Wilson‘s病人和正常人发,粪便中微量元素的中子活化分析

用ＮＡＡ方法测定人发和粪便样品中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃａ、Ｍｎ、Ａｌ和Ｍｇ等六种微量元素，分析比较了病人和正常人样品中微量元素含量的差异。并对病人治疗前后微量元素的变化进行了探讨。     

Changes in trace elements of cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage, and effects of trace elements on vasospasm

Various causal factors have been proposed for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), such as serotonin, acetylcholine, angiotensin, thrombin and thromboxane A2. However, none of them explain the whole pathomechanism of vasospasm. To evaluate the role of trace elements on vasospasm, we have examined these sequential changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after SAH by PIXE, and have investigated the relation between trace elements and vasospasm. We obtained the CSF samples from cisternal drainage in patients with SAH who underwent radical surgery within 48 h from the onset. The drainage was placed into basal cisterns at the end of the operation. Three sampling times (3–5, 7–9 and 12–14 days from the onset) has been scheduled because vasospasm is likely to occur from day 4 to day 14 after the onset. In this study, we focused on the levels of Mg, Ca, Mn, Al, Zn, P, Pb, Sr, Br, Co, Cu, Si, Ti, Mn,Co, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr, Mo and Pb, and we found a significantly lower level of Mg in the CSF of patients with vasospasm on days 7–9 after the onset. These results suggest that Mg in the CSF may ameliorate vasoconstriction due to Ca in the pathomechanism of vasospasm.     

Nuclear microscopy study of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer''s disease

The NUS nuclear microscope has been utilized to determine aluminium concentrations in normal and neurofibrillary-tangle-bearing neurons in brain tissue sections from Alzheimer's patients. It was demonstrated that both neurons and neurofibrillary tangles can be identified by STIM in situ in thin tissue. High aluminium levels of up to 500 parts per million were found in tissue fixed with osmium tetroxide, with higher concentrations present in neurons than in surrounding tissue. Preliminary results on untreated freeze dried sections however have yielded an absence of aluminium down to the minimum detection limits of 20 ppm, implying that aluminium is an artifact introduced during sample preparation.     

Nuclear microscopic investigations into the elemental changes in the substantia nigra of unilaterally MPTP-lesioned Parkinsonian monkeys

Various transition metals, particularly iron, have been implicated in the aetiology of the neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson's disease, in which there is a characteristic loss of cells in the substantia nigra (SN) region of the brain. In this study, monkeys were unilaterally lesioned with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine (MPTP) to obtain primate models of parkinsonism, with the non-lesioned side of the brain serving as controls. The monkeys were sacrificed at one day, one week, two weeks, one month and one year after lesioning to investigate the time dependent elemental changes in the parkinsonian SN. Sections of the brain encompassing both the lesioned and non-lesioned SNs were analysed using the National University of Singapore nuclear microscope. Adjacent sections were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemically stained to provide complementary information on dopaminergic cell loss and to facilitate definition of the SN boundaries during data analysis. In one-day and one-week monkeys (representing early stages of the disease), there were no changes in elemental concentrations within experimental errors and the adjacent TH-stained sections did not show apparent cell loss in the SN. At two weeks, cell loss was seen in the lesioned SN compared to the control SN. Although there was no bulk increase in SN iron, localised accumulation of iron in granules containing up to 15% by weight iron was observed in the lesioned SN of one of the two-week monkeys. An average 15% increase in nigral iron, significant at the 90% confidence level (p < 0.1), was seen in the one-month monkeys. TH-stained sections for the one-month monkeys showed cell loss in the lesioned SN. In one-year samples (representing the advanced stage of the disease) there was a significant (p < 0.05) 56% increase in iron, 14% increase in phosphorous and a 20% decrease in copper. Here an almost complete loss of cells in the lesioned SN was apparent from the adjacent TH-stained sections. These preliminary results suggest that while bulk increase in iron may seem to follow cell death, localised accumulation of SN iron in the early stages of the disease may play an important role in initiating and/or accelerating nigral cell death.     

Nuclear microscopy in Alzheimer’s disease

The elemental composition of the two types of brain lesions which characterise Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been the subject of intense scrutiny over the last decade, ever since it was proposed that inorganic trace elements, particularly aluminium, might be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. The major evidence for this involvement was the detection of aluminium in the characteristic lesions of the AD brain; neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Using the powerful combination of Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy (STIM), it is possible to image and analyse structures in brain sections without recourse to chemical staining. Previous results on elemental composition of senile plaques indicated the absence of aluminium at the 15 parts per million level. We have more recently focused on the analysis of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), destructive structural defects within neurons. Imaging and analysis of neurons in brain tissue presented a greater challenge due to the small dimensional size compared with the plaques. We describe the methodology and the results of imaging and analysing neurons in brain tissue sections using Nuclear Microscopy. Our results show that aluminium is not present in either neurons or surrounding tissue in unstained sections at the 20 ppm level, but can be observed in stained sections. We also report elemental concentrations showing significant elevations of phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, iron and zinc.     

用质子激发X荧光分析法测定肝硬化病人血清的微量元素含量——探讨中医治疗疗效

本文利用质子激发经X荧光分析法测量正常人和肝硬化病人血清中Zn、Cu、Fe、Br和Rb等元素的含量。结果表明,中医治疗前后,血清中微量元素含量有显著差异。治疗后,病人症状有明显改善,且微量元素的含量也向正常人靠近。     

人尿集落刺激因子对受照射小鼠存活的影响

本实验证明人尿集落刺激因子（ＣＳＦ）能明显地提高受照射小鼠存活率，并延长存活时间。用微孔板有限稀释法培养粒细胞证明人尿ＣＳＦ能维持外周血粒细胞存活，且存活细胞数与ＣＳＦ浓度有密切关系。在含有人尿ＣＳＦ的条件下，骨髓粒－巨噬细胞存活数（ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ）在培养１２ｄ时培养８ｄ者增多。     

应用中子活化分析技术测定人脑肿瘤亚细胞组分中的微量元素

采用密度梯度离心分离技术结合仪器中子活化分析技术,分析测定了人脑(正常和肿瘤)亚细胞组分中11种微量元素的浓度,并对其分布进行了讨论。     

中子活化分析研究长期摄入氯化镧对大鼠脑中部分常量和微量元素含量的影响

利用中子活化分析技术,初步研究了长期从饮水中摄入不同剂量的稀土元素镧对大鼠脑中12种常量和微量元素含量的影响。结果发现,镧的剂量越高,实验大鼠脑组织中含量发生变化的元素种类越多。1000mg/L组大鼠脑组织中有5种元素的含量与对照组相比发生了明显改变,而且这些元素都与脑功能密切相关。因此,镧的摄入可能会对脑的功能产生不利影响。     

Estimation of radiation hazard indices from natural radioactivity of some rocks

1 Introduction Naturally occurring radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are widespread in the earth’s environment and they exist in various geological formation such as soil, rock, water and plants [1]. These radionuclides pose exposure risks externally due to their γ-ray emissions and internally due to radon and its progeny, which emit alpha particles. Even though these radionuclides are widely distributed, their concentrations have been found to depend on the local geological condition and …