唐乃亥水文站径流量与黄河源区拍涡的关系

为了揭示地下热活动对黄河上游径流变化的影响,并为径流的短期预报与水利调度、防洪抗旱等提供参考依据。利用2002 2011年唐乃亥水文站日平均径流量资料和东亚地震资料,定义了拍涡强度指数,分析了10年间黄河源区的拍涡和唐乃亥水文站日平均径流量的关系。结果表明,黄河源区拍涡出现的时间与唐乃亥水文站日平均径流量距平百分率≥50%的丰水期相对应,丰水期与拍涡出现的时间相差在一周以内,且丰水期平均径流量与拍涡强度指数呈正相关关系,这对黄河上游径流预报有重要的指示意义。     

新疆精河流域河川径流及对气候变化的响应

根据精河流域1957—2012年的气温、降水和径流量等资料,分析了精河流域近55 a来径流量的变化趋势和周期特征,研究了河川径流及对气候变化的响应关系,并建立基于多变量时间序列自回归CAR(Controlled Auto-regressive)径流预测模型。结果表明:(1)精河径流在年内分配不均,季节变化明显,夏季集中,枯水期长且枯季径流量小。6—9月为径流连续最大4个月,占全年径流量的74%。(2)从20世纪80年代开始,河川径流量增加,持续至90年代,在21世纪有减小的趋势,1981—2005年平均年径流总量比1957—1980年增加了3.24%。(3)精河流域年径流量序列在21 a和13 a左右的振荡周期最为明显,其次是32 a和9 a,而其中的21 a和13 a时间尺度上的振荡是全时域的。(4)建立了径流与降水和气温的CAR模型,发现拟合平均相对误差为6.54%,均方根误差为0.039。用CAR模型模拟河流年径流量误差在可接受范围内,可以利用该模型对精河流域年径流量进行预测。     

树轮记录的贺兰山北部5—7月PDSI变化

利用采自贺兰山北部3个采样点的油松树轮样本,建立了区域树轮宽度年表。相关分析发现,5—7月的帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI)与区域树轮宽度差值年表(RES)具有良好的相关性。因此,利用RES重建贺兰山北部1759—2005年来5—7月的PDSI变化,重建方程的方差解释量达47.90%,且方程稳定。贺兰山北部5—7月的PDSI重建序列平均值为-0.41。重建结果揭示了20世纪20年代干旱事件和19世纪后期、20世纪中期两个显著湿润期的存在。     

利用树木年轮重建额尔齐斯河年径流量

本文首先分析了阿勒泰地区额尔齐斯河流域气候、流量、年轮的特征,讨论三者之间的关系。继而从年轮年表重建了额尔齐斯河290年的年径流量,分析重建流量序列的丰枯阶段、周期性,并对其用独立资料进行了检验,最后预测了未来10年的流量变化趋势:80年代中期～90年代中期为偏丰水期。     

树轮记录的贺兰山北部近208年5—7月温度变化

利用2008年10月采自贺兰山北部的油松树轮样本建立了贺兰山北部区域树轮密度年表。相关分析表明:贺兰山北部的树轮早材平均密度与银川气象站5—7月平均最高温度具有较好的正相关关系,相关系数为0.67。用贺兰山北部的区域早材平均密度差值年表重建贺兰山北部1801—2008年的5—7月平均最高温度,58年 (1951—2008年) 重建值对实测值的解释方差为44.9%;2008年的贺兰山北部温度重建序列平均值为27.40℃。在最近20年,贺兰山树轮早材平均密度出现了明显的上升趋势,通过比对贺兰山北部重建序列的低温年份和全球火山爆发数据,发现在大规模火山爆发后的28个偏冷年温度平均值为26.90℃,较重建序列平均值下降0.50℃。多窗谱分析表明:贺兰山北部温度重建序列具有120年、8.1年、6.5年、3.2年、2.9年、2.1年的准周期变化。贺兰山北部早材平均密度与甘肃石门山、昌灵山油松的早材平均密度有良好的相关性。     

利用多条树轮资料重建青海高原近250年年平均气温序列

通过青海高原不同区域的多条树轮年表和青海高原温度的统计分析,探讨了用多条树轮年表重建整个青海高原年平均气温的途径和方法。高原上树轮年表与温度存在较好的对应关系,温度是年轮变化的主要控制因子之一,特别是树轮年表较好地反映了最低气温的变化。树轮年表中差值年表(RES)对温度变化的反映最好。本文用6条树轮年表资料重建了青海高原近250年的年平均气温序列。     

21世纪珠江流域水文过程对气候变化的响应

应用HBV-D水文模型和多个气候模式预估了不同温室气体排放情景下珠江主干流西江的径流过程,分析了21世纪水资源量和洪水频率的变化。结果表明：2050年后年降水量和年径流量较基准期（1961—1990年）明显增加;流域平均的月降水量和径流量在5—10月间均呈增加趋势,12月至次年2月呈减少趋势;年最大1 d和7 d洪量逐渐增加,重现期逐渐缩短。2030年前枯水期径流增加有望缓解枯水期用水压力,而2050年之后丰水期径流量以及洪水强度、发生频率的增加将给珠江流域防汛抗洪带来更大压力,在制订气候变化对流域水资源影响适应性对策时应考虑这两方面的影响。     

基于树轮宽度的伊塞克湖入湖径流量重建与分析

中亚区域气候与水文变化特征及其对全球气候变化的响应重要而复杂,伊塞克湖流域周边山区分布的天山云杉原始森林为揭示区域过去几百年气候水文变化事实和规律提供了良好的载体。本文利用伊塞克湖周边山区4个点的树木年轮宽度、入湖年径流量以及CRU格点气象资料,基于对树轮宽度指数对区域水文和气候要素响应关系分析,利用区域树轮宽度差值年表重建了伊塞克湖355a来的入湖径流量变化历史,二者线性转换方程的方差解释量为30．2％。重建径流量的丰枯阶段变化与天山北坡的玛纳斯河、乌鲁木齐河相对应。但与天山南坡的阿克苏河流域的径流量的低频变化特征不一致,在1850年前的变化趋势相反。空间相关分析发现伊塞克湖流域重建径流量变化能较好地代表中亚天山北坡以及哈萨克斯坦东南部和新疆北部平原区降水变化。此外,还发现了伊塞克湖径流量与北大西洋长周期年代际震荡（AMO）在年代际尺度的同步变化。     

近714年扎曲河流域径流量的重建和变化特征

利用采自澜沧江上游杂多地区的树木年轮资料重建了1293-2006年3-9月扎曲河香达水文站平均径流量序列。对重建资料进行订正,并将1955年以前的重建资料与1956-2006年实测序列衔接,应用多窗谱分析和小波分析等方法研究了扎曲河流域过去714年径流量的时间演变及周期、突变特征。结果表明,扎曲河流域径流量有着显著的2~6年为主的高频变化和20~50年为主的低频变化特征,其中ENSO分量是一个最主要的周期分量,QBO分量的振幅呈显著的18~24年缓变包络特征,而年代际分量在19世纪后期到20世纪逐渐增强。过去714年扎曲河流域径流量有12个丰水期及15个枯水期以及3个明显的突变点,且最近的一次突变是发生在20世纪初的负突变。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄采收期降水客观预测方法研究

利用1972—2016年宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄种植区气象资料及全球大气环流及海冰、海温资料,开展酿酒葡萄采收期降水及降水过程预测研究,并采用距平符号一致率对预测结果进行评估。结果表明:利用200 h Pa位势高度场、海温、海冰等预测因子建立的宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄采收期降水预测模型距平符号一致率为67%,尤其降水空间分布一致偏多或偏少年份距平符号一致率达86%以上。进一步建立候尺度降水过程预测模型,其降水过程预测准确率为54. 2%,空报率为32. 3%,漏报率为13. 5%。     

Climate policy strength compared: China,the US,the EU,India, Russia,and Japan

The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.

Policy relevance

This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO₂ emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action.     

Black body temperature, orbital elements, the Milankovitch precession index, and the Seversmith psychroterms

Summary The temperature T of a black or gray body orbiting the Sun can be expressed in terms of spherical harmonics in latitude and longitude, its Keplerian orbital elements, and a variable describing rotation about its axis. Assuming that the Earth is a black or gray body without thermal inertia, the resulting equation for T exhibits previously unrecognized odd-degree zonal terms dubbed Seversmith psychroterms. They cause a hemispheric temperature difference which depends upon e sin _S, where e is the orbital eccentricity and _S is the Suns argument of perigee measured in an Earth-centered frame. The hemisphere containing perihelion is the cooler. For a gray body with the Earths average albedo of 0.3, an emissivity of unity, and an obliquity of 23.5°, the pole-to-pole temperature difference for the combined first and third degree spherical harmonic psychroterms can reach 3.4K for the present eccentricity of 0.016, and 12.9K for the maximum eccentricity of 0.06. While a thermally inertia-less black or gray body with boiling hot subsolar points and nights at absolute zero are poor models for the Earth, the Seversmith psychroterms will survive in more realistic models (although with smaller amplitudes) because the Earth radiates nonlinearly in T. The psychroterms acts in the direction opposite to the Milankovitch precession index, which also depends on e sin _S: by warming the cool northern summers, the psychroterms make it harder for the traditional Milankovitch mechanism to operate. The Seversmith psychroterms could in fact be responsible for the ice sheets that cycle with e sin _S, instead of the Milankovitch mechanism. By cooling the southern hemisphere for thousands of years when perihelion is in the south, the psychroterms may somehow cause the southern hemisphere to control the northern ice sheets associated with the 23kyr and 19kyr periods (kyr=10³ years), possibly through ice-albedo feedback in the sea ice surrounding Antarctica. Two other unexpected features besides the psychroterms are: while the average insolation increases with increasing e, the average temperature of the Earth paradoxically decreases; and the equator-to-pole temperature difference of 21K on a gray body with an albedo equal to 0.3 and an emissivity of unity is actually smaller than the observed difference of 28K on the real Earth.     

Preface to the Special Issue on Causes,Impacts, and Predictability of Droughts for the Past,Present, and Future

<正>Drought is a recurring dry condition with below-normal precipitation and is often associated with warm temperatures or heatwaves. A drought event can develop slowly over several weeks or suddenly within days, commonly under abnormal atmospheric conditions(e.g., quasi-stationary high-pressure systems), and can persist for weeks, months, or even years,     

Climatology of Ozone, PAN, CO, and NMHC in the Free Troposphere Over the Southern North Atlantic

Free tropospheric measurements of ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate andprecursors (CO, NMHC) that were made within the framework of the EUROTRACsub-project TOR (Tropospheric Ozone Research) between 1990 and 1995 at theGAW station Izana, Tenerife (28°18N, 16°30W) arediscussed. The average annual cycles reveal the importance of transport fromnorthern mid-latitudes and the role of photo-chemistry. According toair-mass trajectories, which were supplied to us from AEROCE(Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment), transport from northernmid-latitudes is associated with high precursor concentrations in winter,whereas ozone concentrations in winter are not much influenced by transportpatterns, suggesting a rather uniform distribution over the northern part ofthe Northern Hemisphere around mean value of 43 ± 5 ppb. In summer,high ozone concentrations of up to 90 ppb are often encountered duringtransport from north, while the levels of precursors are much lower than inwinter, because of photochemical destruction. Trajectories from southerlylatitudes and the Sahara usually have the lowest ozone concentrationsassociated with them.     

Anthropogenic, Climatic, and Hydrologic Trends in the Kosi Basin, Himalaya

A great debate exists concerning theinfluence of land-use and climatic changes onhydrology in the Himalayan region and its adjacentplains. As a representative basin of the Himalayas, westudied basinwide land-use, climatic and hydrologictrends over the Kosi Basin (54,000 km²) in themountainous area of the central Himalayan region. Theassessment of anthropogenic inputs showed that thepopulation of the basin grew at a compound rate ofabout one percent per annum during the past fourdecades. The comparison of land-use data between thesurveys made during the 1960s and 1978–1979 did notreveal noticeable trends in land-use change. Theanalysis of meteorological and hydrological timeseries from 1947 to 1993 showed some increasingtendency of temperature and precipitation. Thestatistical tests of hydrologic trends indicated anoverall decrease in discharge on the Kosi River andits major tributaries. The decreasing trends ofstreamflow were more significant during the low-flowmonths. The statistical analysis of homogeneityshowed that the climatic as well as the hydrologictrends were more localized in nature lacking adistinct basinwide significance.     

基于中心轴线的北太平洋冬季风暴轴分类及其机理研究

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料研究了63年（1948～2010年）冬季北太平洋风暴轴的时空演变,提取风暴轴的中心轴线作为研究主体,以风暴轴的经向分布差异为重点,用模糊C均值聚类分析的方法将风暴轴分为平均型、偏北型和偏南型三类,并探讨了各类风暴轴对应的海气异常型及其物理机制。结果表明:（1）三类风暴轴分别显示了风暴轴经向差异的具体物理图像,对应着不同的涡旋移动发展路径,具有明确的天气学意义。通过EOF分解证明本文的分类反映了风暴轴的主要变化特征,物理意义清晰,具有一定的合理性和实用性。（2）三类风暴轴不仅经向差异明显,其北抬南压的纬向位置也存在显著差异,进一步表明该分类方法充分考虑了风暴轴空间分布的经向纬向差异,还揭示了风暴轴多中心的特点。（3）三类风暴轴对应的不同SST异常通过热力过程影响大气的温度场、风场和位势高度场,导致阿留申低压强度位置异常和水平风场异常,进而影响大气斜压性,决定风暴轴的空间分布,是形成不同类型风暴轴的重要原因。     

Assessing the Stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation of the Past, Present, and Future

This paper is a review of the recent development of researches on the stability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation （AMOC）. In particular, we will review recent studies that attempt to best assess the stability of the AMOC in the past, present, and future by using a stability indicator related to the freshwater transport by the AMOC. These studies further illustrate a potentially systematic bias in the state-of-the-art atmosphere-ocean generM circulation models （AOCCMs）, in which the AMOCs seem to be over-stabilized relative to that in the real world. This common model bias in the AMOC stability is contributed, partly, to a common tropical bias associated with the double intertropical convergence zone （ITCZ） in most state-of-the- art AOGCMs, casting doubts on future projection of abrupt climate changes in these climate models.     

Climate-governance entrepreneurship,higher-order learning,and sustainable consumption: the case of the state of Oregon,United States

The ongoing devolution of climate policy-making to sub-national levels has prompted growing interest in policy entrepreneurship by individuals who are politically and technically creative and institutionally resourceful. This paper investigates the case of the materials-management programme in the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality which has emerged as a national and international leader by focusing on the role of household consumption in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Two noteworthy innovations involve the development of a consumption-based GHG emissions inventory and introduction of policies aimed at facilitating construction of small homes (so-called Accessory Dwelling Units, ADU). The case traces over several decades the higher order learning processes within the group and their entrepreneurship toward affecting broader changes in emission accounting and climate policies in Oregon. The paper identifies the enabling factors for these innovations, and considers: how to create the conditions for learning, experimentation, and policy entrepreneurship; how to reproduce these conditions in different locales; and how to recognize and foster innovations that arise outside the established mainstream ‘climate community’. It also stresses the benefits of breaking down the barriers between science-based analysis and policy. The two questions frequently raised in the climate policy debate – how to bring researchers and practitioners together to develop efficacious policies; and how to replicate successful programmes and policies across different communities, jurisdictions, and locations – should be re-examined. It may be more appropriate to ask instead: How to create conditions for learning, experimentation, and policy entrepreneurship; and how to reproduce these conditions in different locales.

Key policy insights

• Using a consumption-based greenhouse gas emission inventory instead of a sector-based inventory radically changes climate policy priorities, shifting the emphasis from technological fixes to curbing household consumption.

• Policy innovations thrive in teams that combine technical and scientific competencies with: a commitment to addressing societal problems; interest in inquiry, experimentation, and learning; entrepreneurship; and strategic and political savvy.

• These qualities require breaking down artificial barriers between science and policy.

• Transformative policy ideas can originate within institutional nodes that operate outside of an established community of expertise and authority; and these should be identified and fostered.

     

Globalization,Pacific Islands,and the paradox of resilience

On April 2nd, 2007 a 12 m tsunami struck Simbo, a relatively remote island in Western Province, Solomon Islands. Although Simbo's population continues to depend on their own food production and small-scale governance regimes regulate access to resources, the island's way of life over the last century has increasingly been affected by processes associated with globalization. In this context of a rapidly globalizing world, this article examines the island's resilience and vulnerability to the tsunami and the adaptive capacities that enabled the response and recovery. The tsunami completely destroyed two villages and damaged fringing coral reefs, but casualties were low and social–ecological rebound relatively brisk. By combining social science methods (household surveys, focus group and ethnographic interviews) and underwater reef surveys we identify a number of countervailing challenges and opportunities presented by globalization that both nurture and suppress the island's resilience to high amplitude, low-frequency disturbances like tsunamis. Analysis suggests that certain adaptive capacities that sustain general system resilience come at the cost of more vulnerability to low-probability hazards. We discuss how communities undergoing increasingly complex processes of change must negotiate these kinds of trade-offs as they manage resilience at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Understanding the shifting dynamics of resilience may be critical for Pacific Island communities who seek to leverage globalization in their favor as they adapt to current social–ecological change and prepare for future large-scale ecological disturbances.