Creep properties and permeability evolution in triaxial rheological tests of hard rock in dam foundation

Triaxial creep tests were carried out under seepage pressure by using rock servo-controlled triaxial rheology testing equipment. Based on experimental results, rock rheological properties influenced by seepage-stress coupling were studied, and variations of seepage rate with time in complete creep processes of rock were analyzed. It is shown that, when the applied stress is less than failure stress level, the creep deformation is not obvious, and its main form is steady-state creep. When applied stress level is greater than or less than but close to fracture stress, it is easier to see the increase of creep deformation and the more obvious accelerative creep characteristics. The circumferential creep deformation is obviously higher than the axial creep deformation. At the stage of steady-state creep, the average of seepage flow rate is about 4.7×10⁻⁹ m/s at confining pressure (σ ₃) of 2 MPa, and is about 3.9×10⁻⁹ m/s at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. It is seen that the seepage flow rate at σ ₃ of 2 MPa in this case is obviously larger than that at σ ₃ of 6 MPa. At the stage of creep acceleration, the seepage flow rate is markedly increased with the increase of time. The variation of rock permeability is directly connected to the growth and evolution of creep crack. It is suggested that the permeability coefficient in complete creep processes of rock is not a constant, but is a function of rock creep strain, confining pressure, damage variable and pore water pressure. The results can be considered to provide a reliable reference for the establishment of rock rheological model and parameter identification.     

软岩S形应力-应变曲线的数值模拟

针对软岩在荷载作用下的变形特征,结合三轴试验提出了软岩四参数本构方程。从数学理论上严格证明了该方程描述的应力-应变曲线的S形特征。该模型的四个参数中,峰值应力及其相应应变可由试验直接获得,另两个参数则需通过优化反演方法获得。在此基础上建立了四个参数与围压的经验关系式,从而可对不同围压作用下的软岩应力-应变曲线进行估算。数值模拟表明该模型能够有效模拟软岩应力-应变曲线的S形特征,能够反映软岩强度与弹性模量随围压增大的特点。     

约束再生混凝土足尺试件受压应力-应变全曲线试验研究

为研究箍筋约束再生混凝土的单轴受压应力-应变全曲线,对9个直径为500mm、高度为1500mm的再生混凝土圆形柱进行试验,采用20000kN伺服液压试验机进行位移控制加载。试验参数主要为纵筋率、箍筋间距与直径、加载应变速率。试验结果表明,箍筋间距、配箍率对试件延性影响较大。当加载应变速率由0.000003/s增大到0.0033/s时,试件的峰值应力增大1.14倍。分析表明,再生混凝土应力-应变全曲线与普通混凝土类似,但下降段较普通混凝土陡峭,脆性更为明显。     

岩石裂隙的法向蠕变及渗流的影响

法向蠕变是岩石裂隙的重要力学性质之一．通过分析岩石裂隙法向蠕变机理、进行干燥及渗流情况下岩石裂隙法向蠕变试验,探讨了岩石裂隙的法向蠕变及渗流的影响．研究表明,对于粗糙岩石裂隙来说,瞬时有效应力总等于裂隙凸起的压缩强度,因而初始法向蠕变明显,而后随接触面增加,蠕变速率逐渐降低;渗流过程中,岩石裂隙法向蠕变更加明显,且初次加栽应力水平下岩石裂隙法向蠕变远大于后续加载应力水平;岩石裂隙法向蠕变不能决定岩石裂隙渗流能力的降低,水力冲蚀作用明显时,可能产生裂隙渗流能力随裂隙法向压缩而增大的情况;岩石裂隙的蠕变闭合与岩石裂隙面粗糙度有关,粗糙度越大,岩石裂隙蠕变闭合量越大．研究结果对岩石裂隙法向蠕变的数值模拟及工程实践有一定参考价值．     

岩石非线性蠕变模型

在西原模型的基础上,研究建立了一种新的岩石非线性蠕变模型.首先,在分析岩石宏、细观蠕变过程的基础上,提出了蠕变参数变化率概念;以此为基础,统一建立了等速蠕变和加速蠕变阶段的岩石蠕变参数变化公式.然后,利用该非线性蠕变参数以及根据岩石的屈服软化过程,以西原模型为基础,建立了岩石的非线性弹-粘弹-粘塑性蠕变模型.最后,将单轴压缩蠕变试验结果与数值计算结果对比,验证了模型对于描述岩石全过程蠕变变形破坏的正确性.     

Triaxial creep tests of weak sandstone from fracture zone of high dam foundation

The lithology of fracture zone which was developed at the dam foundation ofa hydropower station is weak sandstone with poor integrity and pore cementation contact.Its creep properties have a significant impact on the deformation and stability of the dam.Based on the characteristics of loose organizational structure,high moisture content and poor mechanical properties,the triaxial compression tests and creep tests were carried out,respectively.The results show significant non-linear,low strength and no obvious strength peaks.Both axial and lateral strains are achieved more than 3％ when the tests are failed.The weak sandstone has a significant creep property,but only transient and steady state appear under low stress.Increased stress causes creep intensified and lateral strain gradually exceeds axial strain.In the failure stage,it has characteristics of large axial plastic deformation,obvious volumetric ductility dilation and large steady creep rate.The accelerated creep appears shortly after transient loading under confining of pressures 1.0 MPa and 1.5 MPa.Therefore,an improved Burgers creep model considering the non-linear characteristics of weak sandstone is built based on hyperbolic equation and the creep parameters are identified.This model can well describe the creep properties of weak sandstone.     

岩石非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型研究

提出一种新的非定常粘滞系数的流变元件,然后将提出的非线性流变元件引进到PoytingThomson模型中,从而建立了新的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型,该模型不但可以较好地模拟岩石蠕变三个阶段,而且模型参数较少。推导出模型的本构方程及蠕变方程,并探讨了模型参数的辨识方法,最后利用本文建立的非线性流变模型所得到的理论曲线与砂岩蠕变试验曲线进行对比分析。结果表明:本文建立的非线性流变模型具有较高的准确性及合理性。     

脆性岩石真三轴能量强度准则研究

基于岩石材料拉压强度不等和中间主应力对强度影响特点,从可释放弹性能角度出发推导和建立了可考虑中间主应力对岩石破坏弹性能释放影响的真三轴能量强度准则,利用厚壁圆筒试验数据和已有文献真三轴试验数据以及从能量准则参数物理含义三方面分析验证了所建真三轴能量强度准则的合理性及可靠性.结果表明,所建真三轴能量准则能适应于厚壁圆筒及真三轴压力试验的多种复杂应力状态;花岗岩、石灰岩中间主应力影响大于红砂岩、中细砂岩;对同种岩石来说,岩石中间主应力影响系数随应力状态不同而不同,总体变化趋势随中间主应力增加而先增大后减小;岩石能量强度准则与岩石应力状态和材料物理性质密切相关.     

基于长期强度的节理岩体洞室蠕变特性研究

为了进一步探究节理岩体蠕变特性,摆脱传统意义上从宏观弹塑或粘弹塑本构的角度分析岩体流变特性的方法,将细观单元视为弹脆性的本构关系,采用考虑岩石长期强度的岩石破裂过程分析系统,通过对不同工况下的节理岩体洞室数值模拟,得到了节理间距和节理夹角对围岩蠕变特性及其破坏特征的影响规律。结果表明：节理岩体洞室围岩的蠕变量随着节理面间距的增大而减小;当节理面的水平夹角小于45°时,节理岩体洞室围岩蠕变量随着节理面夹角的增大而增大,但当节理面倾角大于45°时,蠕变量反而随着节理面倾角的增大而减小,当节理面倾角等于45°时,围岩出现大量破坏,并表现出加速蠕变的特征。     

基于数值实验的节理岩体变形特性尺寸效应

借用有限元数值实验技术,通过节理随机概率模型生成0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 m和1.1 m等5组不同尺寸的节理岩体试件,每个尺寸组10个试件.在5 MPa围压下,对试件轴向分级加载,获得同一尺寸下每个试件的应力-应变曲线,分析每组10条应力应变曲线及数据随试件尺寸的变化规律.分析结果发现:尺寸较小时,同组变形曲线比较分散,数据离散程度相对较大;随着尺寸的增大,曲线束积聚程度提高,数据离散性减小,这说明试件受力变形特性存在尺寸效应,可以获得该方法获取岩体变形特性的特征尺寸.     

Particle simulation of the failure process of brittle rock under triaxial compression

In order to investigate the failure process of brittle rock under triaxial compression through both experimental and numerical approaches, the particle simulation method was used in numerical simulations and the simulated results were compared with those of the experiment. The numerical simulation results, such as fracture propagation, microcrack distribution, stress-strain response, and damage patterns, were discussed in detail. The simulated results under various confining pressures (0-60 MPa) are in good...     

Estimating probability curves of rock variables using orthogonai polynomials and sample moments

A new algorithm using orthogonal polynomials and sample moments was presented for estimating probability curves directly from experimental or field data of rock variables. The moments estimated directly from a sample of observed values of a random variable could be conventional moments (moments about the origin or central moments) and probability-weighted moments (PWMs). Probability curves derived from orthogonal polynomials and conventional moments are probability density functions (PDF), and probability curves derived from orthogonal polynomials and PWMs are inverse cumulative density functions (CDF) of random variables. The proposed approach is verified by two most commonly-used theoretical standard distributions: normal and exponential distribution. Examples from observed data of uniaxial compressive strength of a rock and concrete strength data are presented for illustrative purposes. The results show that probability curves of rock variable can be accurately derived from orthogonal polynomials and sample moments. Orthogonal polynomials and PWMs enable more secure inferences to be made from relatively small samples about an underlying probability curve.     

Analysis of fracture process zone in brittle rock subjected to shear-compressive loading

1　INTRODUCTIONFracture process zone (FPZ) is very importantto study some physical phenomena, such as nonlin ear behavior of brittle rock and initial angle ofcrack extension which has to be taken into accountin order to predict the initial angle of crack exten sion and the fracture locus. Besides, the structureand size of FPZ ahead of crack tip are crucial forthe application of conventional fracture criteria,since the stress or energy in these criteria shouldbe ca…     

集料-水泥石界面对混凝土损伤断裂性能的影响

通过不同的界面处理工艺改变混凝土中集料-水泥石粘结强度,研究集料-水泥石界面对混凝土单轴受压应力-应变全曲线、四点弯曲断裂能和裂缝扩展模式的影响规律.研究表明:集料-水泥石界面对混凝土的强度和韧性具有一定的影响,强化集料-水泥石界面可以提高混凝土的抗压强度,但却降低其韧性;弱化粗集料-水泥石界面,会明显降低混凝土的强度和变形能力;而弱化细集料-水泥石界面能提高混凝土的断裂能和延性指数,原因是细集料表面的初始缺陷将宏观分离裂缝诱导为均匀分布于砂浆基体中的弥散裂缝,增加了有效裂缝长度,同时也增大了断裂过程区,从而改善了混凝土的延性.     

Fatigue properties analysis of cracked rock based on fracture evolution process

Fracture evolution process (initiation, propagation and coalescence) of cracked rock was observed and the force- displacement curves of cracked rock were measured under uniaxial cyclic loading. The tested specimens made of sandstone-like modeling material contained three pre-existing intermittent cracks with different geometrical distributions. The experimental results indicate that the fatigue deformation limit corresponding to the maximal cyclic load is equal to that of post-peak locus of static complete force?displacement curve; the fatigue deformation process can be divided into three stages: initial deformation, constant deformation rate and accelerative deformation; the time of fracture initiation, propagation and coalescence corresponds to the change of irreversible deformation.     

Study of electromagnetic and acoustic emission in creep experiments of water-containing rock samples

Based on biaxial shear creep tests conducted on rock samples with different water contents, we present the results of our study on the regularities of electromagnetic and acoustic emission during the process of creep experiments in which we have ana-lyzed the contribution of water to the occurrence of electromagnetic radiation. The result shows that in the creep-fracturing course of rock samples, when the water content increases, the initial frequency and amplitude of electromagnetic and acoustic emission also increases, but at a decreasing growth rate caused by loading stress. This can be used as a criterion for the long-term stability of rock masses under conditions of repeated inundation and discharge of water.     

考虑施工过程收缩徐变对高层建筑结构影响理论分析

混凝土收缩徐变对高层建筑结构有重要影响，目前还没有一种比较符合实际受力模型的计算方法，将施工过程引入收缩徐变对高层建筑结构影响分析，考虑竖向构件轴力变化，混凝土弹性模量变化及收缩徐变使钢筋混凝土截面应力重分布引起混凝土截面应力的变化。利用混凝土徐变中值系数和混凝土弹性模量中值系数，推导出高层建筑竖向承重构件的应变计算公式，通过分析施工过程收缩徐变的变形特点及其对水平构件的影响，建立了高层建筑结构收缩徐变竖向变形计算公式并进行了算例分析。结果表明收缩徐变对高层建筑结构有重要影响，计算公式符合实际受力模型，可供工程设计参考。     

型砂的高温变形及破坏方式

采用控制应变速率的方法测试了不同型砂高温下的破坏方式,从而获得了型砂全程应力-应变曲线;根据其应力-应变曲线,分析归纳了塑性及脆性材料高温下的蠕变模型及在生产中的应用。     

A new apparatus for investigating stress, deformation and seepage coupling properties of rock fractures

A true triaxial apparatus which is composed of three units was presented. The apparatus allows for investigations on deformation and seepage behaviors of a single rock fracture subjected to lateral stress and normal stress. The first unit has three jacks which can apply loads independently in three orthogonal directions. The second unit is used to supply water inflow, control seepage pressure and measure flow velocity in real time. The third unit is for measuring the normal deformation of rock fractures. Some tests for investigating the normal deformation and seepage behaviors of rock fractures subjected to normal and lateral loads on hard granite specimens with an artificial persistent fracture, were introduced. The results show that both the normal deformation and the hydraulic conductivity are influenced not only by the normal stress but also by the lateral stress. It is also shown that the aperture and the hydraulic conductivity decrease with the increasing normal stress but increase with the increasing lateral stress and both the aperture and the hydraulic conductivity obey exponential relationships with the normal stress and the lateral stress.