粘结剂成分对WC－20（Fe／Co／Ni）硬质合金力学性能和显微组织的影响

用常规的粉末冶金工艺试制了四种成分的ＷＣ－２０（Ｆｅ／Ｃｏ／Ｎｉ）合金，优选粘结剂的成分及总碳量可使其力学性能最佳。着重研究了ＷＣ－２０（Ｆｅ／Ｃｏ／Ｎｉ）合金的力学性能和显微组织，发现：粘结相为李晶马氏体和奥氏体时，其主要力学性能不低于ＷＣ－２Ｃｏ；而粘结相全部为板条马氏体时，其主要力学性能低于ＷＣ－２Ｃｏ     

Transformation-toughening in cemented carbides: Part I. Binder composition control

Successful application of “transformation-toughening” to cemented carbides is demonstrated in the system WC-(Fe, Ni, C). Strict control of the chemical composition of the binder and careful consideration to the effects of thermal residual stress and the constraint imposed by the surrounding carbide grains are essential for achieving the desired degree of metastability of the binder phase that can lead to enhancements in the hardness/fracture toughness behavior of this class of cemented carbides. Formerly Manager, Research-Development, Reed Tool Company, Houston, TX.     

热处理对粗晶WC-Co硬质合金力学性能的影响

以WC-8.4Co粗晶硬质合金为研究对象,通过纳米压痕、大载荷维氏硬度测试等分析手段,研究了粗晶硬质合金在热处理过程中粘结相力学性能及合金整体力学性能的变化.结果表明,热处理对粗晶WC-Co硬质合金可通过提高硬质合金粘结相的硬度而使整体硬度得到一定改善,且合金的Palmqvist断裂韧性在热处理之后也有较为明显的改善.     

放电等离子烧结制备超细晶WC-3Co硬质合金的组织和性能

采用高能球磨制备纳米WC-3Co粉末,再通过放电等离子烧结(spark plasma sintering,SPS)制备超细晶WC-3Co硬质合金。研究SPS工艺参数对合金致密度、显微组织和力学性能的影响,并对SPS和热压工艺(hotpressing,HP)进行对比。结果表明:SPS可实现WC-3Co粉末的低温快速致密化。升高温度或提高压力都使得合金的致密度提高,同时导致WC晶粒长大。SPS较HP升温速率快且烧结时间更短,合金组织更加均匀,在1 300℃保温5 min、烧结压力为40 MPa的条件下所制备的合金具有最佳综合性能,其平均晶粒度为0.32μm,相对密度、硬度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性分别为99.3%、2257 HV30、1 906 MPa、10.36 MPa.m1/2。而在1 450℃、压力为50 MPa、保压5 min条件下,热压合金的致密度、硬度和断裂韧性分别为99.6%、2 264 HV30和11.01 MPa.m1/2,但抗弯强度只有1 301 MPa,平均晶粒度为0.47μm。     

Adherent Ti(C,N) Coatings on Cemented Carbide Substrates with Fe/Ni/Co Binder

Both hard CVD coatings deposited on cemented carbides and the use of innovative binders for Co-bonded cemented carbide attract worldwide interest. In this article, ISO grade P30 cemented carbides are prepared with Fe Ni and Co binder, and adherent Ti(C,N) coatings are deposited on all the substrates by moderate-temperature chemical vapor deposition (MTCVD). The microstructure and properties of the cemented carbides before and after coating process are studied. The results show that Ti(C,N) coatings on all the substrate show compact and well-developed columnar structures, and high adhesion strength can be achieved.     

Stabilization and two-way shape memory effect in Cu-Al-Ni single crystals

The two-way shape memory effect (TWME) induced by stabilization of the martensite phase during aging has been studied in Cu-13.4 Al-4.0 Ni (mass pct) single crystals. The influence of the degree of long-range order on the transformation has been determined by using different heat treatments. The transformation temperatures are strongly influenced by the degree of order in the austenite: annealing from above or below the second neighbor L2₁ ordering temperature changes the M _s by more than 100 °C. It has been established that the diffusion in the austenite as well as in the martensite phase is considerably slower in this alloy than in other Cu-based ones, due to the presence of Ni. The obtained TWME has a similar efficiency as when other more complex thermomechanical trainings are made. In this alloy, the TWME by stabilization is not complete, in contrast to that in Cu-Zn-Al single crystals.     

硬质合金添加陶瓷颗粒3Y-PSZ的实验研究

为研究3Y—PSZ颗粒在外力作用下t→m相变增韧增强金属陶瓷材料的可行性，采用热等静压真空烧结工艺制备不同含量3Y—PSZ的WC-20％Co硬质合金。试验结果表明：3Y—PSZ在WC-20％Co基体中呈球形，均匀分布在Co相和WC相中，添加了3Y—PSZ的WC-20％Co的硬质合金抗弯强度和冲击韧性明显提高，耐磨性能有明显改善。     

WC-8(Fe, Co, Ni)RE合金性能研究

用不同比例的Fe和Ni部分代替WC-8Co合金中的粘结剂Co，再添加微量的碳粉和稀土氧化物Y2O3制得WC-8(Fe，Co，Ni)RE硬质合金，测试了其物理机械性能，研究了粘结剂各种成分及烧结温度、烧结气氛对硬质合金性能的影响。在一定的烧结工艺下，以Fe和Ni部分代替Co所制得的WC-8(Fe，Co，Ni)RE硬质合金，其性能可以达到甚至超过YG8的标准，同时对影响WC-8(Fe，Co，Ni)RE硬质合金性能的一些因素进行了讨论。     

梯度结构硬质合金的疲劳断裂

采用三点抗弯的方法研究WC-6Co梯度结构硬质合金和均质WC-6Co硬质合金的疲劳行为,探讨疲劳断口形貌与破坏机制的关系。结果表明:梯度结构硬质合金的疲劳裂纹在亚表面萌生;梯度结构硬质合金表层Co相发生明显塑性变形,WC相以沿晶断裂为主;中间层Co相变形也很明显,WC相解理断裂增加;内层Co相塑性变形很少,WC、η相以解理断裂为主;均质硬质合金Co相塑性变形明显,WC以沿晶、解理断裂为主,各部位断口形貌接近;梯度结构硬质合金的疲劳极限比均质硬质合金高约100 MPa;梯度结构硬质合金中疲劳裂纹沿垂直于试样下表面、平行于Co相梯度的方向形核,而均质硬质合金的疲劳裂纹沿平行于试样外表面方向形核。在应力集中效应、循环应力的作用下,Co相的马氏体相变是裂纹在亚表面萌生的主要原因;马氏体相变使Co相成为裂纹形核的快速通道,裂纹沿Co相梯度方向形核。     

以镍代钴碳化钨基硬质合金的发展

综述了近几年国内外以镍代钴碳化钨基硬质合金的发展概貌。论述了硬质合金以镍代钴的理论根据及意义。通过合金化、合金晶粒细化、添加微量稀土元素等工艺措施,镍可以全部取代钴,其合金性能和钴合金相当,而抗氧化性能优于钴合金     

含板状晶WC双模组织结构硬质合金的研究

采用超细WC原料，在WC-20Co合金中加入纳米Y2O3，在1440℃的液相烧结温度下获得了含板状晶WC双模组织结构的合金。通过对比低于共晶温度下热压固结工艺与传统液相烧结工艺制备的WC-20Co=1Y2O3硬质合金的组织结构发现，液相烧结合金中WC板状晶是在液相烧结阶段通过液相重结晶形成的，均匀分散在合金中的Y2O3具有促进WC从粘结相中均匀析出长大、抑制WC沿C轴方向生长的作用，因而使合金中粗大的WC呈现板状晶的形貌。研究结果表明，板状晶强化的双模结构WC-20Co—1Y2O3合金具有较好的综合性能。     

Fatigue damage in a WC-Nickel cemented carbide composite

A WC-15.6 wt pct Ni cemented carbide was designed to investigate the response of this type of composite to compressive cyclic loading. The monotonic stress-strain behavior of the material was investigated in compression. Specimens were mechanically conditioned at 20 Hz for 10⁶ cycles using a zero-compression-zero sinusoidal program under stress control. Peak stress was varied in increments from zero to 1900 MPa, where failure was observed. Only modest changes in hardness, fracture toughness and the residual stress of the carbide were noted. On a local scale, however, significant alterations in binder microstructure and dislocation density and distribution were observed by transmission electron microscopy. As cyclic stress levels were raised, increasing numbers of grain-boundary-ledge dislocation sources became operative, leading to precipitate-free bands of intense slip. These bands broadened at the higher stress levels, saturating entire binder phase regions and finally giving way to a change in dislocation arrangements. It is concluded that fatigue damage in this type of composite accrues in the binder in a characteristic manner dictated by short binder-carbide interaction distances and local stress conditions. A. D. Krawitz, formerly with Rice University, Houston, TX.     

Optimization of Fe/Cr/C base structural Steels for improved strength and toughness

Optimization of the composition and the heat treatments to provide a microduplex structure of dislocated-autotempered lath martensite and thin film retained austenite for good combinations of mechanical properties has been attained for Fe/Cr/C base steels. Substituting 0.5 wt pct Mo to reduce Cr from 4 pct to 3 pct did not affect the microstructures nor the properties. It was found that air melting as compared to vacuum melting does not cause deterioration of toughness in Mn containing alloys but does so in Ni containing alloys. Tempered martensite embrittlement was confirmed as being due to the decomposition of retained austenite. Further improvements in the fracture toughness are achieved by double heat treatments which provide grain refinement. These alloys are considered to be very promising for structural applications.     

The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and cryogenic fracture properties in 5Ni and 9Ni steel

Heat treatments were utilized in 5Ni and 9Ni steel which resulted in the development of tempered microstructures which contained either no measurable retained austenite (<0.5 pct) or approximately 4 to 5 pct retained austenite as determined by X-ray diffraction. Microstructural observations coupled with the results of tensile testing indicated that the formation of retained austenite correlated with a decrease in carbon content of the matrix. Relative values ofK _IC at 77 K were estimated from slow bend precracked Charpy data using both the COD and equivalent energy measurements. In addition, Charpy impact properties at 77 K were determined. In the 9Ni alloy, optimum fracture toughness was achieved in specimens which contained retained austenite. This was attributed to changes in yield and work hardening behavior which accompanied the microstructural changes. In the 5Ni alloy, fracture toughness equivalent to that observed in the 9Ni alloy was developed in grain refined and tempered microstructures containing <0.5 pct retained austenite. A decrease in fracture toughness was observed in grain refined 5Ni specimens containing 3.8 pct retained austenite due to the premature onset of unstable cracking. This was attributed to the transformation of retained austenite to brittle martensite during deformation. It was concluded that the formation of thermally stable retained austenite is beneficial to the fracture toughness of Ni steels at 77 K as a result of austenite gettering carbon from the matrix during tempering. However, it was also concluded that the mechanical stability of the retained austenite is critical in achieving a favorable enhancement of cryogenic fracture toughness properties. Formerly with Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, NY     

（W，Ti，Ta）C复式碳化物对WC-（6％-8％）Co超细硬质合金性能的影响

以WC-6％Co和WC-8％120为研究体系,在1390℃压力烧结下制备不同配比复式碳化物的超细硬质合金。分别采用洛氏硬度检测、抗弯强度检测、钴磁检测、矫顽磁力检测等方法,通过扫描电镜和电子衍射分析,研究了不同量的（W,Ti,Ta）C复式碳化物对超细硬质合金性能的影响。结果表明：WC-6％Co-2％（W,Ti,Ta）C超细硬质合金的矫顽磁力为45．39kA·m^-1,硬度为94．0HRA,抗弯强度为2280MPa;WC-8％Co-2％（w,Ti,Ta）C超细硬质合金的矫顽磁力为37．4kA·m^-1,硬度为93．4HRA,抗弯强度为2670MPa;WC-8％Co-2％（w,Ti,Ta）C-0．5％（Cr3C2/VC）的矫顽磁力为38．2kA·m^-1,硬度为93．6HRA,抗弯强度为2780MPa;它们具有较高的综合性能。     

WC-10Co-4Cr 含量对HVOF 制备WC-10Co-4Cr/Ni60涂层性能的影响

为改善农业机械工作部件的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性能,提高其使用寿命,采用超音速火焰喷涂的技术,在45 # 钢表面制备WC-10Co-4Cr/Ni60 涂层。在Ni60 粉末中分别添加质量分数为0、10 %、20 % 和30 % 的WC-10Co- 4Cr 粉末,探究WC-10Co-4Cr 含量对WC-10Co-4Cr/Ni60 涂层性能的影响。结果表明,制备的WC-10Co-4Cr/ Ni60 涂层组织均匀致密,涂层主要由γ ( NiCr ) 相和WC 相组成,含有少量的W2C、Ni3Fe 和Cr3Si 相,没有明显 的氧化脱碳现象。30 %WC-10Co-4Cr/Ni60 涂层的硬度达到9.35 GPa,是Ni60 涂层的1.23 倍,该涂层的耐磨性能最好, 在摩擦115 m 后,单位面积的总磨损量47.2 mg/cm2,比Ni60 涂层减少了35.3 %。20 %WC-10Co-4Cr/Ni60 涂层 的断裂韧性最高为6.04 MPa·m1/2,相较于Ni60 涂层提高了24.3 %,此外,该涂层在酸性环境中的耐腐蚀性能均 最佳。     

Structure and mechanical properties of tempered martensite and lower bainite in Fe−Ni−Mn−C steels

The structure and mechanical properties of tempered martensite and lower bainite were investigated in a series of high purity 0.25 pct C steels with varying amounts of nickel and manganese. The martensites in 0.25 C-5 Ni?Fe and 0.25 C-3 Mn?Fe alloys were mainly untwinned, while those in 0.25 C-5 Ni-7 Mn?Fe and 0.25 C-7 Mn?Fe alloys were heavily twinned. Manganese appears to promote carbide precipitation along the lath boundaries in tempered martensite. At equivalent yield and ultimate tensile strength levels, the tempered martensite of lower manganese steels showed better impact toughness than the tempered martensite of higher manganese steels. The impact toughness (compared at similar strength levels) of untwinned tempered martensite of 0.25 pct C steel with Widmanstatten precipitation of carbide was higher than that of lower bainite, which showed unidirectional carbides. The reasons for the difference in impact toughness between the alloys, and also between the structures are rationalized in terms of internal twinning, grain boundary precipitation and carbide morphology together with other microstructural features.     

Effects of heat treatment on wear resistance and fracture toughness of duo-cast materials composed of high-chromium white cast iron and low-chromium steel

The objective of this study is to investigate effects of heat treatment on wear resistance and fracture toughness in duo-cast materials composed of a high-chromium white cast iron and a low-chromium steel as a wear-resistant part and a ductile part, respectively. Different size, volume fraction, and distribution of M₇C₃ carbides were employed in the wear-resistant part by changing the amount of chromium, and the volume fraction of martensite in the austenitic matrix was varied by the heat treatment. In the alloys containing a small amount of chromium, an interdendritic structure of eutectic M₇C₃ carbides was formed, and led to the improvement of wear resistance and fracture toughness. After the heat treatment, the selective wear of the matrix and the cracking or spalled-off carbides were considerably reduced since the hardness difference between carbides and matrix decreased by the increase in the matrix hardness, thereby leading to the improvement of the wear resistance. However, the fracture toughness of the heat-treated alloys was lower than that of the as-cast alloys because the matrix containing a considerable amount of martensite did not effectively prevent the crack propagation.     

Carbide-binder interface ledges in (V,Ti) C+ (Ni,Mo) cermets

Interface ledges have been observed by transmission electron microscopy between the carbide and binder phases in (V, Ti) C+ (Ni, Mo) cemented carbides. It is proposed that these ledges can act as dislocation sources in a manner analogous to that of polycrys-talline metals and alloys. Such a concept can provide a physical basis for the empirically observed relation between hardness and the binder mean free path in cemented carbides. R. K. VISWANADHAM, formerly with Martin Marietta Laboratories, 1450 S. Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227     

Crystallographic aspects of Fe−Ni and Fe−Ni−C dilute alloy martensites

Two experimental techniques which can be used to determine accurately the habit plane and orientation of martensite plates in specimens of alloys normally containing no retained austenite are described. One depends upon the use of a parent crystal containing a sharp gradient of nickel concentration and the introduction of deformation twins in the martensite. The other, which can be used for measurements on homogeneous crystals completely transformed to martensite, depends upon the development of annealing twins in large grains of the parent austenite by a sequence of heat treatments prior to transformation. Results of measurements of the habit plane and orientation of plates formed in Fe?Ni and Fe?Ni?C alloys transformed to massivemartensite are reported. These results are compared with predictions of recent crystallographic theories.