基于生态风险评价的流域生态补偿策略

定量评价流域生态风险是维护生态系统健康、建立生态补偿机制,保障流域可持续发展的重要基础。流域水资源时空变化直接制约着流域尺度不同区域的生态环境质量,也蕴含了生态风险的程度及状况。从引起塔里木河流域生态风险的自然条件和人为干扰状况出发,选择地表水矿化度、地下水埋深、大风和沙尘暴日数、NDVI指数、水利基础设施密度等作为生态风险评价的指标,并运用AHP-模糊综合评价方法构建了塔里木河流域生态风险评价模型。定量评价表明,塔里木河干流上、中、下游的生态风险量化值分别为2.25,2.7,3-4.2,生态风险程度上游小于中游及下游。明确生态风险与生态补偿主体的关系、拓展生态补偿的思路与途径、构建生态补偿机制,是实现塔里木河流域生态环境治理目标的重要途径。     

塔里木河流域下游植被生态风险遥感定量评估

近年来,生态风险评估已被人们所重视,但到目前为止,生态风险评估还没有一套完整的方法体系。以我国最大的内陆河——塔里木河下游为研究区,将遥感、地理信息系统等技术手段与模糊数学方法相结合,根据ERA框架和层次分析思想建立塔里木河下游植被的生态风险评估指标,运用模糊综合评判的方法进行塔里木河下游植被生态风险的遥感定量评估,并在评估结果的基础上进行可视化分析。结果表明:在流域生态风险评估缺乏有效的定量评估方法的情况下,Fuzzy集合论与AHP方法结合的模糊综合评判方法是可行的,具有较高的科学性;运用遥感、地理信息系统(GIS)等技术手段,实现了评估结果的定性、定量和可视化。     

塔里木河下游断流河道输水的生态响应与生态修复

结合2000年以来对塔里木河下游生态输水、生态监测等相关实测资料的分析,讨论塔里木河下游生态受损和实施输水工程后的地下水位变化与生态恢复过程.研究表明:塔里木河下游植物群落物种组成、类型以及物种多样性变化与地下水位埋深有着密切的联系.自塔里木河下游上段英苏至下游段考干,随着地下水位埋深变化,生态受损程度不尽一致,群落类型由上而下趋于简单、物种数也在减少.实施生态输水过程中,塔里木河下游浅层地下水位普遍抬升,主要物种的覆盖度增加,物种数增多,优势度也发生了变化.塔里木河下游的生态受损与恢复与水文过程密切相关,加强流域水资源管理对确保流域生态系统的完整性有着重要意义.     

阿克苏河流域水资源承载力模糊综合评价

阿克苏河是天山南坡水量最大的河流,是目前塔里木河最大的水量补给来源。由于阿克苏河流大规模的农业开发和不合理的水资源开发利用,不仅使得流域内生态环境脆弱,同时导致了补给干流的水资源减少,使得干流(尤其是在下游)产生了一系列的生态环境问题。本文针对阿克苏河流域水资源的实际情况,依据阿克苏河流域供需状况等,选取人均水资源可利用量,人均供水量、水资源利用率、耕地灌溉率、供水模数、需水模数、生活用水定额、生态用水率等指标,应用模糊综合评价方法综合的评价了流域内现状和不同水平年的水资源承载力,并提出了提高水资源承载力的途径。     

基于WEAP的塔里木河干流灌溉满足度模拟

根据《塔里木河流域近期综合治理规划》规定的水权分配方案,以保障干流天然植物正常生长所需水分和塔里木河下游不断流为前提,模拟计算了塔里木河干流现状灌溉需水的满足度。首先,采用定额法估算塔里木河干流天然植被需水量,选用90%保障率最枯月平均流量法,估算塔里木河干流最小河道内生态需水量,得出塔里木河干流不同保障率的水资源可利用量;其次,建立了塔里木河干流水资源评价和规划模型（WEAP）,估算了各灌区基准年的需水量;最后,模拟计算了不同保障率下各灌区逐月的需水满足度。结果表明：随着来水保障率的提高,除了塔里木河下游灌区需水得到满足外,其他各灌区各月需水满足度出现不同程度的下降,生产用水与生态用水矛盾逐渐突出。在平水年、枯水年和特枯水年,灌溉总缺水量分别为0.43×10⁸ m³、1.29×10⁸ m³和2.44×10⁸ m³,缺水最严重的月份主要集中在3月、11月,其次为4月和5月,缺水量最大的为塔里木河中游灌区。     

塔里木河干流流域防治耕地盐碱化的生态需水量

本文从冲洗定额的构成出发,定义从计划冲洗层的含水量达到最大田间持水量这一时刻起到计划冲洗层的含盐量达到允许含盐量止这段时间所需要的在冲洗定额中起输送冲洗作用的那部分水量为盐碱耕地生态需水定额。通过对塔里木河流域典型灌区的调查分析,初步确定塔里木河干流流域防治耕地盐碱化的生态需水定额约为1500 m3.hm-2,最后得出目前塔里木河干流流域防治耕地盐碱化的生态需水量约为0.97亿m3。     

塔里木河综合治理前后干流环境变化

采用TM卫星遥感影像数据,对塔里木河干流2000年和2010年的环境变化信息进行提取,分析了塔里木河近期综合治理工程实施前、后干流区土地覆盖/利用类型的变化状况,构建了塔里木河干流环境质量评价模型,对其治理前后环境状况进行了综合评价,并对比分析了塔里木河上、中、下游变化的差异性。结果表明:2000—2010年,塔里木河干流区耕地、草地、水域面积显著增加,林地和未利用地的面积显著减少,而建筑用地面积变化幅度较小;其中,林地、草地与未利用地向耕地的转化,林地向草地的转化,以及天然草地与未利用地向水域的转化是土地覆盖类型间的主要方向;塔里木河干流上、中、下游区各类型变化程度和速率存在显著差异。综合治理工程实施后,塔里木河干流环境质量总体表现出一定程度的好转,除上游处于一般级别外,其他地区仍然处于较差的环境级别;其中上、中游区环境质量评价指数(ecological index,EI)变化不明显,而下游区EI指数则显著增加,说明治理工程的实施使下游绿色走廊来水量增加,生态输水区的环境得到显著改善,地下水得到补充,两岸植被恢复明显。     

基于初始水权分配的阿克苏河流域适时水权管理研究

阿克苏河是塔里木河来水量最大的源流。近几十年来,由于用水量的增加,进入塔里木河干流的水量逐年减少,导致塔里木河下游生态环境急剧恶化。为了改善下游的生态环境,完成向塔里木河干流输水目标的任务,阿克苏河流域建立了基于初始水权分配的适时水权管理系统。提出了适时水权的概念,将适时水权分为四个等级,并分别阐述了各级适时水权的确定及管理。最后举例说明了阿克苏河流域适时水权的实践情况及意义。     

塔里木河下游典型区景观生态质量评价

近20年来,由于人类对水资源利用的不合理,塔里木河下游生态环境持续恶化,大西海子水库以下河段自1974年以来至2000年全部断流。本文选取卡拉～台特马湖段呈东南向分布的狭长地带为典型区,以2000年的TM影像为数据源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下提取了土地利用程度及植被类型因子,结合地下水位对塔里木河下游典型区进行了景观生态质量综合评价。研究将典型区按景观生态质量高低分为好、一般、较差、差和极差五个等级,结果表明:质量优的景观多是河道附近呈斑块状分布的人工绿洲,质量差的景观是塔里木河下游典型区的主体,景观质量较差的景观面积占典型区的98.91％,主要分布在距离河道比较远的地区和英苏以下地段。以上研究结果可为生态治理规划提供科学依据。     

基于RS和GIS的塔里木河干流生态环境状况评价

干旱区内陆河流域生态环境的变化关系到人类的生存和社会的发展。针对塔里木河干流区域在综合治理前后的环境变化状况,以1990、2000年和2010年7—8月的3期Landsat-TM和中巴资源卫星遥感数据为基础,借助RS、GIS手段和生态环境状况指数方法,对比分析了综合治理前后生态环境的特点,得知塔里木河干流的生态环境在综合治理前处于最差的级别,综合治理后有明显改善。虽然,综合治理遏制了生态退化的趋势,但是流域内生态脆弱的现状并没有发生根本扭转,仍需要进一步地增加治理投入,巩固和增强综合治理的效果。     

塔里木河下游生态输水的合理时间初探

基于塔里木河下游8次生态输水资料和植被调查,从输水时间与天然植被落种时间的生态默契角度,分析了8次输水时间、水量以及博斯腾湖与塔里木河来水的规律,并根据塔里木河下游32种植物的落种时间,分别从不同乔、灌、多年生草本和一年生草本植物的落种与河道过水时间的相关性,对目前输水时间的合理性进行了评判,从塔里木河下游天然植被生态恢复的角度,提出了塔里木河下游最适宜的输水时间。结果显示：① 由于调水沿途损耗较大,目前输水正以博斯腾湖调水向依靠塔里木河来水转变,因此,塔里木河有没有水向下游输送是生态输水的先决条件;② 前8次输水过程中,过水时间主要集中在4-6月和8-10月两个时间段,这是由于博斯腾湖水量49.73%在4-6月;而塔里木河水量82.33%集中在8-10月;③ 从8次输水看,由于没有考虑到天然植被的落种更新问题,因此,河道过水时间与天然植被的相关性偏低,塔里木河来水的输水时间较博斯腾湖更为合理;④ 从下游乔、灌、草落种时间看,最适宜的输水时间是7-9月;从塔里木河给水时间的可行性看,每年最佳的给水时间是8月中旬到9月底。     

塔里木河生态环境演变及整治途径

在以农业为主的生产方式下 ,塔里木河生态环境演变是绿洲与沙漠同时扩大 ,而处于两者之间的自然林地、草地、野生动物栖息地和自然水域不断缩小 ,也即荒漠与绿洲之间过渡带缩小 ,这主要是由于人类活动改变了区域水量平衡、水盐平衡和生态平衡造成。塔里木河整治应实行治理上游、改造中游、拯救下游 ;合理利用水资源 ,使上、中、下游相对平衡 ;保护自然植被使下游绿色走廊得以恢复     

塔里木河下游水生态安全评价及驱动要素分析

随着塔里木河流域水资源统一管理不断加强,塔里木河下游生态输水量增加,生态保护取得了阶段性成效.然而,水资源严格管理下的塔里木河下游水生态安全状况及变化过程如何,相关研究缺乏科学的评估.对此,本文利用塔里木河下游2000—2017年的水量、监测断面地下水埋深、胡杨新增生物量、植被覆盖度、干旱指数等指标数据,运用主成分分析...     

塔里木河下游天然植被恢复的生态学机制

在分析塔里木河下游植被退化的基础上,系统阐述了塔里木河下游植被恢复的生态学机制。封闭的内陆盆地和干旱少雨的自然环境是塔里木河下游生态系统极度脆弱的内在因素,而人为干扰是塔里木河下游植被退化的主要驱动力。塔里木河下游植被的恢复,必须遵循干旱区植物的生态学性质,密切结合植被发生所需的环境条件,特别是干旱区植被分布格局与地下水的关系。2000年5月以来的生态输水使近河道地段地下水响应明显,横向于河道一定宽度范围内植被恢复明显,但这种恢复是有限的。     

Spatial-temporal variations of ecological vulnerability in the Tarim River Basin,Northwest China

As the largest inland river basin of China, the Tarim River Basin (TRB), known for its various natural resources and fragile environment, has an increased risk of ecological crisis due to the intensive exploitation and utilization of water and land resources. Since the Ecological Water Diversion Project (EWDP), which was implemented in 2001 to save endangered desert vegetation, there has been growing evidence of ecological improvement in local regions, but few studies have performed a comprehensive ecological vulnerability assessment of the whole TRB. This study established an evaluation framework integrating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy method to estimate the ecological vulnerability of the TRB covering climatic, ecological, and socioeconomic indicators during 2000-2017. Based on the geographical detector model, the importance of ten driving factors on the spatial-temporal variations of ecological vulnerability was explored. The results showed that the ecosystem of the TRB was fragile, with more than half of the area (57.27%) dominated by very heavy and heavy grades of ecological vulnerability, and 28.40% of the area had potential and light grades of ecological vulnerability. The light grade of ecological vulnerability was distributed in the northern regions (Aksu River and Weigan River catchments) and western regions (Kashgar River and Yarkant River catchments), while the heavy grade was located in the southern regions (Kunlun Mountains and Qarqan River catchments) and the Mainstream catchment. The ecosystems in the western and northern regions were less vulnerable than those in the southern and eastern regions. From 2000 to 2017, the overall improvement in ecological vulnerability in the whole TRB showed that the areas with great ecological improvement increased by 46.11%, while the areas with ecological degradation decreased by 9.64%. The vegetation cover and potential evapotranspiration (PET) were the obvious driving factors, explaining 57.56% and 21.55% of the changes in ecological vulnerability across the TRB, respectively. In terms of ecological vulnerability grade changes, obvious spatial differences were observed in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the TRB due to the different vegetation and hydrothermal conditions. The alpine source region of the TRB showed obvious ecological improvement due to increased precipitation and temperature, but the alpine meadow of the Kaidu River catchment in the Middle Tianshan Mountains experienced degradation associated with overgrazing and local drought. The improved agricultural management technologies had positive effects on farmland ecological improvement, while the desert vegetation in oasis-desert ecotones showed a decreasing trend as a result of cropland reclamation and intensive drought. The desert riparian vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was greatly improved due to the implementation of the EWDP, which has been active for tens of years. These results provide comprehensive knowledge about ecological processes and mechanisms in the whole TRB and help to develop environmental restoration measures based on different ecological vulnerability grades in each sub-catchment.     

Land use/land cover change responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China

The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin. However, excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources, particularly water resources, have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river, deterioration of water quality, drying up of downstream rivers, degradation of vegetation, and land desertification. In this study, the land use/land cover change (LUCC) responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) and GIS (Geographic Information System) data analysis software for the period of 1990-2018. Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used. The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km² during this period, accounting for 15.79% of the total study area. From 1990 to 2018, wetland, farmland, forestland, and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km² (216.77%), 446.68 km² (123.66%), 284.55 km² (5.67%), and 57.51 km² (217.96%), respectively, whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types, such as Gobi, bare soil, and deserts, decreased by 103.34 km² (14.31%) and 1218.83 km² (11.75%), respectively. Vegetation area decreased first and then increased, with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018. LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation, irregularity, and complexity. By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018, we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region.     

塔里木河流域水量变化对生态环境影响分析

本文以塔里木河流域的10个水文站1961~2000年观测资料为基础,对塔里木河流域的径流变化及其对下游生态环境影响进行了分析。分析得出:(1)20世纪60年代以来,塔里木河各源流的出山口径流量增加23.82×108m3,增幅达14.97%,但是,能汇入塔里木河干流的水量并没有增加,而且比60年代减少了8.8×108m3,减幅达17.41%。(2)近40年以来,由于塔里木河干流上中游地区的耕地面积急剧扩大,用水量剧增,使下游的来水量比60年代减少7.72×108m3,减幅达76.13%。(3)由于塔里木河上中游耗水量的增加,塔里木河下游来水量逐年减少以至断流,由此造成下游生态环境出现较大的变化,主要表现有:河水盐化严重,灾害性天气出现的次数大幅增加,河道断流,地下水位下降,天然植被严重衰败,沙漠化过程加重。(4)实施塔里木河流域水资源的统一管理,统筹分配上、中、下游水量,调整大农业生产方向,完善流域节水改造配套工程,发展节水型农业,是塔里木河下游受损生态环境恢复与重建的关键。