异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊AA2024-AA7075接头沿厚度方向上的EBSD分析（英文）

对5 mm厚的AA2024-T351和AA7075-T651铝合金板材进行搅拌摩擦对接焊,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)法研究了异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊AA2024-7075接头焊核区沿厚度方向的微观组织演化。结果表明:焊核区的晶粒尺寸从焊缝顶部到底部依次降低。轴肩区和焊缝底部区域的再结晶组分低于焊缝中心区。焊核区形成了简单的剪切织构且织构分布不均匀。轴肩区主要是B和■织构组分,而底部区域主要是A和■织构组分,C织构组分则出现在中心区域。中心区域的织构强度低于焊核顶部和底部区域,这主要是由于该区域出现了洋葱环,是材料混合区域,使得晶粒取向更为随机。     

异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织、力学及腐蚀性能

采用3种焊接速度(60、100和240 mm/min)对5 mm厚2024和7075铝合金板材进行搅拌摩擦对接焊试验,利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、硬度测试、拉伸试验、扫描电镜和极化曲线测试对2024-7075异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微组织、力学性能及腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明:接头焊核区发生动态再结晶形成细小的等轴晶。沿板厚方向从轴肩区到底部区的平均晶粒尺寸依次减小,且焊核区不同位置处的平均晶粒尺寸均随着焊接速度的增加而减小。异种接头焊核区不同位置形成不同类型的剪切织构,其类型随焊接速度的改变而变化。接头焊核区硬度呈现"W"型分布趋势,且低于母材硬度。较低硬度值区域位于热影响区,随着焊接速度的降低,各区硬度值呈现下降的趋势。接头强度随着焊接速度的增加而升高,焊接效率达到90.3%。与母材相比,焊接接头焊核区的耐蚀性最差,这主要是由于异种焊接接头焊核区发生了显著的电偶腐蚀,导致较高的腐蚀电流密度。     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

使用搅拌摩擦焊对8mm厚的7075-T7351铝合金进行了单道平板对接。结果表明,在工艺参数为搅拌头旋转速度为1180r/min、焊接速度为37.5mm/min时,可获得较好的接头,抗拉强度达到390MPa,是母材强度的78%;7075-T7351铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织为典型的搅拌摩擦焊接头组织,焊核区为细小的等轴晶,晶粒大小为6~7μm,母材组织中的强化相在此区域消失;接头显微硬度值分布趋势沿焊缝中心两侧基本对称,热机影响区-热影响区过渡区及焊核区硬度低于母材,是焊件的薄弱环节。     

旋转速度对静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊温度场和应力场的影响

针对3 mm厚的2024-T4铝合金,采用ABAQUS软件建立静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊热源三维模型,分析2024-T4铝合金静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊温度场和应力场的有限元模拟,研究了恒定150 mm/min焊接速度下,旋转速度从800 mm/min到1 200 mm/min对焊接接头残余应力的影响。结果表明：常规搅拌摩擦焊焊缝横截面高温区域呈现碗状分布,而静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊呈类似于搅拌针形貌分布。相比于常规搅拌摩擦焊,静止轴肩可以获得更窄的搅拌区宽度,并且有效降低焊缝中心的峰值温度。焊后垂直于焊缝区域的纵向残余应力呈现“M”形分布,随着搅拌头旋转速度的增大,两种工艺下的焊后残余应力均增大。此外,静止轴肩在焊接过程中对焊缝区域持续碾压,使得焊后试样的纵向残余应力峰值相比较于传统搅拌摩擦焊能降低45.6%。     

2024/7075异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的晶体取向演化

使用光学显微镜、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）对比研究了2024/7075异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）接头及母材的组织特征、晶界特征和织构的演化.结果表明,后退侧热力影响区晶粒的小角度晶界含量较母材明显增大而前进侧热力影响区晶粒的小角度晶界含量与母材相比没有明显变化,焊核区发生了动态再结晶,大角度晶界含量明显增加.后退侧2024铝合金为弱取向组织,前进侧7075铝合金母材、热影响区以及热机影响区具有较强的S织构{123}<634>、黄铜织构{011}<211>和R织构{124}<211>,焊核区为等轴再结晶晶粒,没有明显的择优取向.     

热输入对汽车用铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

采用不同的搅拌头轴肩直径,即以不同的热输入进行汽车用5052-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊试验,并进行了接头显微组织、织构、力学性能和疲劳性能的测试与分析。结果表明,随着热输入的增加,接头焊核区平均晶粒尺寸先减小后增大,焊核区织构先弱化后增强,接头的力学性能和疲劳性能先提高后下降;搅拌头轴肩直径优选为20 mm,其搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的抗拉强度、疲劳寿命分别达到母材的98%、92%。     

搅拌摩擦焊焊接5083铝合金板材焊核区的晶体取向

采用搅拌摩擦焊焊接了5083铝合金板材,借助电子背散射衍射技术和取向成像分析软件,对比性地分析了母材和焊核区的晶粒形貌、取向差分布、织构组分及取向分布函数,分析了焊核区晶体取向的变化.结果表明,在热-力作用下,焊核区发生动态再结晶,显示等轴晶粒形貌,平均晶粒尺寸约为15.8μm,同时大角度晶界比例明显增加.母材的黄铜织构B{011} <211> 和S织构{123} <634> 的比例分别达到30.6%和13.6%以上;搅拌摩擦焊后,焊核区的B织构和S织构的比例分别降至4%和1.8%,原位再结晶形成的R{124} <211> 织构组分约为7.7%,焊核区其它常见面心立方金属织构组分的比例均低于8%,意味着焊核区由强取向组织转变为弱取向组织.     

转速对6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头织构的影响

采用电子背散射衍射技术,借助取向成像分析软件,研究了搅拌头在不同转速下,6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊核区上表面晶粒形貌、晶界特征、织构组分的演化. 结果表明,在搅拌针所引入的剪切应力作用下,焊核区形成(110)[001]高斯织构和(114)[$ 22 {\bar 1} $]织构,轴肩的顶锻压力使其沿着TD方向旋转一定角度,形成(112)[$ 11 {\bar 1} $]铜织构,随着搅拌头转速的提高,晶粒沿着TD方向旋转角度增加,进一步形成(100)[011]剪切织构和($ 11 {\bar 1} $)[112]织构;焊核区晶粒受到搅拌针的挤压而形成[110]丝织构,搅拌头转速从1 200 r/min提高到2 000 r/min时,挤压程度增加,导致[110]丝织构组分显著增多.     

AA2219-T87铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊的腐蚀行为

采用电化学腐蚀和浸泡腐蚀试验对双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊AA2219-T87型铝合金的不同区域进行了腐蚀研究。结果表明，焊缝区具有最高的耐腐蚀性，母材的耐腐蚀性最差。母材中析出相的体积分数最高，越靠近焊核，析出相回溶数量越多。焊核区由细小的等轴晶组成，只存在少量θ相     

焊接工艺参数对镁铝异种材料搅拌摩擦焊的影响

为研究焊接参数和搅拌头结构对异种材料搅拌摩擦焊的影响,分别使用带有和不带搅拌针的搅拌头对AA5754铝合金和AZ31镁合金薄板进行搅拌摩擦焊。结果表明,焊核区的原始晶粒变成了细小的等轴再结晶晶粒,热机影响区的晶粒相比焊核区的要大,热影响区的微观组织较粗大;采用带搅拌针的搅拌头对镁、铝合金异种材料焊接得到的焊缝表面质量较好,ω=1 200 r/min、ν=300 mm/min为最优的焊接参数,两种材料的界面结合良好。     

7075-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面带状纹理的组织与性能

对1.6 mm厚7075-T6铝合金板进行了搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW), 研究了焊缝表面带状纹理的组织与性能. 研究表明, 焊缝金相组织在轴肩作用区内存在明暗相间的弧纹, 明弧纹对应带状纹理的波谷, 暗弧纹对应波峰. SEM和TEM分析表明, 与波谷处相比, 波峰处为细晶区和第二相粒子的富集区, 导致波谷处的硬度比波峰处低.     

异种铝合金摩擦塞补焊工艺与组织性能

采用顶锻式摩擦塞补焊方法,以2219-T6铝合金为塞棒材料,分别对8 mm厚2024-T3和7075-T6两种铝合金FSW接头进行了摩擦塞补焊试验研究,深入探讨了不同焊接压力下塞补焊接头的微观组织、显微硬度、力学性能及断口形貌特征. 结果表明,塞棒和母材或FSW焊缝是由等轴晶进行过渡,获得了紧密结合的接头,热力影响区和热影响区晶粒发生长大. 整个塞补焊接头塞棒区软化最严重,硬度在85 ~ 95 HV之间. 2024铝合金塞补焊接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别达到了母材的70%和65%以上,7075铝合金塞补焊接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别达到了母材的62%和48%以上. 塞补焊接头断裂模式为韧性特征.     

Effect of post-weld heat treatment on joint properties of dissimilar friction stir welded 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys

The effect of post-weld heat treatment on dissimilar friction stir welded AA7075 and AA2024 joints was studied. After welding in constant parameters, solution heat treatment and various aging treatments were given to the welded joints. Microstructural and phase characterizations were done using optical microscope, SEM, FE-SEM, XRD and EDS techniques. Finally, mechanical properties of post-weld heat treated joints were evaluated and compared with as-welded joints. Results show that both 2024-T6 and 7075-T6 post-weld heat treatment procedures considerably improve the mechanical strength of the welded joint, with higher strength obtained for the 7075-T6 procedure, in comparison with the as-welded joint. This is explained by the formation of fine precipitates during the aging process, despite the abnormal grain growth. Fracture occurs at the interface between thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) on the retreating side (AA7075) of as-welded joint, while by applying post-weld heat treatment fracture location shifts towards the stir zone (SZ) of the welded joint. Also, for post-weld heat treated samples, fracture surface is predominantly inter-granular, while in as-weld joint, fracture surface is mostly trans-granular. This is explained by dissolution and coarsening of precipitates within grains in post-weld heat treated joints.     

2A14-T4铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织和力学性能

随着工业技术的进步，航空航天、交通运输等领域对构件的承载能力提出了越来越高的需求，采用搅拌摩擦焊的方法对9 mm厚2A14-T4铝合金进行连接，并对高强铝合金厚板接头沿厚度方向不同区域的微观组织和力学性能进行研究 .结果表明，在转速400 r/min、焊接速度100 mm/min条件下能够获得表面成形良好的焊缝，接头抗拉强度为360 MPa，达到母材强度的83.9%. 接头微观组织沿厚度方向存在显著差异，焊缝上部、中部、下部晶粒尺寸逐渐减小，其平均直径分别为7.9，5.0和2.8 μm. 焊缝底部断口出现小而浅的等轴状韧窝.接头断裂位置和最低显微硬度均出现在接头后退侧的热力影响区；同时接头显微硬度呈现“W”形分布，且沿厚度方向分布存在差别，焊缝上部、中部、下部显微硬度最低值分别为99.9，97.9和94.7 HV.     

The effect of welding parameters on the corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded AA2024-T351

The effect of welding parameters (rotation speed and travel speed) on the corrosion behaviour of friction stir welds in the high strength aluminium alloy AA2024-T351 was investigated. It was found that rotation speed plays a major role in controlling the location of corrosion attack. Localised intergranular attack was observed in the nugget region for low rotation speed welds, whereas for higher rotation speed welds, attack occurred predominantly in the heat-affected zone. The increase in anodic reactivity in the weld zone was due to the sensitisation of the grain boundaries leading to intergranular attack. Enhancement of cathodic reactivity was also found in the nugget as a result of the precipitation of S-phase. The results were compared with samples of AA2024-T351 that had been heat treated to simulate the thermal cycle associated with welding, and with samples that had been exposed to high temperatures for extended periods to cause significant over-ageing.     

Variations in stir zone and thermomechanically affected zone of dissimilar friction stir weld of AA5083 and AA6082 alloys

Variations in composition, microhardness (in the thermomechanically affected zone) and texture in the tool domain of the dissimilar friction stir weld of AA5083-O and AA6082-T6 alloys were investigated. The contents of the major alloying elements in the weld zones were determined using inductively coupled plasma?atomic emission spectroscopy. It was observed that a slight drop in the content of the alloying elements results from the friction stir welding process with the Mg content being the most affected amongst the major alloying elements in the two alloys. By relating the mass fractions of the major alloying elements in the parent metals of both alloys to those of the stir zone, the relative proportions of the two alloys in the stir zone were estimated with the results showing that at least 60% of the materials in the stir zone are from the retreating side of the weld. It was also revealed that the changes in the hardness profile in the thermomechanically affected zone of the retreating side are predominantly influenced by changes in grain size in that domain. Finally, the investigation further revealed that the texture component in the tool shoulder domain is different from the texture component in the tool pin domain.     

Comparison of susceptibility to pitting corrosion of AA2024-T4, AA7075-T651 and AA7475-T761 aluminium alloys in neutral chloride solutions using electrochemical noise analysis

The susceptibility to pitting corrosion of AA2024-T4, AA7075-T651 and AA7475-T761 aluminium alloys was investigated in aqueous neutral chloride solution for the purpose of comparison using electrochemical noise measurement. The experimentally measured electrochemical noises were analysed based upon the combined stochastic theory and shot-noise theory using the Weibull distribution function. From the occurrence of two linear regions on one Weibull probability plot, it was suggested that there existed two stochastic processes of uniform corrosion and pitting corrosion; pitting corrosion was distinguished from uniform corrosion in terms of the frequency of events in the stochastic analysis. Accordingly, the present analysis method allowed us to investigate pitting corrosion independently. The susceptibility to pitting corrosion was appropriately evaluated by determining pit embryo formation rate in the stochastic analysis. The susceptibility was decreased in the following order: AA2024-T4 (the naturally aged condition), AA7475-T761 (the overaged condition) and AA7075-T651 (the near-peak-aged condition).     

Microstructure evolution and fracture behaviour of friction stir welded 6061-T6 thin plate joints under high rotational speed

6061-T6 sheets with 0.8?mm thickness were successfully welded using high-speed friction stir welding (FSW) technology. The microstructural evolution and fracture behaviour of the joints were studied. The results show that sound joints could be obtained at the investigated high rotational speed of 8000?rev?min^?1 and welding speeds of 300–1200?mm?min^?1. Compared with conventional rotational speed, the grain size in the nugget zone (NZ) is obviously refined under high rotational speed. The Mg₂Si, Al₈Fe₂Si and Al₂CuMg precipitates reprecipitated adequately in the NZ during high-speed FSW, resulting in the number of the precipitates increased significantly, and further alleviating the weld softening. The difference in weld softening leads to different fracture characteristics during the tensile process. After artificial aging, the maximum welding softening in all joints is located in the heat affected zone, and the fracture is characterised by brittle fracture.     

The effect of inhibitor structure on the corrosion of AA2024 and AA7075

A range of structurally-related compounds were tested for their capacity to inhibit corrosion on aluminium alloys AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6 in 0.1 M NaCl solution. It was found that the thiol group, positions para- and ortho- to a carboxylate, and substitution of N for C in certain positions strongly inhibited corrosion. The hydroxyl group was slightly inhibitive, while the carboxylate group provided little or no corrosion inhibition on its own. In several cases, different activities were found on the different alloys, with some compounds (particularly thiol-containing compounds) being more effective on AA2024 than on AA7075.