含杂质盐岩三轴蠕变特性试验研究（研究生论坛稿件）

针对杂质盐岩蠕变力学特性问题,利用四川大学大型程控流变仪,对两种不同杂质盐岩进行了分级加载下的三轴蠕变试验。试验结果表明：围压和杂质含量不同,盐岩破坏形态以及力学参数均有差异。围压小于临界围压,盐岩呈剪切破坏,围压大于临界围压,盐岩呈大变形鼓状破坏;围压和杂质含量一定,岩盐稳态速率随偏应力增加呈指数增长;偏应力和杂质含量一定,蠕变速率随围压增大而降低,长期强度有所增大;偏应力和围压一定,低杂质(ω=2.1%)盐岩稳态蠕变速率高于高杂质(ω=46.8%)盐岩。体积变形经历了压密期-平静期-扩容期三个阶段,高杂质盐岩体积应变低于低杂质盐岩。将不溶物杂质含量与应力敏感性常数n的关系同分数阶蠕变本构方程进行耦合,建立了耦合杂质的盐岩分数阶非定常蠕变模型,将理论模型与试验数据对比分析证实了该模型的合理性。     

以等应变速率曲线为基础的岩石长期强度确定方法

长期强度是岩石时效强度的一种,是影响和评价岩体工程长期稳定性的一个重要性质.为更准确地求解长期强度,以等应变速率曲线为基础,提出了等应变速率曲线拐点法及极限应变法两种确定岩石长期强度的新方法.对锦屏二级水电站的绿片岩开展了单轴和三轴应力状态的常规和分级加载蠕变试验以验证上述方法,并利用文中提出的方法对绿片岩长期强度求解,得到了不同围压状态下绿片岩的长期强度值.同时,在极限应变法的求解过程中,结合蠕变曲线,得到了蠕变变形稳定时间以及相应的极限应变值.试验成果表明:两种方法均可求得长期强度,数值接近且符合长期强度的经验值;单轴以及三轴应力状态下长期强度分别为瞬时强度的66.9%(单轴)、68.0%(围压10 MPa)、79.6%(围压10 MPa).文中提出的确定长期强度的方法具有一定的可行性,同时,围压是影响长期强度的主要因素之一,具体表现为随着围压的升高,长期强度与瞬时强度的比值升高.     

Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment. Based on experimental results, rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied, and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed. It is shown that, when the applied stress is less than failure stress level, the creep deformation is not obvious, and its main form is steady-state creep. When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress, it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics. The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation. At the stage of steady-state creep, the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10⁻⁹ m/s at confining pressure (σ ₃) of 2 MPa, and is about 3.9×10⁻⁹ m/s at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. It is seen that the seepage flow rate at σ ₃ of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. At the stage of creep acceleration, the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time. The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack. It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant, but is a function of rock creep strain, confining pressure, damage variable and pore water pressure. The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.     

软岩S形应力-应变曲线的数值模拟

针对软岩在荷载作用下的变形特征,结合三轴试验提出了软岩四参数本构方程。从数学理论上严格证明了该方程描述的应力-应变曲线的S形特征。该模型的四个参数中,峰值应力及其相应应变可由试验直接获得,另两个参数则需通过优化反演方法获得。在此基础上建立了四个参数与围压的经验关系式,从而可对不同围压作用下的软岩应力-应变曲线进行估算。数值模拟表明该模型能够有效模拟软岩应力-应变曲线的S形特征,能够反映软岩强度与弹性模量随围压增大的特点。     

约束再生混凝土足尺试件受压应力-应变全曲线试验研究

为研究箍筋约束再生混凝土的单轴受压应力-应变全曲线,对9个直径为500mm、高度为1500mm的再生混凝土圆形柱进行试验,采用20000kN伺服液压试验机进行位移控制加载。试验参数主要为纵筋率、箍筋间距与直径、加载应变速率。试验结果表明,箍筋间距、配箍率对试件延性影响较大。当加载应变速率由0.000003/s增大到0.0033/s时,试件的峰值应力增大1.14倍。分析表明,再生混凝土应力-应变全曲线与普通混凝土类似,但下降段较普通混凝土陡峭,脆性更为明显。     

岩石裂隙的法向蠕变及渗流的影响

法向蠕变是岩石裂隙的重要力学性质之一．通过分析岩石裂隙法向蠕变机理、进行干燥及渗流情况下岩石裂隙法向蠕变试验,探讨了岩石裂隙的法向蠕变及渗流的影响．研究表明,对于粗糙岩石裂隙来说,瞬时有效应力总等于裂隙凸起的压缩强度,因而初始法向蠕变明显,而后随接触面增加,蠕变速率逐渐降低;渗流过程中,岩石裂隙法向蠕变更加明显,且初次加栽应力水平下岩石裂隙法向蠕变远大于后续加载应力水平;岩石裂隙法向蠕变不能决定岩石裂隙渗流能力的降低,水力冲蚀作用明显时,可能产生裂隙渗流能力随裂隙法向压缩而增大的情况;岩石裂隙的蠕变闭合与岩石裂隙面粗糙度有关,粗糙度越大,岩石裂隙蠕变闭合量越大．研究结果对岩石裂隙法向蠕变的数值模拟及工程实践有一定参考价值．     

三轴压缩下粉砂质泥岩蠕变力学特性试验研究

为揭示三峡地区巴东组二段粉砂质泥岩的蠕变力学特性,采用RLJW-2000岩石流变伺服仪对饱和粉砂质泥岩进行了三轴压缩蠕变试验。试验在分级加载条件下进行,试验围压为1 MPa。基于试验结果,定量研究了粉砂质泥岩蠕变过程中轴向蠕应变与径向蠕应变的差异、轴向蠕变速率与径向蠕变速率的差异,得出了岩石的长期强度。研究结果表明:1)在各级应力水平下,试样径向蠕应变占径向总应变的比例始终比轴向蠕应变占轴向总应变的比例大,岩石的径向蠕变效应更明显。2)在破裂应力水平下,岩石径向蠕变比轴向蠕变先进入加速蠕变阶段,径向的初始蠕变速率、稳态蠕变速率以及加速蠕变速率均高于轴向相应的蠕变速率,以径向蠕变特征来判别粉砂质泥岩是否发生蠕变破坏更合理。工程实践中,应加强对岩石径向蠕变特性的监测工作,这对于工程失稳的预测预报更有意义。3)粉砂质泥岩的长期强度仅为其瞬时强度的74.4%,长期强度折减较大。4)试验中获得的长期强度实际上应为粉砂质泥岩的径向长期强度,径向先发生蠕变破坏从而导致试样破坏。     

岩石非线性蠕变模型

在西原模型的基础上,研究建立了一种新的岩石非线性蠕变模型.首先,在分析岩石宏、细观蠕变过程的基础上,提出了蠕变参数变化率概念;以此为基础,统一建立了等速蠕变和加速蠕变阶段的岩石蠕变参数变化公式.然后,利用该非线性蠕变参数以及根据岩石的屈服软化过程,以西原模型为基础,建立了岩石的非线性弹-粘弹-粘塑性蠕变模型.最后,将单轴压缩蠕变试验结果与数值计算结果对比,验证了模型对于描述岩石全过程蠕变变形破坏的正确性.     

Triaxial creep tests of weak sandstone from fracture zone of high dam foundation

The lithology of fracture zone which was developed at the dam foundation ofa hydropower station is weak sandstone with poor integrity and pore cementation contact.Its creep properties have a significant impact on the deformation and stability of the dam.Based on the characteristics of loose organizational structure,high moisture content and poor mechanical properties,the triaxial compression tests and creep tests were carried out,respectively.The results show significant non-linear,low strength and no obvious strength peaks.Both axial and lateral strains are achieved more than 3％ when the tests are failed.The weak sandstone has a significant creep property,but only transient and steady state appear under low stress.Increased stress causes creep intensified and lateral strain gradually exceeds axial strain.In the failure stage,it has characteristics of large axial plastic deformation,obvious volumetric ductility dilation and large steady creep rate.The accelerated creep appears shortly after transient loading under confining of pressures 1.0 MPa and 1.5 MPa.Therefore,an improved Burgers creep model considering the non-linear characteristics of weak sandstone is built based on hyperbolic equation and the creep parameters are identified.This model can well describe the creep properties of weak sandstone.     

岩石非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型研究

提出一种新的非定常粘滞系数的流变元件,然后将提出的非线性流变元件引进到PoytingThomson模型中,从而建立了新的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型,该模型不但可以较好地模拟岩石蠕变三个阶段,而且模型参数较少。推导出模型的本构方程及蠕变方程,并探讨了模型参数的辨识方法,最后利用本文建立的非线性流变模型所得到的理论曲线与砂岩蠕变试验曲线进行对比分析。结果表明:本文建立的非线性流变模型具有较高的准确性及合理性。     

脆性岩石真三轴能量强度准则研究

基于岩石材料拉压强度不等和中间主应力对强度影响特点,从可释放弹性能角度出发推导和建立了可考虑中间主应力对岩石破坏弹性能释放影响的真三轴能量强度准则,利用厚壁圆筒试验数据和已有文献真三轴试验数据以及从能量准则参数物理含义三方面分析验证了所建真三轴能量强度准则的合理性及可靠性.结果表明,所建真三轴能量准则能适应于厚壁圆筒及真三轴压力试验的多种复杂应力状态;花岗岩、石灰岩中间主应力影响大于红砂岩、中细砂岩;对同种岩石来说,岩石中间主应力影响系数随应力状态不同而不同,总体变化趋势随中间主应力增加而先增大后减小;岩石能量强度准则与岩石应力状态和材料物理性质密切相关.     

Experimental study on the mechanical and failure behaviors of deep rock subjected to true triaxial stress: A reviewOA

It has become an inevitable trend of human development to seek resources from the deep underground.However, rock encountered in deep underground engineering is usually in an anisotropic stress state(σ₁>σ>σ₃) due to the influences of geological structures and engineering disturbances. It is therefore essential to study the mechanical, seepage, and dynamic disaster behaviors of deep rock under true triaxial stress to ensure the safe operation of deep rock engineering an...     

坝区岩体的剪切蠕变经验方程及参数数值反演

岩体的剪切蠕变特性是影响坝区边坡岩体变形与长期稳定性的重要因素之一。利用现场剪切蠕变试验数据回归拟合得到了坝区“硬、脆、碎”辉绿岩脉的剪切蠕变经验方程,并由最小二乘法得到了剪切蠕变经验方程的拟合参数;提出了可以真实模拟现场剪切蠕变试验过程以及岩体实际地层分布情况的蠕变参数数值反演分析方法。通过对比分析可知,回归拟合变形值及数值反演计算变形值均与试验变形值比较接近,最大误差均未超过8％,表明剪切蠕变经验方程能有效反映坝区岩体的剪切蠕变变形特性,且建立的剪切蠕变数值模型也是合理可靠的,这为深入认识和了解坝区辉绿岩脉在不同应力水平下的剪切蠕变力学特性提供了重要的试验和理论依据,也为坝基边坡工程稳定性分析和设计提供了技术参数保证。     

基于长期强度的节理岩体洞室蠕变特性研究

为了进一步探究节理岩体蠕变特性,摆脱传统意义上从宏观弹塑或粘弹塑本构的角度分析岩体流变特性的方法,将细观单元视为弹脆性的本构关系,采用考虑岩石长期强度的岩石破裂过程分析系统,通过对不同工况下的节理岩体洞室数值模拟,得到了节理间距和节理夹角对围岩蠕变特性及其破坏特征的影响规律。结果表明：节理岩体洞室围岩的蠕变量随着节理面间距的增大而减小;当节理面的水平夹角小于45°时,节理岩体洞室围岩蠕变量随着节理面夹角的增大而增大,但当节理面倾角大于45°时,蠕变量反而随着节理面倾角的增大而减小,当节理面倾角等于45°时,围岩出现大量破坏,并表现出加速蠕变的特征。     

基于数值实验的节理岩体变形特性尺寸效应

借用有限元数值实验技术,通过节理随机概率模型生成0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 m和1.1 m等5组不同尺寸的节理岩体试件,每个尺寸组10个试件.在5 MPa围压下,对试件轴向分级加载,获得同一尺寸下每个试件的应力-应变曲线,分析每组10条应力应变曲线及数据随试件尺寸的变化规律.分析结果发现:尺寸较小时,同组变形曲线比较分散,数据离散程度相对较大;随着尺寸的增大,曲线束积聚程度提高,数据离散性减小,这说明试件受力变形特性存在尺寸效应,可以获得该方法获取岩体变形特性的特征尺寸.     

Particle simulation of the failure process of brittle rock under triaxial compression

In order to investigate the failure process of brittle rock under triaxial compression through both experimental and numerical approaches, the particle simulation method was used in numerical simulations and the simulated results were compared with those of the experiment. The numerical simulation results, such as fracture propagation, microcrack distribution, stress-strain response, and damage patterns, were discussed in detail. The simulated results under various confining pressures (0-60 MPa) are in good...     

Estimating probability curves of rock variables using orthogonai polynomials and sample moments

A new algorithm using orthogonal polynomials and sample moments was presented for estimating probability curves directly from experimental or field data of rock variables. The moments estimated directly from a sample of observed values of a random variable could be conventional moments (moments about the origin or central moments) and probability-weighted moments (PWMs). Probability curves derived from orthogonal polynomials and conventional moments are probability density functions (PDF), and probability curves derived from orthogonal polynomials and PWMs are inverse cumulative density functions (CDF) of random variables. The proposed approach is verified by two most commonly-used theoretical standard distributions: normal and exponential distribution. Examples from observed data of uniaxial compressive strength of a rock and concrete strength data are presented for illustrative purposes. The results show that probability curves of rock variable can be accurately derived from orthogonal polynomials and sample moments. Orthogonal polynomials and PWMs enable more secure inferences to be made from relatively small samples about an underlying probability curve.     

考虑动应力-动应变关系及剪切波速相似的模型软岩配制方法

根据振动台模型试验的相似设计原理,结合某地下工程底部软岩性质,利用重晶石粉、黏土、石膏等材料,研制了一种可以有效模拟原型软岩动力特性的相似材料。开展正交试验,通过对数据进行极差和方差分析,得到重晶石粉、黏土、石膏等原材料含量对相似材料密度、初始剪切模量及参考应变的影响规律,并基于正交试验结果,进行软岩相似材料的最终配比试验。结果表明：相似材料中重晶石粉对相似材料的密度起主要控制作用,参考应变值随石膏含量的增加而增大,随黏土含量的增加而减小,相似材料的初始剪切模量随黏土含量的增加而减小,随重晶石粉和石膏含量的增加而增大。配制的软岩相似材料可以很好地模拟原型软岩动应力-动应变关系和剪切波速特性。     

基于曲面拟合的水泵水轮机全特性曲线的新变换

为了消除由于水泵水轮机全特性曲线的"S"特性所引起的单位流最和单位力矩的多值性和变换后曲线的不均匀性,实现计算机存储数据的连续性,提出了水泵水轮机全特性曲线的新变换方法.该方法引入了导叶相对开度以获得均匀分布的变换曲线,然后利用最小二乘曲面拟合法对其进行曲面拟合,给出了可连续求导的连续性拟合函数.采用此变换方法可以实现在同一过渡过程中全开到全关(或从全关到全开)的各种水力瞬变过程的计算,改善了各种导叶开度工况特别是零开度和小开度工况全特性曲面的拟合精度.     

Analysis of fracture process zone in brittle rock subjected to shear-compressive loading

1　INTRODUCTIONFracture process zone (FPZ) is very importantto study some physical phenomena, such as nonlin ear behavior of brittle rock and initial angle ofcrack extension which has to be taken into accountin order to predict the initial angle of crack exten sion and the fracture locus. Besides, the structureand size of FPZ ahead of crack tip are crucial forthe application of conventional fracture criteria,since the stress or energy in these criteria shouldbe ca…