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1.
Tomoko Egashira Mizuko Hashimoto Tada-aki Shiraishi Akinori Shichijo Masakazu Egashira Tomoko Mizukami Toshimitsu Takayanagi 《Brain & development》2019,41(4):313-319
Aim
To clarify the influence of intra- and extra-uterine growth on subsequent psychomotor development in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants.Methods
Two hundred and eighty VLBW infants (28.4?±?2.6?weeks, 1000?±?294?g) were enrolled. Psychomotor development was determined at 37.1?±?2.1?months after birth using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD), which includes Postural-Motor (P-M), Cognitive-Adaptive (C-A) and Language-Social (L-S) subscales. Subjects were divided into two groups based on whether each developmental quotient (DQ) was ≥85, and the perinatal variables that contributed to a DQ of ≥85 (for each DQ) were determined. The twelve variables that were evaluated included the z scores for body weight (zBW), body length (zBL), head circumference (zHC), which were obtained at birth and at term.Results
The median P-M, C-A, L-S values and total DQ were 92, 83, 81 and 83, respectively, and the percentage of patients with a DQ of ≥85 were 53%, 44%, 35% and 39%, respectively. A multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between the following variables and the DQs: P-M?≥?85, GA [odds ratio; OR?=?1.11] and zBL at term [OR?=?1.26]; C-A?≥?85, male gender [OR?=?0.30], GA [OR?=?1.14] and zHC at term [OR?=?1.84]; L-S?≥?85, male gender [OR?=?0.55], GA [ OR?=?1.20] and zHC at term [OR?=?1.45]; total DQ?≥?85, male gender [OR?=?0.39], GA [OR?=?1.19] and zBL at term [OR?=?1.69].Conclusion
In addition to less prematurity and female gender, a longer body length and larger head circumference at term were important indicators that influenced better psychomotor development in VLBW infants at three years of chronological age. 相似文献2.
Akihito Takeuchi Takashi Yorifuji Mariko Hattori Kei Tamai Kazue Nakamura Makoto Nakamura Misao Kageyama Toshihide Kubo Tatsuya Ogino Katsuhiro Kobayashi Hiroyuki Doi 《Brain & development》2019,41(5):397-405
Objective
To examine the relationship between the catch-up growth of preterm, SGA children and their behavioral development.Methods
We analyzed data from a large Japanese, nationwide, population-based, longitudinal survey that started in 2001. We restricted the study participants to preterm children with information on height at 2?years of age (n?=?1667). Catch-up growth for SGA infants was defined as achieving a height at 2?years of age above ?2.0 standard deviations for chronological age. We then used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the associations of SGA/catch-up status with neurobehavioral development both at 5.5 and 8?years of age, adjusting for potential infant- and parent-related confounding factors.Results
Twenty-six percent of preterm SGA infants failed to catch up. SGA children without catch-up growth were more likely to be unable to listen without fidgeting (OR 2.51, 95% CI: 1.06–5.93) and unable to focus on one task (OR 2.66, 95% CI: 1.09–6.48) compared with non-SGA children at 5.5?years of age. Furthermore, SGA children without catch-up growth were at significant risk for inattention at 8?years of age.Conclusions
SGA infants with poor postnatal growth were at risk for attention problems throughout preschool-age to school-age among preterm infants. Early detection and intervention for attention problems among these infants is warranted. 相似文献3.
Feng Zhang Rujia Zhong Song Li Zhenfa Fu Renfei Wang Tianxiao Wang Zhili Huang Weidong Le 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2019,15(4):590-597
Objective
The present work aims to evaluate the significance of sleep disturbance and electroencephalogram (EEG) alteration in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Background and Rationale
Sleep disturbance is common in patients with AD. It is not known if it can occur at the early stage of AD and if EEG recording may help identify the early sign of the disease.Historical Evolution
Sleep disturbance in AD has generally been considered as late consequence of the neurodegenerative process. A growing body of evidence has suggested that the sleep disturbance may occur at the early stage of AD.Updated Hypothesis
Based on the previous epidemiologic studies and our recent findings, we propose that sleep disturbance may play an important role in the development of AD. Sleep EEG changes may serve as a valuable early sign for AD in the prepathological stage.Early Experimental Data
Our data suggested that AβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic AD mice at preplaque stage (3 and 4 months of age) exhibited different profile of sleep architecture and sleep EEG, which preceded the cognitive deficit and AD neuropathology.Future Experiments and Validation Studies
Future experiments should focus on sleep EEG changes in patients with mild cognitive impairment and early stage of AD. Follow-up studies in high-risk population of the elderly are equally important. In addition, the exact molecular mechanism underlying the sleep disturbance should be thoroughly investigated.Major Challenges for the Hypothesis
Studies on human participants with early stage of AD, especially the follow-up studies on the presymptomatic elderly in a large population, are difficult and time-consuming.Linkage to Other Major Theories
Our hypothesis may link previous theories to establish a bidirectional relationship between sleep disorders and AD, which may finally form a new schematic mechanism to understand the disease pathogenesis and disease progression. 相似文献4.
Purpose
Motor skill screening tools are essential for the early detection of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The present study aimed to examine any cultural and rater effects on these tools. This then enabled us to judge the validity of the original cut-off values for identifying diagnosable children.Methods
A community sample survey was performed in Japan; 3852 children aged 6–9?years were recruited. Both parents and teachers evaluated the motor skills of their children using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children – Second Edition Checklist. The psychometric properties were evaluated and the scoring characteristics examined based on the type of rater and country of origin, as compared to data originally sampled in the UK.Results
High reliability and validity of the Japanese samples were confirmed. The Japanese adults evaluated their children’s motor skills more rigorously than the Europeans. Additionally, there was a large disagreement between parent and teacher rating scores; the degree of agreement varied depending on the severity of motor deficits in the child.Conclusion
The first findings from a Japanese sample suggest that the assessment of motor skills in children is significantly affected by culture and rater. These cultural characteristics and rater biases strongly suggest that new cut-off values, reflecting country and rater type, be introduced for identifying children at risk of DCD. 相似文献5.
Akihisa Okumura Hirokazu Kurahashi Hideyuki Iwayama Shingo Numoto 《Brain & development》2019,41(6):516-521
Objective
This study measured the serum carnitine levels in patients with epilepsy and determined the factors contributing to low carnitine levels.Methods
We measured the serum carnitine levels in 94 consecutive patients with epilepsy, including the free carnitine (FC) and acylcarnitine fractions, using an enzyme cycling method. We defined a low FC as a serum FC level?<?36?μmol/L. Age, body mass index (BMI), standard deviation score of BMI (BMI-SDS), use of valproate, cognitive disorder, and feeding problems differed between patients with low and normal FC. In patients taking valproate, the associations of the serum FC level with the platelet count and serum ammonia and amylase levels were analyzed.Results
Univariate analysis showed that a low BMI and BMI-SDS, the use of valproate, and cognitive disorder were more frequent in patients with a low FC. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a low BMI-SDS and cognitive disorders were independently associated with a low FC. Among the patients taking valproate, a low BMI-SDS and age were associated with a low FC. The serum FC and ammonia levels were inversely correlated, whereas no correlation was observed between the serum FC level and platelet count or serum amylase level.Conclusion
A low BMI and cognitive disorders were related to a low FC in patients with epilepsy and the serum carnitine levels should be monitored in these patients. 相似文献6.
Sharon G. Curhan Walter C. Willett Francine Grodstein Gary C. Curhan 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2019,15(4):525-533
Introduction
We examined the relation between self-reported hearing loss, hearing aid use, and risk of subjective cognitive function (SCF) decline.Methods
We conducted an 8-year (2008–2016) longitudinal study of 10,107 men aged ≥62 years who reported their hearing status in 2006 and had no subjective cognitive concerns in 2008. Change in SCF scores was assessed by a 6-item questionnaire, and subjective decline was defined as new report of at least one SCF concern during follow-up.Results
Hearing loss was associated with higher risk of SCF decline. Compared with no hearing loss, the multivariable-adjusted relative risk (95% CI) of incident SCF decline was 1.30 (1.18, 1.42), 1.42 (1.26, 1.61), and 1.54 (1.22, 1.96) among men with mild, moderate, and severe hearing loss (no hearing aids), respectively (P-trend < .001). Among men with severe hearing loss who used hearing aids, the multivariable-adjusted relative risk (95% CI) was 1.37 (1.18, 1.60).Discussion
Hearing loss was associated with substantially higher risk of subsequent subjective cognitive decline in men. 相似文献7.
Diane E. Hosking Ranmalee Eramudugolla Nicolas Cherbuin Kaarin J. Anstey 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2019,15(4):581-589
Introduction
Associations between the Mediterranean-DASH diet Intervention for Neurological Delay (MIND) diet and incidence of cognitive impairment have not been evaluated outside the United States.Methods
We investigated MIND and Mediterranean diet relations with 12-year incidence of Alzheimer's disease/Vascular dementia (National Institute of Neurological Disorders criteria) and mild cognitive impairment (Winbald criteria) in the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life cohort (n = 1220) set in Canberra, Australia: wave-1 2001-2002; wave-2 2005-2006; wave-3 2009-2010; and wave-4 2013-2014.MIND diet and two alternate Mediterranean diet scores were calculated from the baseline food frequency questionnaire responses. Higher dietary scores signified greater adherence.Results
In adjusted logistic regression models, MIND diet (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.24, 0.91), but not Mediterranean diet, was associated with reduced odds of 12-year cognitive impairment.Discussion
Preliminary evidence suggests that protective effects of the MIND diet are geographically generalizable. Additional prospective studies are needed in diverse samples to determine the relative effects of the MIND and the Mediterranean diets against cognitive decline. 相似文献8.
Tomoki Maeda Hajime Iwata Kazuhito Sekiguchi Mizuho Takahashi Kenji Ihara 《Brain & development》2019,41(6):490-500
Aim
To clarify the morphologic characteristics of the brain, which are the foundation of the emergence of general movements (GMs) in very-low-birth-weight infants.Study design
Prospective cohort study. GMs were scored according to a semiquantitative scoring system: the GMs optimality score (GMOS) at preterm and term ages. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term-equivalent age was scored using a validated scoring system (MRI score). We examined the relationship between the two scores by multiple regression analysis with relevant clinical background.Subjects
We included 50 very-low-birth-weight infants cared for at Oita University Hospital from August 2012 to August 2018 who underwent MRI and GMs assessment. Their median gestational age and birth weight were 29w2d and 1145?g, respectively.Results
The MRI score and systemic steroid administration were related to preterm GMOS, and the MRI score was related to term GMOS. The component cerebellum score and cortical grey matter score of the MRI score were associated with preterm GMOS, and the cerebellum and the cerebral white matter scores were associated with term GMOS.Conclusion
The quality of GMs was associated with brain morphological development. The co-evaluation of GMs and brain morphology leads to accurate developmental prediction. 相似文献9.
Kanae Suzuki Shu Takagai Masatsugu Tsujii Hiroyuki Ito Tomoko Nishimura Kenji J. Tsuchiya 《Brain & development》2019,41(4):341-351
Background
Sensory processing difficulties, which commonly occur in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are expected to have negative effects on the primary caregiver’s mental health. The aim of this study was to examine the association between sensory processing difficulties in children with ASD and the mental health of primary caregivers.Methods
A total of 707 primary caregivers (mothers in the present study) and their children with ASD (4–18?years of age) participated in this study. Sensory processing difficulties were indexed using the Short Sensory Profile (SSP). The mental health of primary caregivers was indexed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12).Results
Higher scores on Auditory Filtering as measured with the SSP were associated with poorer mental health of primary caregivers, even after an adjustment for ASD symptom severity. Analyses of two age sub-groups, a young (4–10?years) and an old age group (11–18?years), revealed that higher scores on Tactile Sensitivity and Auditory Filtering were associated with poorer mental health of primary caregivers in younger children, whereas only higher scores on Auditory Filtering were associated with poorer mental health of primary caregivers in older children.Conclusions
Our findings suggest that practitioners who support primary caregivers of children with ASD need to focus not only on the social and communication-related symptoms of the child but also on their specific sensory processing difficulties. 相似文献10.
Daniel R. Edgcumbe Volker Thoma Davide Rivolta Michael A. Nitsche Cynthia H.Y. Fu 《Brain stimulation》2019,12(3):652-658
Background
Accounts of cognitive processes in judgment and decision-making are frequently based on a dual-process framework, which reflects two qualitatively different types of processing: intuitive (Type 1) and analytical (Type 2) processes.Objective
The present study investigated the effects of bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on judgment and decision-making performance.Methods
Participants received anodal tDCS stimulation to the right DLPFC, left DLPFC or sham. There were 3 tasks: vignettes measuring heuristic thinking, belief bias syllogisms, and the cognitive reflection test (CRT), a measure of the ability to inhibit automatic responses to reach a correct solution. Fifty-four participants (mean age?=?24.63?±?4.46 years; 29 females) were recruited.Results
Results showed that anodal tDCS to the right DLPFC was associated with an increase in cognitive reflection performance (Type 2 processing) as compared to left DLPFC and to sham. Logic thinking was reduced following anodal tDCS to the left DLPFC.Conclusion
These findings are broadly consistent with a dual process framework, and cannot be explained by differences in cognitive ability and thinking style. The results demonstrate the involvement of the right DLPFC in cognitive reflection, and suggest the possibility of improving cognitive performance through tDCS. 相似文献11.
Akihisa Okumura Harushi Mori Pin Fee Chong Ryutaro Kira Hiroyuki Torisu Sawa Yasumoto Hiroyuki Shimizu Tsuguto Fujimoto Keiko Tanaka-Taya 《Brain & development》2019,41(5):443-451
Objecive
To clarify the neuroimaging findings of children with acute flaccid myelitis during an outbreak of EV-D68 infection.Methods
We performed a detailed review of the spinal and cranial MRI results of 54 children with acute flaccid myelitis. We focused on the range of longitudinal lesions, the localization and appearance of lesions within a horizontal section, Gadolinium-enhancement, and changes over time.Results
All children had longitudinal spinal lesions involving central gray matter. Twenty-six children had lesions spanning the entire spine. Six of them had weakness in all limbs, whereas seven had weakness of only one limb. Thirty-eight children had lesions in both gray and white matter and limb weakness tended to be more severe in these children. During the acute period, spinal lesions showed bilateral ill-defined widespread T2 hyperintensity. During the subacute period, lesions were well defined and confined to the anterior horn. The distribution of limb weakness was correlated with the appearance of lesions during the subacute period. Gadolinium enhancement was performed in 37 children, and enhancement was seen in the cauda equina in 29 children. Enhancement was infrequent within 2?days after onset but was seen in almost all children thereafter. Twenty-two children had brainstem lesions continuous with spinal lesions.Conclusion
Extensive longitudinal spinal lesions were characteristic in children with acute flaccid myelitis. Lesions were usually bilateral and widespread during the acute period, whereas localization to the anterior horn could become obvious. Although enhancement of the cauda equina was often observed, its appearance was sometimes delayed. 相似文献12.
Emiko Momoki Tatsuo Fuchigami Yuki Kasuga Kaori Kimura Wakako Ishii Ayumi Fukuda Yukihiko Fujita Ichiro Morioka 《Brain & development》2019,41(6):559-562
Background
Confusional migraine is a rare type of migraine presenting as an acute confusional state. However, the mechanism of this confusional state remains unclear.Subject and methods
We examined an 11-year-old girl with confusional migraine, using electroencephalography, brain magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrovascular magnetic resonance angiography, and single-photon emission computed tomography to investigate cerebral blood flow changes.Results
Our findings revealed vessel narrowing in the left middle and posterior cerebral artery territory, indicating vasospasm and suggesting that the confusion was caused by hypoperfusion. However, abnormal increased cerebral blood flow in the left middle and posterior cerebral artery territory was observed during the non-confusional state.Conclusion
The recorded cerebral blood flow changes are similar to those associated with migraine attacks, gradually changing from abnormally low to abnormally high during the confusional and post-confusional state. 相似文献13.
Akshya Vasudev Susana G. Torres-Platas Karin Kerfoot Angela Potes Joseph Therriault Anthony Gifuni Marilyn Segal Karl J. Looper Vasavan Nair Helen Lavretsky Soham Rej 《The American journal of geriatric psychiatry》2019,27(5):536-547
Background
Current pharmacological treatments and psychotherapeutic approaches often have adverse effects or are ineffective in late-life cognitive and mental illnesses. Mind-body interventions offer a holistic approach and are of interest because of potential patient acceptability and scalability.Objective
To synthesize current evidence on mind-body interventions in treating or preventing mental illnesses and cognitive disorders in older adults.Search Strategy
A search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO articles published from 1993 to 2017.Selection Criteria
1) Randomized controlled trials, 2) involving older adults (>60 years old), 3) suffering from mental illness or cognitive decline, 4) comparing mind-body interventions with a control group. Mind-body interventions included: imagery, meditation, prayer, autogenic training, tai chi & variants, and yoga. Control group included: health education, other non-pharmacological interventions, treatment as usual, or no treatment at all.Data Collection and Analysis
Data included number of patients, age, psychiatric diagnoses, type of intervention, frequency andduration, control conditions, outcomes measures and treatment results.Results
3916 articles were reviewed and ten met inclusion criteria. Six were on Tai Chi and four assessed meditation-based therapies. Clinically significant improvement in depressive and anxiety symptoms were reported, as well as improvement insomedomains of cognition and reduced risk of cognitive deterioration.Conclusion
There is increasing evidence that mind-body interventions may potentially be useful in the treatment or prevention of geriatric mental illnesses and cognitive disorders. There are important methodological limitations of the current literature such as small sample sizes, heterogeneous study populations, and varying clinical outcomes. 相似文献14.
Suwarna Chakraborty Sunil Jamuna Tripathi B.N. Srikumar T.R. Raju B.S. Shankaranarayana Rao 《Brain stimulation》2019,12(3):752-766
Background
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease which often coexists with cognitive deficits. Depression-induced cognitive deficits are known to be associated with aberrant reward processing, neurochemical and structural alterations. Recent studies have shown that chronic electrical stimulation of brain reward areas induces a robust antidepressant effect. However, the effects of repeated electrical self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus - medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) on depression-induced cognitive deficits and associated neurochemical and structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are unknown.Objectives
We investigated the effect of chronic rewarding self-stimulation of LH-MFB in neonatal clomipramine (CLI) model of depression. During adulthood, neonatal CLI and saline administered rats were implanted with bilateral electrodes stereotaxically in the LH-MFB and trained to receive intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) for 14 days. The rats were tested for depressive-like behaviors, learning and memory followed by estimation of PFC volumes, levels of monoamines and its metabolites in the PFC.Results
We found that chronic ICSS of LH-MFB reverses CLI-induced behavioral despair and anhedonia. Interestingly, self-stimulation normalizes the impaired novel object and location recognition memory in CLI rats. The amelioration of learning impairments in CLI rats was associated with the reversal of volume loss and restoration of monoamine metabolism in the PFC.Conclusion
We demonstrated that repeated intracranial self-stimulation of LH-MFB ameliorates CLI-induced learning deficits, reverses altered monoamine metabolism and the atrophy of PFC. Our results support the hypothesis that chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience might be evolved as a potential treatment strategy for reversal of learning deficits in depression and associated disorders. 相似文献15.
Kelsey R. Thomas Joel S. Eppig Alexandra J. Weigand Emily C. Edmonds Christina G. Wong Amy J. Jak Lisa Delano-Wood Douglas R. Galasko David P. Salmon Steven D. Edland Mark W. Bondi 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2019,15(4):561-569
Introduction
We examined reasons for low mild cognitive impairment (MCI)-to-cognitively normal (CN) reversion rates in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI).Methods
CN and MCI participants were identified as remaining stable, progressing, or reverting at 1-year of follow-up (Year 1). Application of ADNI's MCI criteria at Year 1 in addition to Alzheimer's disease biomarkers by group were examined.Results
The MCI-to-CN reversion rate was 3.0%. When specific components were examined, 22.5% of stable MCI participants had normal memory performance at Year 1 and their Alzheimer's disease biomarkers were consistent with the stable CN group. At Year 1, when all MCI criteria were not met, the more subjective Clinical Dementia Rating rather than objective memory measure appeared to drive continuation of the MCI diagnosis.Discussion
Results demonstrate an artificially low 1-year MCI-to-CN reversion rate in ADNI-diagnosed participants. If the Logical Memory cutoffs had been consistently applied, the reversion rate would have been at least 21.8%. 相似文献16.
Julie Chi Chow Chen-Sen Ouyang Ching-Tai Chiang Rei-Cheng Yang Rong-Ching Wu Hui-Chuan Wu Lung-Chang Lin 《Brain & development》2019,41(4):334-340
Background
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neuropsychiatric disorder. Diagnosis of ADHD is based on core symptoms or checklists; however, practitioner subjectivity inevitably results in instances of over- or under-diagnosis. Although an elevated theta/beta ratio (TBR) of the electroencephalography (EEG) band has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a factor that may be used in diagnosis of ADHD, several studies have reported no significant differences between the TBR of patients with ADHD and controls.Purpose
In this study, a method was developed based on Hjorth Mobility (M) analysis of EEG to compare patients with ADHD and controls.Methods
Differences in the presentations of ADHD between boys and girls are well established; therefore, separate investigations are required. The present study enrolled 30 girls with ADHD and 30 age-matched controls.Results
The results revealed that the control group had significantly higher Hjorth M values in most brain areas in EEG readings compared with the values for the ADHD group. Compared with TBR, our method revealed a greater number of more significant differences between the girls in the ADHD group and the controls. Moreover, our method can produce the higher average sensitivity (0.796), average specificity (0.796), average accuracy (0.792), and average area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value (0.885). Therefore, compared with TBR, Hjorth M possessed the better potential for differentiating between girls with ADHD and controls.Conclusion
The proposed method was more accurate than the TBR in diagnosing ADHD. Therefore, Hjorth M may be a promising tool for differentiating between children with ADHD and controls. 相似文献17.
Background
Super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is a seizure that continues >24?h after anesthesia, or recurs on the reduction of anesthesia. SRSE is extremely difficult-to-control and associated with poor outcome. To date, optimal therapy and outcome data in children is limited.Objective
To assess etiology, treatment options and outcome in pediatric SRSE patients.Method
We reviewed medical records of children <15?years old with SRSE during 2007–2017 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Demographic data, etiology, treatment, complications and discharge outcome were recorded.Results
Seventeen patients, aged 1?month–13?years were included. The leading etiology was immune-mediated encephalitis (29.4%) and epilepsy (29.4%). The most common anesthetic agents were midazolam (94.1%) and propofol (52.9%) with the average maximal dose of 1.3 and 6.9?mg/kg/h respectively. Other treatments included immunological therapy (76.5%), ketogenic diet (76.5%), pyridoxine/pyridoxal-5-phosphate (70.5%). The most common complications were hypotension (61.5%), drug hypersensitivity (32.5%). Median length of anesthetic and intensive care were 9 and 23?days. The mortality rate was 17.6%, and 2 of 3 febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome cases died. At discharge, all survivors were seizure free.Conclusion
The majority of pediatric SRSE does not have epilepsy and the etiology is various. Treatment should expand from antiepileptic drugs to other modalities targeting different possible mechanisms such as immunomodulation or specific metabolic treatment. Multiple anesthetic drugs could be tolerated with close monitoring. Ketogenic diet, via enteral or parenteral route, could be considered early if requiring multiple anesthetic drugs. Initial outcome in children is relatively better than in adults. 相似文献18.
Objective
This study investigated factors that would influence developmental trend of children with Down’s syndrome (DS) in three different domains (motor, cognitive, language), specifically focusing on the effect of sex and neonatal conditions, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and congenital heart disease (CHD).Methods
The participants were 158 children with DS (mean age at the initial test?=?25.5?months) receiving clinical service at a rehabilitation center in Yokohama, Japan. Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development was used to measure developmental level, which derive total developmental age (DA), Posture-motor DA, Cognitive-adaptive DA, and Language-social DA. For the analyses, a multilevel model for change was adopted, as the model allowed us to investigate intrapersonal growth and the between-personal factors that are associated with individual differences in the pattern of growth.Results
The developmental speed of children with DS was found to be slower than that of typical children in all the three developmental domains assessed (i.e., the estimated coefficient of the slope for chronological age on DA was less than 1). DS Girls developed significantly faster than boys in non-verbal cognitive and language abilities. Low birth weight and CHD had a significant negative impact on development of non-verbal cognitive abilities for boys, but had a somewhat positive effect for girls.Conclusion
As was shown in previous studies, the result of this study indicated that the children with DS develop slower than non-disabled children. Low birth weight and CHD were found to influence developmental trend of children with DS, differently for boys and girls. 相似文献19.
Ali Izadi Aleksandr Pevzner Darrin J. Lee Arne D. Ekstrom Kiarash Shahlaie Gene G. Gurkoff 《Brain stimulation》2019,12(3):735-742
Background
Temporal lobe epilepsy is most prevalent among focal epilepsies, and nearly one-third of patients are refractory to pharmacological intervention. Persistent cognitive and neurobehavioral comorbidities also occur due to the recurrent nature of seizures and medication-related side effects.Hypothesis
Electrical neuromodulation is an effective strategy to reduce seizures both in animal models and clinically, but its efficacy to modulate cognition remains unclear. We hypothesized that theta frequency stimulation of the medial septum would increase septohippocampal oscillations, increase seizure threshold, and improve spatial learning in a rat model of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy.Methods
Sham and pilocarpine rats were implanted with electrodes in the medial septum, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. EEG was assessed days prior to and following stimulation. Sham and pilocarpine-treated rats received either no stimulation, continuous (throughout each behavior), or pre-task (one minute prior to each behavior) 7.7?Hz septal stimulation during the Barnes maze spatial navigation test and also during assessment of flurothyl-induced seizures.Results
Both continuous and pre-task stimulation prevented epilepsy-associated reductions in theta oscillations over time. Additionally, both stimulation paradigms significantly improved spatial navigation in the Barnes maze, reducing latency and improving search strategy. Moreover, stimulation led to significant increases in seizure threshold in pilocarpine-treated rats. There was no evidence of cognitive enhancement or increased seizure threshold in stimulated sham rats.Conclusion
These findings have profound implications as theta stimulation of the septum represents a single frequency and target that has the potential to both improve cognition and reduce seizures for patients with refractory epilepsy. 相似文献20.
Emily Joy Rogalski Jaiashre Sridhar Adam Martersteck Benjamin Rader Derin Cobia Anupa K. Arora Angela J. Fought Eileen H. Bigio Sandra Weintraub Marek-Marsel Mesulam Alfred Rademaker 《Alzheimer's & dementia》2019,15(4):543-552
