机器人辅助腹腔镜下Lich-Greqoir手术治疗儿童原发性膀胱输尿管反流

目的探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜下Lich-Greqoir手术治疗儿童原发性膀胱输尿管反流的可行性、安全性和手术技巧。方法回顾性分析2014年5月至2019年2月上海市儿童医院收治的11例原发性膀胱输尿管反流患儿临床资料,其中男童10例,女童1例,均应用达芬奇系统辅助腹腔镜行Lich-Greqoir输尿管再植手术。患儿平均年龄9.4岁(3.2~18岁)。其中双侧4例,单侧7例。反流程度Ⅱ~Ⅳ级(Ⅱ级2侧,Ⅲ级3侧,Ⅳ级10侧)。结果患儿均采用Lich-Gregoir术式,术中患侧输尿管平均直径9 mm(5~15 mm),平均黏膜下隧道长度4.4 cm(3~6 cm)。术中无中转开放手术,单侧输尿管手术平均时间152 min(132~175 min),双侧输尿管手术平均时间257 min(249~264 min),术后平均住院时间4.5 d(3~6 d),1例双侧VUR患儿术后出现短期尿潴留,延长留置导尿管2周后痊愈。患儿平均随访时间2.5年(6个月至5.3年),所有病例均无发热性尿路感染,B超均未见患侧输尿管肾盂积水加重。术后完成VCUG 9例(其中双侧4例,单侧5例),其中1例双侧病例术后发现左侧反流Ⅰ级。结论机器人辅助腹腔镜下Lich-Greqoir手术治疗儿童原发性膀胱输尿管反流安全、有效,可以应用于3岁以上儿童的治疗。     

经膀胱内腹腔镜手术治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病30例

目的探讨经膀胱内腹腔镜手术治疗膀胱输尿管疾病连接处的学习技巧及适用性。方法2005年12月至2008年6月本院采用CO2气膀胱腹腔镜治疗膀胱输尿管疾病34例,男21例,女13例。年龄4个月至8岁。单侧输尿管末端狭窄18例（其中伴输尿管囊肿3例,结石2例）,原发性膀胱输尿管返流12例（其中双侧4例）,压力性尿失禁2例,输尿管经膀胱颈异位开口阴道伴囊肿1例。在膀胱镜引导下于脐下膀胱顶置入5mm目镜鞘管并固定,建立CO2气膀胱,两侧放置3-5mm操作鞘管。术式同开放性手术,术后留置导尿5～7d。结果33例在CO2气膀胱下完成手术,1例中转开放手术。33例中,Cohen输尿管再植术29例,膀胱颈V—Y成形术2例,单纯膀胱阴道瘘修补术1例,膀胱阴道瘘修补联合Cohen输尿管再植术1例。手术时间57～260min。术后轻度血尿8例（24．2％）,1例予止血药,均于2d内消失。随访3～26个月,33根Cohen输尿管再植中,21根恢复正常,9根较术前明显缩小,3根（3／6）裁剪输尿管的未裁剪部分较术前无明显变化。无输尿管返流。结论CO2气膀胱下经膀胖内腹腔镜Cohen输尿管再植术是一种安全有效的手术,容易学习,有微创优势,但需注意病例的正确选择。     

腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术治疗儿童双侧原发性膀胱输尿管反流

目的 评价腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术治疗儿童双侧原发性膀胱输尿管反流治疗效果.方法 对2007年9月至2009年9月4例腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术治疗双侧原发性膀胱输尿管反流患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 4例患儿,均因反复尿路感染收治.平均年龄6.5岁(5～8岁).男1例,女3例,排尿行膀胱尿道造影(VCUG)均提示双侧VUR,其中Ⅴ级2侧,Ⅳ级3侧,Ⅲ级3侧.二巯丁二酸(DMSA)肾图均证实存在一侧或双侧肾瘢痕.所有病例均经腹腔路径成功于膀胱外完成腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术.平均手术时间为200min(140～300min),术中无明显出血,术后平均住院时间6 d(5～7 d).平均随访18.5个月(6～30个月),所有患儿术后6个月VCUG复查证实膀胱输尿管反流均完全消失,无发热性尿路感染及新的肾瘢痕形成.1例患儿术后出现短期尿潴留,留置导尿1周后症状消失.结论 我们的初步经验显示腹腔镜Lich-Gregoir手术安全、有效、创伤小、术后恢复快,有望成为治疗儿童原发性膀胱输尿管反流,尤其是双侧病变较理想的治疗方法.     

经膀胱内腹腔镜手术治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病

目的 探讨经膀胱内腹腔镜治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病的手术技巧及适应证.方法 回顾分析30例患儿,男19例,女11例.年龄4个月～7岁.单侧输尿管末端狭窄18例(其中输尿管囊肿3例、伴发结石2例),原发性膀胱输尿管反流12例(双侧4例).在膀胱镜引导下,经膀胱顶置入5 mm目镜鞘管并固定,建立CO2气膀胱,两侧放置3～5 mm操作鞘管.术式同开放手术,术后留置导尿5～7 d.结果 29例在CO2气膀胱下完成手术,1例中转开放手术.所有病例手术时间57～260min.术后轻度血尿6例,均在2d内消失.术后随访3～26个月,21根恢复正常,9根较术前明显缩小,3根输尿管直径大于2.0 cm者,术后未裁剪部分输尿管扩张无缓解.无输尿管反流.结论 CO2>气膀胱下经膀胱内腹腔镜治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病是一种安全有效的手术,容易学习,具有微创优势,但是,输尿管末端结石或扩张直径大于2.0 cm者,不宜首选该术式,术中注意避免输精管损伤.     

神经源性膀胱患儿回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术后长期随访

目的 探讨回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱患儿的远期疗效.方法 应用回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱患儿32例.男23例,女9例;8例术前合并双肾输尿管积水及双侧输尿管扩张,3例单侧膀胱输尿管返流,2例有轻度肾功能损害.对比手术前后主观症状[国际尿失禁咨询委员会问卷简表(ICI-Q-SF问卷)]、尿流动力学检查、泌尿系超声及逆行膀胱造影,评价术后疗效.术后所有患儿定期复查血电解质、肾功能及泌尿系超声,监测并发症.结果 随访5～12 a,26例(81.25%)临床症状好转或痊愈,6例(18.75%)无明显改善.术前ICI-Q-SF问卷评分为(18.1±1.0)分,随访结束为(7.8±2.5)分,二者比较差异有统计学意义(t=14.688,P=0.000).尿流动力学检查显示术后最大膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性较术前明显增加,充盈末逼尿肌压较术前降低.术后电解质、肾功能均正常.远期并发症5例:4例并症状性泌尿系感染,1例并膀胱结石.结论 回肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性膀胱患儿并发症少,远期疗效比较理想.     

经膀胱内腹腔镜手术治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病

目的 探讨经膀胱内腹腔镜治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病的手术技巧及适应证.方法 回顾分析30例患儿,男19例,女11例.年龄4个月～7岁.单侧输尿管末端狭窄18例(其中输尿管囊肿3例、伴发结石2例),原发性膀胱输尿管反流12例(双侧4例).在膀胱镜引导下,经膀胱顶置入5 mm目镜鞘管并固定,建立CO2气膀胱,两侧放置3～5 mm操作鞘管.术式同开放手术,术后留置导尿5～7 d.结果 29例在CO2气膀胱下完成手术,1例中转开放手术.所有病例手术时间57～260min.术后轻度血尿6例,均在2d内消失.术后随访3～26个月,21根恢复正常,9根较术前明显缩小,3根输尿管直径大于2.0 cm者,术后未裁剪部分输尿管扩张无缓解.无输尿管反流.结论 CO2>气膀胱下经膀胱内腹腔镜治疗膀胱输尿管连接处疾病是一种安全有效的手术,容易学习,具有微创优势,但是,输尿管末端结石或扩张直径大于2.0 cm者,不宜首选该术式,术中注意避免输精管损伤.     

神经性膀胱的评价和治疗

目的评价不同严重程度神经性膀胱患儿的治疗方法和结果。方法 2013年4月至2014年1月我们收治神经性膀胱患儿15例,男7例,女8例,年龄1~13岁,均有脊膜膨出修补术病史。全部患儿行尿动力学检查、泌尿系超声和排泄性膀胱尿道造影。尿动力学检查显示9例合并逼尿肌压升高,12例合并膀胱容量减少,7例合并逼尿肌过度活动;泌尿系超声和排泄性膀胱尿道造影显示8例合并肾积水和输尿管扩张,7例合并输尿管反流。5例行手术治疗,其中1例行小肠膀胱扩大及输尿管抗反流术,2例行逼尿肌部分切除膀胱扩大术及输尿管抗反流术,1例行小肠膀胱扩大术,1例行输尿管抗反流术,术后配合清洁间歇导尿。其余10例行清洁间歇导尿,4例同时口服索利那新。结果2例小肠膀胱扩大术后膀胱容量明显增加,逼尿肌压明显下降,输尿管反流消失;2例逼尿肌部分切除膀胱扩大术者膀胱容量略有增加,逼尿肌压略有下降,仍存在输尿管反流。1例输尿管抗反流者反流消失。保守治疗患儿中,膀胱容量在正常容量的2/3以上且逼尿肌压较低的6例患儿中,2例尿失禁消失,2例失禁较前明显减轻,2例无改善;膀胱容量不足正常1/2,逼尿肌压较高的4例患儿中,尿失禁及输尿管反流无明显减轻;4例应用索立那新后逼尿肌过度活动明显减轻。结论尿动力学检查泌尿系超声和排泄性膀胱尿道造影是评价神经性膀胱的重要手段,神经性膀胱患儿要根据其评价结果采取个性化的治疗方案。     

神经性膀胱输尿管反流治疗对策的探讨

目的探讨神经性膀胱患儿输尿管反流的治疗措施。方法脊膜修补术后神经性膀胱并输尿管反流患儿45例,男29例,女16例,年龄4～14岁。排泄性膀胱尿道造影(VCUG)示膀胱输尿管反流左侧19例,右侧11例．双侧15例,其中Ⅰ°-Ⅲ°12例(15条),Ⅲ°-Ⅴ°33例(45条)。Ⅰ°-Ⅱ°中,5例(7条)仅行清洁间歇导尿,7例(8条)行保留膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术；Ⅲ°-Ⅴ°中,9例(12条)仅行间歇导尿。24例(33条)行保留膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术,其中19例(28条)同时行Lich-Gregoir手术,术后配合间歇导尿。结果6个月后随访,Ⅰ°-Ⅱ°15条中,7条行清洁间歇导尿,3条反流消失(42．9%),8条行保留膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术者,6条反流减轻或消失(75．0%)；Ⅲ°-Ⅴ°45条中,12条行间歇导尿者,10条反流程度进一步加重,5条单纯行膀胱扩大术者,2条反流减轻或消失(40．0%),28条同时行Lich-Gregoir手术者,23条反流减轻或消失(82．1%)。结论神经性膀胱输尿管反流的治疗方法取决于输尿管反流的程度。Ⅰ°-Ⅱ°单纯行膀胱扩大术,也可考虑只行清洁间歇导尿；Ⅲ°-Ⅴ°反流须在行膀胱扩大术的同时行输尿管抗反流术,术后配合间歇导尿。     

达芬奇机器人辅助手术治疗儿童双侧肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄

目的初步总结达芬奇机器人辅助手术治疗儿童双侧肾盂输尿管交界部狭窄的经验,探讨达芬奇机器人手术同时治疗双侧肾盂输尿管交界部的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院小儿外科2016年1月至2019年11月采用达芬奇机器人辅助手术治疗的7例双侧肾盂输尿管交界部狭窄患者临床资料。7例均为男性,年龄4岁6个月至16岁,平均年龄8岁6个月。3例产前检查发现双肾积水,随诊过程中发现双肾积水进行性加重。3例因腹痛或腰痛就诊,检查发现双肾重度积水;1例因体检发现双肾重度积水。肾积水均为SFUⅢ级~Ⅳ级,术前影像学检查(B超、核素肾图、CT或者MR)均提示双侧UPJO,均行达芬奇机器人辅助下双侧同时离断式肾盂输尿管吻合术。结果7例均顺利完成手术,无一例中转开放手术,手术时间147~204 min,平均177 min。术中出血2~20 mL,平均8.8 mL。所有患者顺利出院,术后外观满意。随访3个月至4年1个月,平均1年3个月。拔除双J管后定期复查泌尿系统B超,其中1例术后出现反复泌尿系统感染,经排尿性膀胱尿道造影提示双侧膀胱输尿管Ⅲ度反流,行双侧输尿管膀胱再植术后复查B超提示恢复良好。所有患者术后症状消失,随访至今,14侧肾积水中5侧积水完全消失,9侧积水缓解。结论达芬奇机器人辅助双侧同时肾盂输尿管吻合术安全、有效,术后外观满意。     

先天性单侧肾发育不良的诊治体会(附23例报告)

目的总结先天性单侧肾发育不良的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析23例先天性单侧肾发育不良的临床资料。其中女20例,男3例。年龄2～14岁。合并肾位置异常2例,输尿管异位开口15例,双侧输尿管囊肿1例,输尿管积水3例,膀胱输尿管返流(VUR)1例。对侧重复肾并输尿管异位开口2例,膀胱输尿管返流1例。B超检查21例,IVP检查22例,输尿管逆行造影4例,膀胱镜检查10例,CT检查13例,VCU检查2例。均行手术治疗,其中肾切除19例;输尿管囊肿电切开窗1例;对侧重复肾切除2例;膀胱输尿管再吻合1例。结果全部病例随访6个月～3年,漏尿、发热及尿路感染等症状消失。结论临床症状结合影像学检查是诊断先天性单侧肾发育不良的有效方法,单侧肾发育不良常合并输尿管末端及对侧肾脏病变。治疗上主要是切除发育不良的肾。     

改良Lich-Gregoir手术治疗神经性膀胱输尿管反流的评价

目的　探讨改良Lich Gregoir手术在治疗神经性膀胱输尿管反流中的应用。方法　神经性膀胱并输尿管反流患儿 12例 ,男 8例 ,女 4例 ,年龄 4～ 14岁 ,均为脊膜膨出修补术后。排泄性膀胱尿道造影 (VCUG)示膀胱输尿管反流左侧 5例 ,右侧 3例 ,双侧 4例 ,其中Ⅲ° 4条 ,Ⅳ° 10条 ,Ⅴ°2条。全部行改良Lich Gregoir输尿管抗反流术 ,同时行保留膀胱黏膜肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术。结果　术后 6个月随访 ,VCUG显示 16条反流的输尿管中 ,Ⅲ° 4条反流完全消失 ,Ⅳ°10条中 3条变为Ⅰ°,3条变为Ⅱ° ,1条变为Ⅲ°,3条无明显变化 ,Ⅴ°2条变为Ⅲ°。结论　神经性膀胱逼尿肌压增高 ,导致膀胱输尿管连接部功能失调 ,同时逼尿肌纤维化、膀胱挛缩 ,使得输尿管膀胱壁内段缩短 ,是输尿管反流的重要原因。行改良Lich Gregoir输尿管抗反流术的同时 ,须行膀胱扩大术 ,降低逼尿肌压 ,增加膀胱顺应性。     

清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗中的价值

目的 评价清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗巾的临床意义.方法 脊髓栓系综合征患儿64例.男49例,女15例,年龄3～13岁.均已行脊髓栓系松解手术.临床表现为尿失禁,611例合并大便失禁.52例合并足畸形.就诊时和就诊后1年分别行尿动力学和排泄件膀胱尿道造影以及超声检查,治疗期间36例坚持间歇导尿.28例未能坚持间歇导尿.结果 导尿组开始有9例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流.4例为单纯肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(176±34.5)ml、(3.5±0.6)ml/cmH2O、(54.6±13.2)cmH2O.1年后3例输尿管反流消失,2例肾积水减轻,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(188±30.3)ml、(3.7±0.9)ml/cmH2O、(50.6±11.8)cmH2O,4例发生尿路感染(11.1%).未导尿组开始有7例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流,5例为单纯肾积水,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(168±37.2)ml,(3.2±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(59.6±15.6)cmH2O.1年后13例合并输尿管反流.9例合并肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(142±23.6)ml,(1.6±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(72.4±9.3)cmH2O.3例发生尿路感染(10.7%).结论清洁间歇导尿可保护膀胱功能.避免或减轻上尿路功能的损害,并不增加尿路感染的发生率.对于神经源性膀胱治疗有重要的应用价值.     

Ureterocystoplasty (bladder augmentation) with a solitary kidney

Children who develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as a result of obstructive uropathies require evaluation and treatment of associated bladder dysfunction to ensure a good outcome following renal transplantation. Bladder dynamics can often be optimized medically, although surgical intervention is occasionally necessary. For those patients who require bladder augmentation, the use of a dilated native ureter (ureterocystoplasty) is preferred to the more commonly used intestine or stomach (enterocystoplasty), which carry a higher risk of complications. Unfortunately, most patients do not have a suitable anatomy for ureterocystoplasty and, by necessity, intestine or stomach has to be utilized. Herein, we describe the successful application of ureterocystoplasty in the presence of ESRD and a solitary kidney prior to renal transplantation. We believe that owing to the many advantages of native urothelium, every effort should be made to use ureter and avoid the use of intestine.     

The use of refluxing ureter in the creation of a Mitrofanoff channel in children undergoing bladder augmentation: is a formal reimplantation necessary?

To study the fate of a refluxing ureteral stump used as a Mitrofanoff channel (MC) for clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), without reimplantation in augmented bladders. Ten boys and seven girls, 1–14 years old (mean 6.5 years) seen in period 1998–2005, underwent creation of MC using refluxing or potentially refluxing ureters. Concomitant bladder augmentation (BA) was performed for various abnormalities of lower urinary tract, including exstrophy epispadias complex, neurogenic bladder cloaca and posterior urethral valve. The uretero-vesical junction was maintained intact during creation of the MC. Follow-up period ranged from 2–72 months (mean 32.5 months). Satisfactory CIC was possible in 14 children while in two children the stoma became obstructed due to non-usage. Urinary leak via the ureteric MC was seen in only one patient who partially responded to anticholinergic therapy and a shortened CIC interval but this needed to be formally closed subsequently. A refluxing ureter can be used in the creation of a MC without formal reimplantation in the majority of children undergoing BA.     

Treatment of vesicoureteric reflux in a sheep model using subureteric injection of cultured fetal-bladder tissue

To investigate the role of injecting cultured fetal-bladder tissue into the region of the vesicoureteric orifice (VUO) to correct surgically produced vesicoureteric reflux (VUR), 12 Coopworth ewe lambs were studied. Four weeks after incising the intravesical segment of ureter, VUR was demonstrated by micturating cystourethrography. Bladder tissue was obtained from a fetal Coopworth lamb at 10 weeks' gestation, cultured in RPMI 1640, and injected into the region of the VUO of 1 ureter of each lamb using an open surgical approach. The lambs were killed between 1 and 6 months after the injection. Smooth-muscle cells from the cultured fetal bladder tissue were identified by the monoclonal antibodies HHF-35 for muscle alpha-actin and D33 for muscle desmin, and by electron microscopy. One lamb died of a gastrointestinal infection at 8 weeks of age. Of the remaining 11 animals, the injection of fetal-bladder tissue corrected the reflux in 7, while it was reduced in degree in 3 and persisted unchanged in 1. The reflux on the contralateral control side was also corrected in 6 ureters and improved in 2. Using histochemical techniques, grafted fetal-bladder tissue could not be differentiated from host tissue in the region of the VUO. Histopathological studies failed to show any injected tissue in distant organs. This study has shown that surgically-induced VUR in lambs was corrected or improved by the injection of cultured fetal-bladder tissue into the submucosa adjacent to the VUO. Accepted: 6 January 1997     

Detection of low-grade vesicoureteral reflux in children by color Doppler imaging mode

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is common in children with urinary tract infections (UTI) and may result in renal scarring or reflux nephropathy. To date, the primary diagnostic tool has been voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). A new technique for evaluation of grade 1 and 2 VUR is described using color Doppler imaging-mode cystography (CDIMC): 77 children, aged 7 months to 14 years, were examined for VUR by CDIMC and standard VCUG. According to the established reflux sonography (US) using a real-time mode, all patients selected for this study had a normal urinary tract on conventional gray-scale US. We studied 154 ureters, and a total of 31 were found to be refluxing on CDIMC and 30 on VCUG. A positive sonogram was defined as visualization of Doppler signals from the bladder to the ureter during the course of bladder filling. Taking VCUG as the gold standard, we had ten false-positive findings. The false-positive rate of 18.5% may have been due to the shorter observation time of fluoroscopy. Comparison of the two methods shows CDIMC to be 70% sensitive with a specificity of 92% in the detection of VUR grade 1 and 2. To evaluate the incidence of asymptomatic low-grade VUR in a non-infected population, a second series of 38 children (19 males, 19 females) aged 3 to 15 years (mean 8.8 years) with normal urologic status and urine cultures were studied by color Doppler imaging mode (CDIM) for detection of asymptomatic low-grade VUR. Four children were found to have a unilateral refluxing ureter. The incidence of VUR in children with a normal urinary tract and no prior UTI was 10.5%. In conclusion, CDIMC can be used as a possible alternative to standard VCUG for the screening and follow-up of low-grade VUR. In addition, our study indicates that asymptomatic grade 1 and 2 reflux might be a physiological condition.     

Management of vesicoureteral reflux secondary to neurogenic bladder

The authors encountered 108 cases of vesicoureteral reflex (VUR) in 231 cases of neurogenic bladder complicating spina bifida. Bladder compliance and percent volume (% vol.) were measured pre- and postoperatively and the patients were divided into four groups retrospectively according to the treatment. Ninety-five percent of low-grade VUR (grades I and II) disappeared spontaneously with conservative therapy or after augmentation cystoplasty without antireflux surgery; 92% of high-grade VUR (grade III or more) required ureteral reimplantation with or without bladder augmentation. Reflux did not recur in any case of ureteral reimplantation with bladder augmentation, however, it did recur in 20.4% of the cases of simple ureteral reimplantation without bladder augmentation. Percent volume and bladder compliance in cases of recurrence following simple ureteral reimplantation were significantly lower than in the successful cases. This study suggests that low-grade VUR can resolve spontaneously with conservative therapy or with a suitable maneuver to improve bladder compliance. High-grade reflux in cases of preserved bladder volume (% vol.>75%) and compliance (>7 ml/cmH₂O) can be treated successfully with simple ureteral reimplantation, however, in cases of low volume (% vol.<60%) and low compliance (<4 ml/cmH₂O), reimplantation with bladder augmentation is recommended. Accepted: 6 January 1998     

Endoscopic correction of primary vesicoureteric reflux by subureteric Teflon injection (STING): follow-up study in 123 patients

During a 4-year period 123 children (191 ureters) with primary vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) were treated endoscopically by subureteric Teflon injection (STING). They have now been followed up for periods ranging from 2 to 6 years. Sixty per cent of the ureters had grade III VUR and 36% had either grade IV or grade V. Reflux was corrected in 149 (78%) ureters after a single injection of polytef paste; 11 (6%) ureters showed improvement to grade I or II reflux after one injection and no further treatment was given; 24 (12%) ureters required two injections and 7 (4%) needed three to four subureteric injections for the correction of VUR. Of the 123 patients, 116 were discharged from the hospital on the day of the procedure. Of the 149 ureters corrected with one subureteric injection, 83% required less than 0.3 ml paste per ureter to stop reflux. At follow-up micturating cystography 91% of the ureters continue to show absence of reflux 2 to 6 years after endoscopic correction; 9% had recurrence of reflux, but more than one-half of the recurrences were only of grade I or grade II severity and required no further treatment. Seven ureters had recurrent grade III or IV reflux and were reinjected without any difficulty. There was no evidence of delayed appearance of vesicoureteric obstruction. Treatment of primary VUR by endoscopic subureteric injection of polytef paste was found simple, safe, and effective in correcting all grades of VUR.     

肛门直肠畸形术后排尿功能障碍的评价和治疗

目的 评价肛门直肠畸形术后排尿功能障碍的原因及治疗对策.方法 肛门直肠畸形术后患儿10例,男7例,女3例,年龄1～12岁.肛门闭锁直肠尿道球部瘘4例,肛门闭锁直肠尿道前列腺部瘘3例,泄殖腔畸形1例(共同管＜3 cm),肛门闭锁并球形结肠1例,肛门闭锁直肠前庭瘘1例.10例患儿均有排尿困难,其中3例伴有尿失禁.MRI显示2例合并脊髓栓系.排泄行膀胱尿道造影显示3例合并左侧输尿管Ⅳ°反流及肾积水,其中1例存在后尿道憩室,无1例发现尿道狭窄.尿动力学检查显示9例膀胱容量及残余尿增加,充盈期逼尿肌压正常,无逼尿肌过度活动,尿流率下降,其中8例逼尿肌收缩力下降,1例逼尿肌收缩力正常.另外1例直肠前庭瘘合并脊髓栓系患儿膀胱容量减少、残余尿增多、尿流率下降,充盈期逼尿肌压升高,合并逼尿肌过度活动.直肠尿道瘘合并后尿道憩室患儿行后矢状入路尿道憩室切除,泄殖腔畸形和直肠尿道前列腺部瘘术后合并输尿管反流患儿行左侧输尿管再植,8例合并神经性膀胱的患儿坚持清洁间歇导尿.结果 随访6个月～5年,泄殖腔畸形患儿1年后仍存在左侧输尿管反流及肾积水,直肠尿道球部瘘合并尿道憩室患儿输尿管反流及肾积水消失,无排尿困难及残余尿,直肠尿道前列腺部瘘合并左侧输尿管Ⅳ°反流及肾积水患儿输尿管反流消失,仍需间歇导尿,其余7例患儿无1例出现上尿路损害.结论 肛门直肠畸形合并脊髓发育不良及手术损伤可导致神经性膀胱.术中直肠尿道瘘处理不当可能导致尿道憩室或尿道狭窄.清洁间歇导尿是神经性膀胱的首要治疗方法,对于后尿道憩室可行尿道憩室切除术.