52例孤立性肺结节的临床治疗体会

目的探讨孤立性肺结节的诊断和治疗。方法回顾总结52例孤立性肺结节患者的临床资料,分析手术治疗的效果评价。结果全组术前均行影像学检查和手术治疗,其中肺叶楔形切除20例,单肺叶切除23例,右中、上肺叶切除5例,右中、下肺叶切除3例,肺支气管袖式切除1例。术后病理诊断肺癌29例,依据国际TNM分期,Ⅱ期以上占26例,随访37例,肺癌随访21例,5年内肿瘤广泛转移死亡6例。结论本组孤立性肺结节恶性病变是全组病变的55%,肺癌术后死亡占随访的不足30%,因此强调孤立性肺结节的及时手术切除、术中活检在早期肺癌的诊断和治疗中有着重要的临床价值。     

胸腔镜肺段切除术治疗磨玻璃结节的研究进展

正肺癌是中国和世界发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤[1,2]。肺癌预后欠佳,5年生存率4%～17%[3]。改善预后的关键是早发现、早诊断、早治疗。胸部CT筛查能降低20%肺癌死亡风险[4]。CT筛查检出大量肺结节,特别是磨玻璃结节(ground glass opacity/nodule,GGO/GGN)[5]。GGO/GGN是包括早期肺癌、良性肿瘤、炎症以及其他病变的重要影像学特征。手术是早期肺癌主要治疗手段,电视胸腔镜手术(video-as     

同轴半自动活检枪在肺小结节穿刺活检中的应用

目的探讨同轴半自动活检枪在肺小结节穿刺活检中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院因肺部小结节行CT引导穿刺活检的40例患者资料,以术后病理或影像随访结果为金标准,计算穿刺活检诊断恶性肺小结节的敏感度、特异度和准确率,并分析术中手术相关并发症及穿刺技巧。结果所有患者均完成手术操作,术后病理或影像随访最终诊断为恶性病变29例、良性病变11例。穿刺活检诊断恶性肺小结节的敏感度为89.65%(26/29)、特异度为100%(11/11)、准确率为92.50%(37/40)。手术相关并发症主要为气胸和局部出血。结论采用同轴半自动活检枪对肺小结节患者行穿刺活检,具有较高的准确率、特异度及敏感度,是一种安全有效的诊断方法。     

肺结节交互印证式诊断准确性及可行性研究：1368例报告

目的通过肺结节交互印证式诊断,提高术前影像诊断的准确率,选择合适的手术时机,指导肺小结节的随访时间。方法回顾性分析单中心2016年7月至2019年10月厦门大学附属第一医院胸外科1 368例肺结节手术患者的临床资料,男531例、女837例,年龄44(21～67)岁。选择肺结节直径≤2 cm,术前行多学科会诊,详细阅读胸部CT,术中切开病灶剖面进行分析,快速病理诊断肺结节性质,术后常规行病理诊断。随后将肺结节影像特征、术中剖面特征与病理结果一一对照,通过两两对应,交互印证,把肺结节的影像病理及病变切面表现为一个动态变化的过程。结果在1 368例肺小结节患者中,影像学表现为纯磨玻璃样结节的有376例(27.5%),混合性磨玻璃样结节共有729例(53.3%),实性结节共有263例(19.2%)。在纯磨玻璃样结节患者中,原位腺癌(adenocarcinoma in situ,AIS)占比最高,为156例,微浸润性腺癌(microinvasive adenocarcinoma,MIA)和不典型腺瘤样增生(atypical adenomatous hyperplasia,AAH)比例相当,分别为90例和85例,其它良性肿瘤共20例。在混合性磨玻璃样结节中,浸润性腺癌(invasive adenocarcinoma,IA)共495例,其次是MIA 207例;且在实性结节中,病理结果主要为IA和其它良性肿瘤,分别为213例和50例,实性结节病理无AAH、AIS及MIA。结论肺结节交互印证式诊断可以提高术前诊断的准确率,对选择手术时机、随访时间的判断具有重要意义。     

肺结节CT随访在肺癌诊断中临床意义

目的研究肺磨玻璃密度结节(Ground-glass nodule,GGN)CT动态随访在周围型肺癌诊断方面的应用价值分析。方法收集本院2013年1月至2018年12月期间CT检测发现肺GGN病例行CT动态随访,选取最终经病理检查证实为周围型肺癌80例纳入研究组,按照结节内实性成分多少分为pGGN组(39例)和mGGN组(41例),对两组病例CT影像学特征进行整理分析。结果本组患者动态随访CT中发现:(1)p GGN组和mGGN组两组最终癌变时以MIA+IAC为主(70/80,87.5%),mGGN组患者恶变为IAC比例更高(63.41%:41.03%,P0.05);(2)常规CT扫描显示GGN的形状不规则,并且不同程度合并胸膜凹陷、分叶征、毛刺征表现,建议对于pGGN结节内部密度CT值低于-700Hu可随访,CT值高于-600Hu(特别是高于-500Hu)结束随访,结合结节形态,大小,实性成份大小等因素综合考虑,建议手术。对于mGGN中实性成分CT值大于-200Hu时提示恶变可能性较大。结论动态CT随访结合CT值、倍增时间或许可提高早期周围型肺癌诊断的准确性。     

胸腔镜手术治疗伴肺外恶性肿瘤史的孤立性肺结节54例分析

目的研究伴肺外恶性肿瘤史的孤立性肺结节的临床及病理特点,探讨胸腔镜手术对该类患者的应用价值。方法 2000年1月～2011年8月,胸腔镜手术治疗伴肺外恶性肿瘤史的孤立性肺结节54例,回顾性分析年龄、性别、症状、肺内外病灶的诊断间隔时间、肺内结节的影像学表现、手术情况、术后病理等因素,探讨该类患者的临床病理特征及手术价值。结果全组手术过程顺利,肺叶及肺段切除18例,楔形切除36例。中转开胸2例,无围手术期死亡。全组手术确诊率100%,其中转移瘤、原发肺癌、良性病变分别为36例(66.7%)、11例(20.4%)、7例(13.0%)。原发肺癌Ⅰ期63.6%(7/11),Ⅱ期18.2%(2/11),Ⅲ期18.2%(2/11)。肺内结节为原发肺癌者肺外肿瘤与肺内病灶确诊间隔时间中位数为84个月(13～276个月),转移瘤为18.5月(0.8～264个月),差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.358,P=0.001)。转移瘤者胸部CT出现毛刺者27.8%(10/36),分叶者38.9%(14/36),胸膜牵拉者11.1%(4/36)。原发肺癌呈现界限清楚者18.2%(2/11)。既往有结直肠癌或骨软组织肿瘤史者,肺内新发结节为转移瘤的可能性明显高于其他肿瘤史组[90.9%(30/33)vs.28.6%(6/21),χ2=22.442,P=0.000]。肺内结节为原发肺癌的比例较大者分别为头颈部肿瘤史(3/4)、肾癌(2/4)和乳腺癌史(2/4)。结论伴肺外恶性肿瘤史的孤立性肺结节患者中接近30%易被影像学检查误诊,且有1/3为原发肺癌或良性病变。胸腔镜手术是此类患者较好的治疗选择。     

CT引导经皮穿刺活检术诊断孤立性肺结节

目的探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺孤立性肺结节活检的诊断效能及并发症。方法回顾性分析我院经皮穿刺孤立性肺结节活检患者225例,分析患者年龄、性别、吸烟史及穿刺病理结果及并发症,计算经皮穿刺活检诊断孤立性肺结节的效能。结果 225例患者中,病理诊断恶性结节154例(154/225,68.44%),良性结节71例(71/225,31.56%)。经皮穿刺活检诊断恶性孤立性肺结节的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为99.33%(149/150)、93.33%(70/75)、97.33%(219/225)。术后气胸、咯血及肺出血发生率分别为15.11%(34/225)、5.33%(12/225)、9.33%(21/225),经对症处理后均消失。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺活检是早期诊断孤立性肺结节方便、快捷、安全、有效的方法。     

超声引导下经支气管针吸活检术在肺癌诊断中的应用

目的评价超声引导下经支气管针吸活检术(endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration,EBUS-TBNA)在肺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2017-11—2018-10间75例拟诊肺癌并接受EBUS-TBNA的患者的临床资料。EBUS-TBNA未能明确诊断者,根据患者情况行外科手术或随诊6个月。结果影像学怀疑肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结和(或)肺门淋巴结肿大(短径≥1cm)59例,经EBUS-TBNA确诊肺癌51例。8例未能明确诊断,经胸腔镜或开胸手术确诊肺癌2例、肺部炎性病变4例、结核及结节病各1例。大气道旁肺实质内占位16例。经EBUS-TBNA确诊肺癌13例,肺部炎症1例及结核1例,经内科保守治疗并随诊6个月,病变部位明显吸收;左肺下叶气管旁肺占位1例,经胸腔镜手术证实为鳞癌。EBUS-TBNA在本组肺癌诊断中敏感度为95.5%(64/67),特异度为100%(8/8),阳性预测值为100%(64/64),阴性预测值为72.7%(8/11),准确度为96%(72/75)。所有患者检查耐受良好,无任何相关并发症发生。结论对于肺癌的诊断,EBUS-TBNA是一种安全有效的检查技术。     

1358例甲状腺结节的临床与病理特征分析

目的分析甲状腺结节的临床与病理特征,寻找甲状腺癌诊断及其发生淋巴结转移的可能因素。方法行手术治疗的甲状腺结节患者1358例,对其年龄、性别、高血压和甲亢病史、癌灶大小、双侧癌、多灶癌、浸润包膜及合并桥本甲状腺炎等特征进行统计学分析。结果 1358例患者中,女性患者占大多数(约80.3%),45岁以上患者占70.0%。其中,264例为甲状腺癌。对良恶性结节患者进行临床特征分析后发现,年龄及高血压病史与恶性结节的发生相关(P0.05),年龄45岁为甲状腺癌的独立危险因素。所有甲状腺癌患者中,37.5%的患者有颈部淋巴结转移,其发生与年龄、高血压、癌灶大小和浸润包膜相关(P0.05),而年龄45岁和癌灶浸润包膜为甲状腺癌发生颈部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,在甲状腺乳头状癌患者中也同样如此。结论对于年龄45岁的甲状腺结节患者怀疑甲状腺癌者应密切观察或早期干预,对其中癌灶浸润包膜者给予颈部淋巴结清扫,可能让患者获得更好的预后。     

术中冰冻病理对肺结节胸腔镜手术切除范围的指导意义

目的探讨肺结节术中冰冻病理与术后病理判断浸润范围上的一致性,明确术中冰冻病理是否可以协助术者确定肺结节手术切除的范围。方法2017年1月~2018年6月电视辅助胸腔镜手术切除肺结节156例,分析术中冰冻病理与术后病理的诊断符合率。结果术中冰冻病理诊断非典型腺瘤样增生(atypical adenomatous hyperplasia,AAH)、原位腺癌(adenocarcinoma in situ,AIS)及微浸润腺癌(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma,MIA)103例,浸润性腺癌(invasive adenocarcinoma,IA)53例;术后病理证实AAH、AIS及MIA 106例,IA 50例。根据病灶侵袭性、复发及转移的风险程度将AAH、AIS、MIA定义为低风险病灶,IA定义位为高风险病灶。术中冰冻病理诊断高风险病灶敏感性98.0%(49/50),特异性96.2%(102/106),准确率96.8%(151/156)。术中冰冻病理诊断低风险病灶预测值99.0%(102/103),高风险病灶预测值92.5%(49/53)。结论术中冰冻病理在判断IA方面具有较高的诊断符合率,在准确区别AAH与AIS和AIS与MIA存在不确定性。在肺结节手术切除范围的制定上,术中冰冻病理可以作为重要的指导依据。     

胸腔镜手术在肺癌诊断和治疗中的临床应用

目的 观察胸腔镜手术(VATS)在诊治肺肿瘤和肺部微小结节中的作用和地位。方法 应用VATS诊治肺肿瘤和肺部微小结节39例,其中肺癌34例。行肺楔形切除8例,肺叶切除25例。胸膜粘连固定术2例,肺癌分期5例,肺活检手术5例。结果 本组手术顺利,无手术死亡和术后并发症。手术创伤小,出血少,术后恢复快,住院时间短。结论 VATS对早期和晚期肺癌的诊断治疗,尤其对肺部微小结节的确诊和晚期肺癌分期十分有用,可显提高早期肺癌的确诊率,避免肺部微小结节的误诊误治,还可使一些疑为晚期的患获得手术根治机会。VATS对于心肺功能差与年龄大的高危人群的肺癌手术、恶性胸水的治疗已成为其它方法难以取代的安全有效的手段。     

The solitary pulmonary nodule in the patient with breast cancer

A solitary pulmonary nodule appearing in a patient with breast cancer, either past or present, is most likely to be a second primary cancer originating in the lung rather than a metastasis from the breast cancer. Between 1970 and 1983 there were at this institution 1416 patients with breast cancer and 579 patients with bronchogenic cancer, 198 of whom were women. Among the patients with breast cancer, 42 (or 3% of all of the patients with breast cancer) had a solitary pulmonary nodule either at the time of presentation of their breast cancer or during the follow-up period. Fifty-two percent of the solitary pulmonary nodules proved to be a primary lung tumor, 5% proved to be benign lesions, and only 43% proved to be metastatic breast cancer. Patients with breast cancer with solitary pulmonary nodules should have a diagnostic workup appropriate for lung cancer. Since adenocarcinoma has become the most common lung cancer cell type, the usual diagnostic tests may not allow a firm differentiation between primary lung and secondary breast cancer. Therefore if malignancy is proved or suspected, thoracotomy with appropriate resection is the treatment of choice in most patients with breast cancer, even at the initial appearance of the breast cancer.     

无症状健康体检者胸部低剂量CT在早期肺癌筛查中的实用价值

目的评估无症状健康体检者胸部低剂量螺旋CT(LDCT)在早期肺癌筛查中的实用价值。 方法选择2016年1月—2017年12月在内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市第一医院进行无症状健康体检者3 730例,均经LDCT和X线胸片检查,对比分析诊断的准确性,评价LDCT在早期肺癌筛查中的实用价值。 结果所有受检者顺利完成LDCT扫描和X线胸片筛查,检查图像达到临床诊断标准。3 730例受检者中LDCT检查阳性病变者1 112例,其中肺癌2.96%,肺结核8.63%,结节38.31%,支气管扩张3.59%,肺气肿15.82%,肺大疱10.70%,炎症4.13%,其他15.82%。其中426例肺结节中,炎性结节38.26%,实性结节41.31%,磨玻璃样结节19.95%。3 730例受检者中X线胸片检查阳性病变者812例,包括肺癌2.95%,肺结核11.20%,结节27.22%,支气管扩张3.94%,肺气肿20.32%,肺大疱11.94%,炎症4.80%,其他良性陈旧性疾病17.61%。LDCT检查阳性组和X线胸片检查阳性组患者的肺癌、肺部结节、其他疾病的阳性结果例数、检出率及检出准确率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论在年龄≥40岁人群的大规模体检中,LDCT对早期肺癌的筛查具有良好的诊断价值。     

胸腔镜辅助小切口手术诊治肺周围型结节

目的探讨胸腔镜辅助小切口手术在诊断和治疗肺周围型结节病变中的临床应用价值。方法胸腔镜辅助小切口手术诊治肺周围型结节55例，其中单发结节54例，多发结节1例。肺楔形切除术23例；肺叶切除联合淋巴结清扫治疗原发性肺癌32例，采用常规开胸手术器械及胸腔镜用器械切除肺叶，自制淋巴结摘除钳完成淋巴结清扫。结果55例均在胸腔镜下完成手术。手术时间35～180min，平均109min，术中出血量50～400ml，平均122min。均未输血，1例术后漏气术后32d出院，1例切口延迟愈合，术后19d出院，余53例术后住院4～11d，平均8．3d。无严重并发症。术后病理：良性病变15例，原发性肺癌38例，非典型性腺瘤样增生1例，转移性肺癌1例。良性病变行肺楔形切除术，32例原发性肺癌行解剖学肺叶切除联合淋巴结清扫，4例肺癌胸膜广泛播散未手术处理，2例肺癌因肺功能差行姑息性肺楔形切除。结论胸腔镜辅助小切口手术有助于明确诊断肺周围型结节病变，治疗临床早期原发性肺癌的长期疗效有待随访观察。     

The role of VATS for staging and diagnosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is an effective and versatile tool for the diagnosis and staging of patients with lung cancer. Despite advances in imaging technology, including integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans, the clinical staging of patients with lung cancer remains inaccurate. Tissue confirmation is critical for accurate staging and treatment of patients with lung cancer. Thoracoscopy is an excellent and often preferred approach to the biopsy of inferior mediastinal, anteroposterior window, and para-aortic lymph nodes, and has the added advantage of allowing simultaneous assessment of the pleural space, satellite lung nodules, and T status of the tumor. Thoracoscopic wedge resection is the preferred technique for diagnosing indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodules. In the era of computed tomography screening, most indeterminate lung nodules are less than 1 cm in size and pose unique challenges in determining malignant potential and obtaining a tissue diagnosis. Several techniques have been adopted to allow successful thoracoscopic biopsy of these subcentimeter lung nodules.     

Management strategy of pulmonary nodule in 2013

Lung nodules are commonly found on computed tomography (CT) and need a standardized approach in order to avoid misdiagnosing lung cancer and delaying surgical excision whilst simultaneously avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures if the lesions prove to be benign. Great advances have been made in the last decade in various areas affecting the management of lung nodules: the understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind carcinogenesis, a new classification of lung adenocarcinoma, new data on lung cancer screening, widespread use of multi-detector row CT and development of volumetric analysis software for nodules. Recent decision-making algorithms are based on the size, density and follow-up of the nodule. The distinction between solid nodules, sub-solid nodules and pure ground glass nodules is fundamental, and has a strong correlation with the histologic spectrum of adenocarcinoma. In the absence of criteria suggesting benign disease, the radiologist's report should offer one of the following two options: follow-up based on the recommendations if the nodule is equivocal, or multidisciplinary discussion to consider invasive management if the nodule is highly suspicious of malignancy. Recent data from this statement are reviewed and practical guidelines are offered based on international expert consensus opinion.     

11C胆碱-正电子发射体层显像在肺部病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨^11C胆碱-正电子发射体层显像（CH-PET）在肺部病变诊断中的价值。方法2002年9月-2004年12月对39例胸部CT发现肺部结节或团块样病变的患者行CH-PET检查,CH-PET结果采用目测法判读,采用半定量分析法测量显影病灶标准摄取值（SUV）,结果同病理诊断及随访结果对照。结果恶性肿瘤24例、炎症病灶3例、肺囊肿1例在CH-PET中显影,细支气管肺泡癌3例、肾透明细胞癌与结肠腺癌肺转移各1例、机化性肺炎3例、新型隐球菌病1例、硬化性血管瘤及错构瘤各1例未显影,CH-PET对肺部恶性病灶定性诊断的灵敏度为83％（24／29）、特异度为60％（6／10）、准确率为77％（30／39）。鳞癌与腺癌SUVmax与SUVmean比较,差异有统计学意义（Z值分别为-2．937,-2．887,P均〈0．01）。17例肺癌患者手术切除直径大于1．0cm的肺门、纵隔淋巴结共70处,CH-PET定性诊断的灵敏度为86％（25／29）、特异度为90％（37／41）、准确率为89％（62／70）。25例肺癌患者CH-PET所扫描的范围内发现7处肺外转移。5例行脑显像者正确检出2例脑转移。结论CH-PET可用于肺部结节或团块样病变的定性诊断,但仍然有局限性;可准确定性肺癌患者肺门、纵隔肿大淋巴结。     

Thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary nodules in patients with previous malignant tumor

We evaluated the clinico-pathological characteristics of thirty-four cases with previous malignant tumor who was operated under thoracoscopy for pulmonary nodules. In twenty-three cases (67.6%), including 20 cases suspected metastatic pulmonary tumor before operation, thoracoscopic surgery was performed without doing the preoperative examinations for the definite diagnosis. The mean diameter of resected tumors was 13.5 mm and the definite diagnosis was determined in all cases by the intraoperative pathological diagnosis. There were 26(76.5%) cases of malignancy, including 20 cases(58.8%) of metastatic pulmonary tumor and 6 cases (17.7%) of primary lung cancer. Accuracy rate of predictive diagnosis before operation was 67.6%. From the analysis of difference between pre- and post-operative diagnoses, inflammatory nodules or tuberculoma in the solitary nodule and intrapulmonary lymph nodes or silicotic nodules in the multiple nodules should have been considered with more carefully attention. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that patients with metastatic tumor previously was only a predictive factor for metastatic tumor. Age, gender, CT findings, the number of nodules, disease free interval and tumor markers were unreliable factors in this study. In conclusion, there were a lot of cases with previous malignant tumor in which thoracoscopic surgery could become a first choice of modalities for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules. Early thoracoscopic procedure will be recommended for such patients to perform the immediate treatment.     

Thoracic surgical operations in patients enrolled in a computed tomographic screening trial

OBJECTIVE: Screening for lung cancer with computed tomography may detect cancers at an earlier stage but may also result in overdiagnosis. We reviewed the thoracic surgical operations performed on patients enrolled in our computed tomographic screening program. METHODS: From January 1999 through December 2002, screening computed tomography for lung cancer was performed annually on 1520 participants. All participants were at least 50 years old and smoked more than 20 pack/y. We found 3130 indeterminate pulmonary nodules in 1112 participants (73%). Fifty-five participants (3.6%) underwent 60 thoracic operations for a variety of indications. The medical records of these 55 patients were reviewed. RESULTS: Indications for operation included suspicious pulmonary nodules, mediastinal adenopathy, and a spontaneous pneumothorax. Operations performed included a lobectomy in 37 cases, wedge resection in 11, segmentectomy in 6, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical talc pleurodesis in 1, bilobectomy in 2, mediastinoscopy in 2, and anterior mediastinotomy in 1. Benign disease was found in 10 patients (18.1%), and lung cancer was found in 45 (81.9%), 2 of whom had metachronous lung cancers. Cell types were adenocarcinoma in 15 cancers, bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma in 13, squamous cell in 13, carcinoid in 2, small cell in 2, and large cell and undifferentiated non-small cell in 1 case each. Twenty-eight cancers were classified as stage IA, 4 as IB, 4 as IIA, 1 as IIB, 4 as IIIA, 3 as IIIB, 1 as IV, and 2 as limited small cell carcinoma. Complications occurred in 27% of patients. Operative mortality was 1.7%. CONCLUSION: Computed tomographic screening finds a large number of indeterminate pulmonary nodules in smokers 50 years old or older, most of which are observed and not operated on. Although 47 cancers were detected thus far in this highly selected group of patients, this represents only 1.5% of the pulmonary nodules identified.     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis mimicking pulmonary metastases in a patient treated with tegafururacil after lung cancer surgery

A 71-year-old man who had undergone surgery for stage II adenocarcinoma of the lung followed by adjuvant tegafur-uracil (UFT?; 300 mg/day) therapy was admitted. Multiple nodules were found in both lungs on chest radiographs obtained 1.5 years after the surgery. Imaging characteristics of the nodules resembled those of pulmonary metastases. Histologic assessment of a biopsy specimen obtained during thoracoscopic resection revealed pulmonary cryptococcosis. The patient was administered 200 mg/day fluconazole for 6 months. Physicians need to be aware of the possibility of pulmonary cryptococcosis mimicking pulmonary metastases in patients treated with UFT? after surgery for lung cancer.