the conditions. Furthermore, we show how to maximize r and/or w without violating the conditions in polynomial time.     

Crossing-constrained hierarchical drawings

We study the problem of computing hierarchical drawings of layered graphs when some pairs of edges are not allowed to cross. We show that deciding the existence of a drawing satisfying at least k non-crossing constraints from a given set is NP-hard, even if the graph is 2-layered and even when the permutation of the vertices on one side of the bipartition is fixed. We then propose simple constant-ratio approximation algorithms for the optimization version of the problem, which requires to find a maximum realizable subset of constraints, and we discuss how to extend the well-known hierarchical approach for creating layered drawings of directed graphs so as to minimize the number of edge crossings while maximizing the number of satisfied constraints.     

Rectilinear drawings of graphs

We consider graphs drawn in the plane such that every edge crosses at most one other edge. We characterize, in terms of two forbidden sub-configurations, which of these graphs are equivalent to drawings such that all edges are straight line segments. As a consequence we obtain a complete characterization of the pairs of dual graphs that can be represented as geometric dual graphs such that all edges except one are straight line segments.     

Voronoi drawings of trees

We study the problem of characterizing sets of points whose Voronoi diagrams are trees and if so, what are the combinatorial properties of these trees. The second part of the problem can be naturally turned into the following graph drawing question: Given a tree T, can one represent T so that the resulting drawing is a Voronoi diagram of some set of points? We investigate the problem both in the Euclidean and in the Manhattan metric. The major contributions of this paper are as follows.

• We characterize those trees that can be drawn as Voronoi diagrams in the Euclidean metric.

• We characterize those sets of points whose Voronoi diagrams are trees in the Manhattan metric.

• We show that the maximum vertex degree of any tree that can be drawn as a Manhattan Voronoi diagram is at most five and prove that this bound is tight.

• We characterize those binary trees that can be drawn as Manhattan Voronoi diagrams.

Some common best proximity points for proximity commuting mappings

In this paper, we prove new common best proximity point theorems for a proximity commuting mapping in a complete metric space. Our results generalized a recent result of Sadiq Basha [Common best proximity points: global minimization of multi-objective functions, J. Glob. Optim., (2011)] and some results in the literature.     

Repeated proximity games

We consider repeated games with complete information and imperfect monitoring, where each player is assigned a fixed subset of players and only observes the moves chosen by the players in this subset. This structure is naturally represented by a directed graph. We prove that a generalized folk theorem holds for any payoff function if and only if the graph is 2-connected, and then extend this result to the context of finitely repeated games. Received June 1997/Revised version March 1998     

Weighted proximity search

Journal of Heuristics - Proximity search is an iterative method to solve complex mathematical programming problems. At each iteration, the objective function of the problem at hand is replaced by...     

Ordered proximity spaces

We shall investigate proximities in ordered sets corresponding to ordered bicompact extensions.Translated from Matematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 659–667, December, 1968.     

基于近似拓扑的近似闭包

粗糙集的拓扑研究具有意义,其中的近似拓扑具有对经典拓扑的双向逼近性.研究基于近似拓扑的近似闭包.定义近似开集确立近似拓扑,建立近似闭集.基于近似闭集,定义近似闭包获得基本性质,分析近似闭包与闭包、闭包近似集、近似集闭包的包含序关系.近似闭包深化了近似拓扑,实现了对经典闭包的逼近与扩张.     

Pointed drawings of planar graphs

We study the problem how to draw a planar graph crossing-free such that every vertex is incident to an angle greater than π. In general a plane straight-line drawing cannot guarantee this property. We present algorithms which construct such drawings with either tangent-continuous biarcs or quadratic Bézier curves (parabolic arcs), even if the positions of the vertices are predefined by a given plane straight-line drawing of the graph. Moreover, the graph can be drawn with circular arcs if the vertices can be placed arbitrarily. The topic is related to non-crossing drawings of multigraphs and vertex labeling.     

Graph drawings with few slopes

The slope-number of a graph G is the minimum number of distinct edge slopes in a straight-line drawing of G in the plane. We prove that for Δ5 and all large n, there is a Δ-regular n-vertex graph with slope-number at least . This is the best known lower bound on the slope-number of a graph with bounded degree. We prove upper and lower bounds on the slope-number of complete bipartite graphs. We prove a general upper bound on the slope-number of an arbitrary graph in terms of its bandwidth. It follows that the slope-number of interval graphs, cocomparability graphs, and AT-free graphs is at most a function of the maximum degree. We prove that graphs of bounded degree and bounded treewidth have slope-number at most . Finally we prove that every graph has a drawing with one bend per edge, in which the number of slopes is at most one more than the maximum degree. In a companion paper, planar drawings of graphs with few slopes are also considered.     

Monotone drawings of planar graphs

Let G be a graph drawn in the plane so that its edges are represented by x‐monotone curves, any pair of which cross an even number of times. We show that G can be redrawn in such a way that the x‐coordinates of the vertices remain unchanged and the edges become non‐crossing straight‐line segments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 46: 39–47, 2004     

Fuzzy proximity spaces redefined

We use the concept ‘L-quasi-coincident’ in fuzzy set theory, to redefine L-fuzzy proximity space, and we study the following problems: proximity of L-fuzzy normal spaces, L-fuzzy filters, proximity neighborhoods and the L-fuzzy topology induced by the L-fuzzy proximity.