青藏高原西北缘晚新生代沉积岩古流向的磁化率各向异性确定及其构造意义

古流向的确定是重建沉积物来源及沉积过程的有效方法,而磁化率各向异性作为古流向恢复的可靠信息载体在室内沉积实验和具体工作中已得到认可.本文对青藏高原西北缘柯克亚剖面晚新生代地层鸟恰群、阿图什组和西域组80块样品开展了磁组构研究,磁面理与磁线理图、磁化率各向异性度与磁化率椭球体形状因子图直观地说明研究对象均具有磁面理较磁线理发育的特点,代表了原生沉积组构特征.柯克亚剖面乌恰群、阿图什组和西域组的磁化率各向异性测量则恢复了三个时期的古流向.古流向在不同时期的变迁显示了重要的青藏高原西北缘的隆升信息.乌恰群与阿图什组、阿图什组与西域组之间的古流向的改变反映出西昆仑山北缘具有西早东晚的构造隆升过程.     

太原西山上二叠统陆相地层的磁组构学研究

对太原西山剖面上石盒子组 1段至孙家沟组的 111块定向标本所进行的磁组构学研究表明 ,其磁化率各向异性参数的主体特征为 :磁化率介于 2 0 0— 35 0 ( 10 - 6 SI)之间 ;各向异性度≥ 1.0 3,各向异性明显 ;压扁率 >1,磁化率各向异性数值椭球呈弱压扁型 ;磁面理度 >磁线理度 ,磁面理发育 ;磁面理倾角∠ 2 4°,倾向多变 ,但沿纵向具向南趋势 ;磁面理置信角∠ 2 5°。上述磁化率各向异性参数的沉积地层学意义为 :自上石盒子组 1段至孙家沟组 ,沉积相为水流方向自由迂回摆动的曲流河相 ,沉积环境为地势平坦的冲积平原 ;孙家沟组成岩之末 ,地形略呈北高南低之势 ,当时最近的海岸线位于太原之南。     

Magnetic Fabric Characteristics of Zhuganhe Loess-Palaeosols Profile on Northern Slope of Dabie Mountains and Their Environmental Significances

大别山北麓竹竿河黄土—古土壤样品的磁组构特征显示,研究剖面0 ～ 1480 cm层段的平均Pj、F值小于1.02,而底部Pj、F大于1.02.F-L、Pj-q组合关系图反映磁化率椭球体为压扁状,磁面理较磁线理发育.磁化率椭球体主轴方位显示0～ 1480cm层段样品的椭球体轴向分布分散,长轴的倾角大于60°,短轴的倾角小于15°,而底部的分布聚集,长轴的倾角一般小于10°,短轴的倾角大于80°,上述特征综合揭示了0 ～ 1480cm层段属于典型风成沉积而底部属于典型水成沉积.磁化率椭球体最大主轴的偏角暗示风成沉积的主导风向为NW-SE方向,而水成沉积的古流向为SW-NE方向,与现代竹竿河水系的方向基本一致.磁化率各向异性最大轴方向的优选方向可能与大别山抬升等构造运动有关.     

西昆仑山前晚新生代沉积岩磁组构及构造意义

西昆仑山前晚新生代沉积岩磁组构特征表明，沉积岩原生磁组构受后期构造活动改变。磁组构测试结果表明晚新生代沉积岩生较明显变形，岩石磁化率椭球体指示磁面理较发育，反映岩石受压扁型变形为主。磁化率椭球体最小轴方向为NW，指示该区最大主压应力为NW，与区域构造分析结果相一致。     

福建中甲锡矿及其外围岩石磁组构特征

磁组构成分析是利用岩石磁化率各向异性研究构造变形特征及其应力作用方式和方向的方法,研究表明,中甲地区岩石各向异性度Ｐ值比较小,反映本区总体变形较弱,但变质石英砂岩相对变形较强。变质石英砂岩磁面理发育,磁线理较弱,显示压扁变形,变形主压应力方向是ＮＷ－ＳＥ向。火山（碎屑）岩具有明显的磁线理,反映流纹构造特征;最大磁化率轴方向屡示本区火山岩流体构造为ＮＷ－ＳＥ向。矿化蚀变岩和矿石的磁各向异性度Ｐ值明显     

柴达木盆地西部新生界磁组构特征及其构造意义

柴达木盆地西部狮子沟一带新生代沉积岩磁组构分析结果显示, 岩石磁组构具有磁面理发育、磁线理不发育、磁化率量值椭球呈压扁状的特点; 磁化率各向异性度P值不大, 反映总体构造变形相对较弱。岩石磁组构反映的应力状态总体为以NE向挤压为主, 与轴向NW的背斜构造发育相一致。该区岩石磁组构大多具有原始沉积磁组构特征, 磁面理产状大体上反映沉积岩层的层理, 同时也记录了受NE向挤压作用的痕迹。根据岩石磁组构与地层层理之间的关系分析, 柴西地区两翼不对称的狮子沟背斜具有断展褶皱性质, 其形成与下部的花土沟逆冲断层向南西方向的仰冲有关。      

中国北方上新世晚期-更新世早期风成沉积物磁化率各向异性初探

前人对中国黄土高原晚更新世黄土沉积物的磁化率各向异性的研究表明,磁化率椭球体最大轴(Kmax)偏角的方向能够指示黄土沉积时期的搬运动力方向,即古风向,并可以通过这种途径进行古季风的重建.本研究试图通过对中国黄土高原晚上新世-早更新世转折时期的风成沉积磁化率各向异性研究进一步检验其在古风向重建方面的应用潜力.选择分别地处黄土高原中部、南部和东部地区的灵台、渭南和保德3个剖面,对红粘土向黄土过渡时期4个不同地层单元古土壤层(S32)、黄土层(L33)、过渡层(TU)以及红粘土沉积(RC)的样品进行了磁化率各向异性测量,结果表明磁线理L值很小,而磁面理F较为发育,这与前人对晚更新世黄土沉积磁化率各向异性的研究结果一致;同时,4个不同地层单元的磁面理F、各向异性度P和形状因子T在3个剖面上均表现出随土壤发育程度增强而减小的变化趋势,说明后期的成壤作用能够不同程度地降低磁面理、磁化率各向异性度以及形状因子的大小.与前人对于晚更新世黄土沉积磁化率各向异性的研究结果不同的是3个剖面的S32,L33,TU以及RC的Kmax的偏角似乎并不能反映出当时的搬运动力方向,即古风向,而长期的压实作用以及不同程度的后期土壤化作用是造成这一时期黄土和红粘土沉积物磁化率各向异性最大轴偏角方向未能反映出当时搬运动力方向(古风向)的原因之一.     

贺兰山中段奥陶系米钵山组砂岩磁组构特征及古水流分析

文章研究了贺兰山中段奥陶系米钵山组砂岩的磁组构特征,首次运用砂岩磁组构判断米钵山组砂岩沉积期的古水流方向。采集12件具有代表性的古地磁定向标本进行原生剩磁处理,发现米钵山组砂岩磁化率强度中等,天然剩磁微弱;磁化率各向异性结果表明米钵山组砂岩沉积期的古水流方向为由NE向SW,认为砂岩沉积物可能来自贺兰山海槽NE侧的华北陆块西缘。     

皖南地区汤口断裂带磁组构特征及地质意义

断裂带的区域构造应力特征是研究其活动性的重要依据。在应变指示较少的地区,磁组构是研究区域构造应力的有效手段。在安徽1∶5万后山幅区域地质调查的基础上,对汤口断裂带进行系统的岩石磁组构特征研究。结果表明:该断裂带沉积地层的磁性矿物以磁铁矿为主,岩石磁化率椭球体以"扁球形"为主,显示其在原生沉积组构的基础上叠加了弱变形组构。磁化率椭球体的最大轴Kmax沿NEE-SWW向、最小轴Kmin沿NNWSEE向,反映汤口断裂带晚期受NNW-SEE向的挤压应力,兼较弱的NEE-SWW向拉张应力作用,说明喜山期汤口断裂带为近EW向正断拉张,兼具左行平移,时限为中新世—早更新世。     

大别山北麓竹竿河黄土—古土壤的磁组构特征及其古环境意义

大别山北麓竹竿河黄土—古土壤样品的磁组构特征显示,研究剖面0～1480cm层段的平均Pj、F值小于1.02,而底部Pj、F大于1.02。F—L、Pj—q组合关系图反映磁化率椭球体为压扁状,磁面理较磁线理发育。磁化率椭球体主轴方位显示0～1480cm层段样品的椭球体轴向分布分散,长轴的倾角大于60°,短轴的倾角小于15°,而底部的分布聚集,长轴的倾角一般小于10°,短轴的倾角大于80°,上述特征综合揭示了0～1480cm层段属于典型风成沉积而底部属于典型水成沉积。磁化率椭球体最大主轴的偏角暗示风成沉积的主导风向为NW—SE方向,而水成沉积的古流向为SW—NE方向,与现代竹竿河水系的方向基本一致。磁化率各向异性最大轴方向的优选方向可能与大别山抬升等构造运动有关。     

Magnetic fabric study across the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of 351 specimens from 51 sites across the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone (ASRR) was measured to determine its magnetic fabric. Rocks range westward from core schistose gneiss, through low-grade schist, to Triassic sediment. Magnetic ellipticity analysis shows that 41 of 51 sites have an oblate compressional fabric and the other 10 sites have a prolate fabric. P_J value drops by 22.4% in the low-grade schist and by 27.4% in the Triassic sediment on average with respect to the gneiss, suggesting a rapid decrease of deformational intensity. The directions of principal susceptibilities are closely related to the deformation of the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone. The susceptibility plane always coincides with the schistosity or cleavage plane. Most of the maximum susceptibility axes trend NW–SE. In the shear zone, the maximum susceptibility axes (K_max) are parallel to the lineation within the foliation plane. With increasing distance from the shear zone, there is a trend that they become parallel to the down-dip of reverse faults or cleavage. This indicates changes in deformation mode, inside and outside the shear zone. Within the shear zone, horizontal movement is dominant. Outside, shortening prevails. The overall minimum magnetic axes align NE–SW with subhorizontal to low dip angles, suggesting that the dominant shortening is NE–SW directed. Caution should be exercised when AMS is used to determine shear sense in strong shear zones because the angle between the minimum susceptibility axis (K_min) and pole of foliation is small, and also because the attitude of foliation varies from place to place. They result in unreliable or even wrong shear sense. Another important result is the axial ratio of magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid along the study section. With these data, it is possible to establish an axial ratio relationship between the finite strain ellipsoid and magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid for quantitative calculation of offset.     

Palaeocurrent and environmental implications from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS): a case study from Talchir and Barakar formations,Raniganj Basin,West Bengal,India

Oriented cylindrical cores of rock samples were collected from the Talchir and Barakar formations of the Lower Gondwana Supergroup of the Raniganj Basin exposed in and around Kalyaneshwari and Maithon areas. The cores (2.54 cm diameter and 2.2 cm height) were studied in the low field anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurement to determine the nature of magnetic fabrics, to correlate it with the sedimentological characteristics and to determine the palaeocurrent patterns. The results derived from the statistical parameters (especially the q-factor), the shapes of the susceptibility ellipsoids and directional data of the AMS indicate that the magnetic fabrics within the studied units are primary (depositional) and are correlatable form the palaeoenvironmental features. The orientation of the maximum (K₁), intermediate (K₂) and minimum (K₃) susceptibility axes is dispersed on the lower hemisphere equal area diagram rather than strong clusters which is not because of secondary (tectonic) influence but due to the moderate to high-energy environment of deposition of the sediments in the studied units. Based on the q-factor (which is 0.581 for Barakar Formation and 0.565 for Talchir Formation which are both <?0.7), it is suggested the AMS indicates that the imbrication of the K₁ axis is the indicator of palaeocurrent. Also, the magnetic foliation (average value?=?1.255) exceeds the magnetic lineation (average value?=?1.107) and the shape parameter exceeds 0 in most cases pointing towards an oblate fabric. The palaeocurrent in the present study as indicated by the K₁ axis imbrication is very similar in both the units under study and is due SW. However, apart from this precise palaeocurrent direction, there exists a certain degree of randomness of the susceptibility axes which are very clear indication of corresponding depositional environments.     

Magnetic fabrics in the Jurassic–Cretaceous continental basins of the northern part of the Central High Atlas (Morocco): Geodynamic implications

The aim of this work is to study the Anisotropy of the Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) in two Jurassic–Cretaceous synclines located in the northern border of the Central High Atlas (Morocco): the Aït Attab and Ouaouizaght basins. AMS is used in order to obtain the magnetic fabric and its relationship with the kinematic evolution of both basins. The tectonic evolution of the basins, still under discussion, is mostly considered as the result of inversion during Tertiary and perhaps since Bathonian, of extensional and/or strike-slip Jurassic basins. Both basins are filled with Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous silts and sandstones, with less frequent marine marly limestones.The bulk magnetic susceptibility (km) generally shows higher values in the red facies (163.2 E−6 in AT and 168.6 E−6 in WZ) than in the yellowish marly limestones (97.88 E−6 in AT and 132 E−6 in WZ). Most sites show an oblate magnetic fabric. The rock magnetic analyses indicate that the main carrier of the magnetic susceptibility for the red facies is hematite, whereas in the yellowish facies there is a dominance of paramagnetic minerals. In both basins, the magnetic lineation (long axis of the ellipsoid, k_max axes) shows a predominant E–W direction. The overlapping of the stress fields during the Atlasic basins evolution, in both compressional and extensional regimes and hinder the straightforward interpretation of the magnetic fabrics. However, a coeval N–S compression during the times of sedimentation with an E–W transtension can explain the magnetic lineation found in many of the sites analyzed in the present work. There are also other less frequent directions of k_max axes (NE–SW and NW–SE) are interpreted as the result of local change of the stress field during the early extensional stage of basin formation.     

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in biotite, muscovite and chlorite single crystals

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of single crystals of biotite, muscovite and chlorite has been measured in order to provide accurate values of the magnetic anisotropy properties for these common rock-forming minerals. The low-field AMS and the high-field paramagnetic susceptibility are defined. For the high-field values, it is necessary to combine the paramagnetic deviatoric tensor obtained from the high-field torque magnetometer with the paramagnetic bulk susceptibility measured from magnetization curves of the crystals. This leads to the full paramagnetic susceptibility ellipsoid due to the anisotropic distribution of iron cations in the silicate lattice. The ellipsoid of paramagnetic susceptibility, which was obtained for the three phyllosilicates, is highly oblate in shape and the minimum susceptibility direction is subparallel to the crystallographic c-axes. The anisotropy of the susceptibility within the basal plane of the biotite has been evaluated and found to be isotropic within the accuracy of the instrumental measurements. The degree of anisotropy of biotite and chlorite is compatible with previously reported values while for muscovite the smaller than previously published values. The shape of the chlorite AMS ellipsoid for all the samples is near-perfect oblate in contrast with a wide distribution of oblate and prolate values reported in earlier studies. Reliable values are important for deriving models of the magnetic anisotropy where it reflects mineral fabrics and deformation of rocks.     

Fabric analysis of quartzites with negative magnetic susceptibility – Does AMS provide information of SPO or CPO of quartz?

We ask the question whether petrofabric data from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis of deformed quartzites gives information about shape preferred orientation (SPO) or crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of quartz. Since quartz is diamagnetic and has a negative magnetic susceptibility, 11 samples of nearly pure quartzites with a negative magnetic susceptibility were chosen for this study. After performing AMS analysis, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis was done in thin sections prepared parallel to the K₁K₃ plane of the AMS ellipsoid. Results show that in all the samples quartz SPO is sub-parallel to the orientation of the magnetic foliation. However, in most samples no clear correspondance is observed between quartz CPO and K₁ (magnetic lineation) direction. This is contrary to the parallelism observed between K₁ direction and orientation of quartz c-axis in the case of undeformed single quartz crystal. Pole figures of quartz indicate that quartz c-axis tends to be parallel to K₁ direction only in the case where intracrystalline deformation of quartz is accommodated by prism <c> slip. It is therefore established that AMS investigation of quartz from deformed rocks gives information of SPO. Thus, it is concluded that petrofabric information of quartzite obtained from AMS is a manifestation of its shape anisotropy and not crystallographic preferred orientation.     

四川剑门关地区上侏罗统—下白垩统磁化率特征及其地质意义

通过对四川剑门关地区上侏罗统—下白垩统磁化率的研究，发现磁化率的大小与沉积物颗粒的粗细有着紧密的关系.中粗粒砂岩的磁化率通常偏小，而细砂岩、粉砂岩及泥岩的磁化率明显增大.由于沉积物颗粒的粗细在一定程度上反映了不同的沉积速率，因此，磁化率大小的变化可作为沉积速率变化的定量指标.而沉积速率的变化与沉积环境及沉积相之间有一定的联系，所以，可认为磁化率的大小可作为沉积相及沉积环境分析的一种参考.另外，通过剑门关地区上侏罗统—下白垩统的磁化率各向异性研究发现，本区磁化率最大主轴方向可分为北东—南西向及北西—南东两组.北西—南东方向的磁化率主轴与当时的古水流方向一致，而北东—南西方向的磁化率主轴则可能与后期的构造挤压有关.     

末次间冰期以来黄土-古土壤序列的磁组构特征及其指示的古风向

黄土高原粉尘物质的搬运、沉积过程与来自中高纬度地区的季风密切相关。研究冬季风演化历史将有助于深入理解全球变化背景下,东亚地区气候变化的动力机制。通过对黄土高原的磁组构研究发现:1)各向异性度(P)与磁面理度(F)相关性较高,因此各向异性主要由磁面理引起,磁化率椭球体为压扁状;2)磁面理大致水平,K3近垂直于水平面;3)黄土平均磁面理为1.007,古土壤为1.004,古土壤层的磁面理与各向异性度均要低于其下伏的母质黄土层。成土作用在某种程度上破坏了黄土的原生磁组构;4)P,F和粉尘粒度间具有一定内在联系,一般而言冬季风越强,搬运的粉尘颗粒越粗,从而导致在沉积过程中形成较高的磁面理;5)K₁方向的等面积赤平投影图和玫瑰花图解表明,末次间冰期以来该地区的主导风向为NW向冬季风。     

准噶尔盆地的侏罗系

简介了准噶尔盆地周边侏罗系各岩组的沉积特征及所含生物群面貌。根据生物群纵向演变规律和横向对比，将八道湾组的时代归于早侏罗世早期，不排除其底部为晚三叠世的可能；三工河组为早侏罗世晚期至中侏罗世早期；头屯河组与盆地东北缘五彩湾组相当，属中侏罗世晚期。早、中侏罗世准噶尔盆地气候温暖潮湿，盆地边缘以河流沼泽相为主，是重要成煤时期，中侏罗世晚期以后，盆地开始抬升，盆地边缘以河流相为主，气候变干热，除东北缘外，生物贫乏；晚侏罗世时，盆地受燕山运动影响，激烈抬升，边缘形成河流相或山麓河流相粗碎屑沉积，伴随有强烈的火山活动。     

AMS fabric and tectonic evolution of Quaternary intramontane extensional basins in the Picentini Mountains (southern Apennines, Italy)

In this work, we report the results of combined geological, structural, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies carried out on Quaternary deposits in the Picentini Mountains, southern Apennines (Italy). The study concerns four small continental basins, Acerno, Tizzano, Iumaiano, and Piano del Gaudo, related to fluvial–lacustrine depositional environments, ranging in altitude from 600 to 1,200 m a.s.l. and strongly incised during recent time. Stratigraphic and structural analyses, integrated by low- and high-field anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), show that the formation of these basins has been controlled by extensional and transtensional tectonics. Most of the AMS sites exhibit a well-defined magnetic foliation parallel to the bedding planes. A well-defined magnetic lineation has also been measured within the foliation planes. In the Iumaiano, Tizzano, and Piano del Gaudo basins, magnetic lineations cluster around NNE–SSW trend and are parallel to the stretching directions inferred by structural analysis of faults and fractures. On the basis of structural, sedimentological, and high-field AMS data, we suggest a tectonic origin for the magnetic lineation, analogously to what has been observed in other weakly deformed sediments from Neogene and Quaternary extensional basins of the Mediterranean region. Our results demonstrate that onset and the evolution of the investigated basins have been mainly controlled since lower Pleistocene by NW–SE normal and transtensional faults. This deformation pattern is consistent with a prevalent NE–SW extensional tectonic regime, still active in southern Apennines, as revealed by seismological and geodetic data.