SD大鼠上颌神经-眼神经干起始处微血管的解剖

目的研究SD大鼠上颌神经-眼神经干起始处微血管的分支、分布及走行特点。方法 10%水合氯醛腹腔内注射麻醉,开胸插管,0.9%氯化钠溶液和4%多聚甲醛依次灌流,再用5%明胶-墨汁灌注,游离解剖获取大鼠三叉神经节,通过透明标本不同焦点层面照片的焦点堆迭和石蜡切片的苏木素-伊红(HE)染色,观察大鼠上颌神经-眼神经干起始处微血管的分支、分布及走行特点。结果 SD大鼠上颌神经-眼神经干起始处微血管数量多、密度大,呈密网状分布于神经元胞体间;中部区域有数条管径较大的微血管,不断的斜向或纵向分支成管径较小的血管又吻合成网;边缘区域微血管的管径较小,呈现毛细血管样立体网状结构。靠近神经元胞体的微血管数量和密度比靠近神经纤维的微血管数量和密度要多和大;靠近神经纤维的微血管的断面逐渐变长,密度降低,但直径有所增加,血管亦不断地斜向或纵向的分支分叉吻合成密度稍低的网状。结论 SD大鼠上颌神经-眼神经干起始处的微血管数量众多,血管密度及分支、走行与神经生理功能紧密相关。     

直肠及其系膜神经分布

目的:研究直肠及其系膜神经的走行、分布及神经纤维的来源.方法:在经防腐固定的成人尸体标本上进行显微解剖观察与测量:于手术显微镜下,自系膜及直肠壁游离神经,剥离神经外膜,分离神经束并追踪各分支;采用防腐固定的直肠及其系膜标本进行Sihler神经染色并观察.结果:直肠及其系膜神经分为3丛,其主干分别伴直肠上动脉与乙状结肠动脉吻合支、直肠上动脉、直肠下动脉走行.神经分布相互重叠.Sihler染色结果支持相关神经的形态学特征.结论:直肠及其系膜神经伴相邻血管走行,神经分布密集,重叠分布区广泛.     

去细胞神经与自体神经移植桥接修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的对比研究

目的观察同种异体去细胞神经与自体神经移植桥接修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的神经再生情况。方法制备大鼠同种异体去细胞神经及大鼠坐骨神经缺损模型,修复12周后应用HE染色,Bielschowsky改良染色,Weil氏铁明矾苏木素染色,光镜下观察神经外膜上的微血管数和微血管面积百分比,计数单位面积的轴突数目,远端轴突密度/近端轴突密度为再生神经通过率,计数单位面积的有髓神经纤维数目和有髓神经纤维的直径。结果在坐骨神经纤维的再生神经纤维通过率、有髓神经纤维密度和直径、桥接体微血管的数目和微血管面积百分比等再生指标上,自体神经移植组略优于化学去细胞神经组。结论同种异体去细胞神经移植可促进神经再生,但仍然不如自体移植效果好。     

除皱术中防止眶上神经损伤的解剖学基础

目的:为除皱术中防止眶上神经损伤提供解剖学依据。方法:10例防腐固定标本和5例新鲜标本,解剖观察眶上神经的走行、分布及毗邻,分析其分布特点及预防损伤的手术方法。结果:①按分布区域和解剖层次,眶上神经可分为外侧支(深支)、内侧支(浅支);②外侧支包含眶上神经主干和多数分支,以2-3支从眶上孔发出,或以单一束支从眶上孔发出,在走行过程中逐渐发出2-3支。67.7％的内侧支为细小分支,22.3％为单一束支;③眶上神经外侧支的外侧边界可走行在上颞线上,外侧支主干分布在上颞线及其内侧(1.6±0.2)cm范围内。结论:(1)眶上神经位于眶上孔与同侧额结节、上颞线连线间的区域内;(2)在额部除皱术中,合理设计切口,避免在上述区域内的腱膜下疏松结缔组织层分离可预防眶上神经损伤。     

周围神经端侧吻合再生纤维来源的实验研究

目的：探讨周围神经端－侧吻合后再生纤维（侧芽）的来源。方法：将Wistar大鼠左侧腓总神经切断后端一侧吻事到外膜开窗的胫神经干 ,术后15周对胫神经和腓总神经分别用快兰和核黄作神经干注射标注,取背根神经节（DRC）荧光显微镜下观察被标记细胞,取吻合口附近的胫,腓神经段经饿酸染色后在光镜下观察腓总神经内轴突与胫神经轴突的关系。结果：实验组带根节内未发现双标细胞,光镜下,可清晰地见到左侧腓总神经内的再生纤维从胫神经近侧端下行而至。结论：周围神经端一侧吻合腓总神经内的再生纤维来自于胫神经的侧芽缺乏依据。因无法排除来自腓总神经近端生长锥和受损胫神经纤维生长锥的可能。     

桡神经肱骨肌管段血供的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的:明确桡神经在肱骨肌管内血供的解剖学特征,为临床肱骨干骨折伴桡神经损伤手术提供解剖学基础.方法:对15例(30侧)经锁骨下动脉灌注乳胶-氧化铅的成人上肢新鲜标本进行巨微解剖,观测桡神经营养血管在肱骨肌管内段的走行、分布及其发出点到肱骨外上髁的距离和到达神经外膜的长度.结果:桡神经在肱骨肌管段的营养血管主要来自前外侧的桡侧副动脉和后内侧的中副动脉.桡侧副动脉在距肱骨外上髁(9.67±0.52)cm处发出分支,行于桡神经的背侧,到神经外膜长(1.26±0.17)cm.中副动脉在距肱骨外上髁(16.52±0.65)cm处发出第1分支,到神经外膜长(1.52±0.21)cm;在距肱骨外上髁(13.47±0.62)cm处发出第2分支,到神经外膜长(0.56±0.16)cm.两支均行于桡神经的腹侧,各营养支均有吻合.结论:桡神经在肱骨肌管段营养血管丰富且相互吻合.肱骨肌管中上段手术时要注意保护后内侧的中副动脉分支,下段手术时要注意保护前外侧的桡副动脉分支.     

海藻纤维膜片促进大鼠损伤坐骨神经的再生

背景：课题组和青岛大学高分子材料研究所合作研制的海藻纤维生物膜,具有优良的生物相容性,常被用作制备各种复合材料。 目的：观察海藻纤维膜片包绕覆盖神经断端吻合口对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后再生的影响。 方法：切断36只雄性Wistar大鼠右侧坐骨神经,随机分组：对照组行神经外膜端端吻合;实验组行神经外膜端端缝合,将海藻纤维膜片包绕并覆盖神经吻合口远近端各约0.5 cm,形成封闭再生室。术后观察海藻纤维膜片降解吸收规律及缝合处粘连情况,组织学切片行苏木精-伊红染色、锇酸染色、白细胞介素2及白细胞介素4免疫组织化学染色。 结果与结论：术后4-6周,实验组海藻纤维膜片逐渐被降解吸收,与周围组织粘连较少,炎性细胞浸润程度较轻,纤维组织增生较少。两组术后1,7,14 d的白细胞介素2及白细胞介素4含量比较差异无显著性意义。实验组术后6周再生神经纤维分布规则且大小较为均一,其神经纤维数量、轴突大小及髓鞘厚度等指标均显著优于对照组(P < 0.05)。表明海藻纤维膜片具有良好的生物降解性和组织相容性,其包绕覆盖坐骨神经形成的神经再生密闭室可促进大鼠损伤坐骨神经再生。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

鼻成形术中额颞部血管的应用解剖学研究

目的：为解决临床上额部皮瓣修复鼻缺损时常出现的血运障碍，全鼻再造时的衬里缺损以及应用耳廓复合组织修复鼻翼缺损时面积受限等问题。方法：对２９例（５８例）尸体额、鼻和颞部血管进行解剖。结果：滑车上动脉由两侧向内上行走，滑车上动脉的分支、眶上动脉的浅支、颞浅动脉额支的额眶支相互吻合成网前额动脉吻合网。颞浅动脉主干及顶支发出２～３支耳支分布至耳轮。结论：额部皮瓣应设计在旁正中的滑车上动脉血管走行轴线上；可同时用两侧额部皮瓣行全鼻缺损的修复；亦可经前额动脉吻合网、颞浅动脉及其分支，设计出带蒂的大面积耳廓复合组织岛状瓣修复大面积鼻翼缺损或半鼻缺损     

大鼠副神经及其分支和膈神经主干运动纤维含量的研究

目的:采用组织化学方法研究大鼠副神经及其分支和膈神经主干起始部的运动纤维数量,为副神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤后呼吸功能提供理论依据。方法:在16倍手术显微镜下解剖30只健康雄性SD大鼠双侧副神经及其分支和膈神经主干起始部,用亚铁氰化铜法进行乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)组织化学染色,通过VIDS-Ⅲ型图像分析仪进行运动纤维计数。结果:大鼠副神经起始段运动纤维数为(451±43)根、胸锁乳突肌支运动纤维数为(182±12)根、锁骨上段运动纤维数为(279±29)根、副神经锁骨下水平发出内、外支之前其运动神经纤维为(209±32)根。膈神经主干起始部运动神经纤维数为(237±41)根。结论:副神经锁骨下水平发出内、外支之前其运动神经纤维数与膈神经主干起始部运动神经纤维数较为接近。可作为动力神经移位膈神经重建高位颈髓损伤后呼吸功能。     

成人和胎儿回肠器官内微血管构筑

目的探讨成人和胎儿回肠微血管构筑的异同,为回肠生理机能和病理改变提供解剖学依据。方法通过墨汁灌注、揭层透明、微血管铸型扫描电镜等方法,观察成人和胎儿回肠肠壁各层微血管构筑情况。结果回肠直动脉进入肠壁后分别向浆膜和肌层发出分支,其中浆膜层微血管较稀疏;肌层微动脉走行与肌纤维方向一致,相互间吻合成网;黏膜下动脉分别向肌层和黏膜层发出返支和分支,构成黏膜层和肌层动脉网;黏膜层微血管形态大体与肠绒毛的轮廓和肠腺窝结构相似。结论黏膜下动脉是回肠肠壁的血供枢纽,成人和胎儿回肠微血管形态基本一致。     

Ultrastructure of NADPH diaphorase-positive nerve fibers and their terminals in the rat cerebral arterial system

To investigate how perivascular NO synthase (NOS)-containing nerves in the cerebral arterial system are involved in controlling the cerebral circulation, we observed the ultrastructure of NOS-containing nerve fibers and their terminals by means of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. We also observed the correlation between NADPH-d stained perivascular nerves and the perivascular sympathetic nerves, by means of double staining with NADPH-d histochemistry and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level. NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers showed dense distribution mainly in the rostral portion of the circle of Willis and proximal portions of its main branches, where some of the NADPH-d-positive fibers coexisted with TH-positive fibers in a single nerve bundle. NADPH-d-positive nerve fibers were unmyelinated and had close contact with NADPH-d-negative myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers in a single nerve bundle, and NADPH-d-positive nerve terminals also existed closely with NADPH-d-negative nerve terminals. The number of NADPH-d-positive nerve terminals and their ratio to all other terminals were significantly higher in the rostral portion of the circle of Willis and the proximal portion of its branches, than the caudal portion of the circle of Willis and the distal portion of its branches. Nerve terminals were observed to locate within 250 nm from the basal lamina of arterial smooth muscle cells in the rostral portion of the circle of Willis and proximal portion of its branching arteries. The present observation confirmed that NOS-containing nerve fibers truely innervate the smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall in the circle of Willis and its main branches. Close contact between NADPH-d-positive and -negative nerve fibers and terminals in these arterial portions may indicate that NOS-containing perivascalar nerves may work to modulate the rest of the other perivascular nervous system, such as the sympathetic nerves, to regulate the homeostasis of the arterial tonus.     

股神经和闭孔神经肌支转位的解剖学测量和神经纤维定量

目的　探索股神经肌支转位修复闭孔神经损伤与闭孔神经肌支修复股神经损伤的应用解剖。 方法　游标卡尺测量20具成人尸体股神经和闭孔神经肌支的长度;6具死亡3~10 h内尸体,其股神经和闭孔神经的肌支经Karnovsky-Roots法染色后,图像分析仪测量它们的横切面积和神经纤维数量。 结果　股神经肌支中股内侧肌长支最长,近端横断面积最大;闭孔神经肌支中股薄肌支最长,大收肌支近端横切面积最大。每条肌支内均以躯体运动纤维含量最高,股神经肌支中股内侧肌长支躯体运动纤维数量最多,而闭孔神经肌支中大收肌支最多,其次是股薄肌支。各肌支中γ-薄髓神经纤维的含量,股神经的肌支中以股内侧肌短支和股直肌支较高;而闭孔神经肌支中短收肌支含量最高。 结论　基于各肌支长度、近端横断面积和神经纤维数量的综合考虑,股神经和闭孔神经损伤修复中,股内侧肌长支和股薄肌支宜为供体神经;股内侧肌短支和股直肌支以及大收肌支宜为受体神经。     

进一步改良Sihler's肌肉神经染色法显示SD大鼠皮肤神经

目的　探讨进一步改良Sihler's肌内神经染色法在显示SD大鼠皮肤神经分布中的应用。 方法　选取成年SD大鼠6只处死后紧贴肌肉表面分别于背侧及腹侧切取皮肤,最终获得背侧皮肤6块,腹侧皮肤6块,经10%甲醛溶液固定1月,无水乙醇脱脂3 d,并于0.25%的胶原酶Ⅰ和Ⅲ溶液中消化3 d后,经进一步改良的Sihler's肌内神经染色法染色SD大鼠皮肤。 结果　12块SD大鼠皮肤经染色后,除2块皮肤染色效果不佳外,其余10块皮肤均获得了良好的效果。在除色素的过程中,表皮常常脱落,即使不脱落,平铺的皮肤上也不能分界表皮与真皮,无法看见表皮内神经分支,且在解剖过程中剔除皮下脂肪时,部分皮下脂肪难以剔除干净,故肉眼可见部分皮下脂肪内明显的神经分布。透过X线阅片灯肉眼即可见皮肤呈现淡紫色,而神经为黑色,各区域神经分布不均,直径、形态及颜色深浅也不相同。甚至可看见神经呈现扭曲、打结的现象。 结论　经进一步改良的Sihler's肌内神经染色法染色SD大鼠皮肤,能够清晰显示肉眼可见的皮肤神经分布,这些结果将对于SD大鼠皮肤内各区域神经纤维密度的测定及动物模型中皮瓣移植后神经再生情况的研究具有一定意义。     

Distribution of antigen epitopes shared by nerves and the myocardium of the embryonic chick heart using different neuronal markers

We examined which neuronal elements and nonneuronal tissues in the embryonic myocardium are stained with antibodies traditionally used for staining nerve tissue. Furthermore, we studied whether nonneuronal myocardial staining was confined to regions determining initial nerve entry points and development of cardiac ganglia. The third focus was whether nerves preferentially distribute in regions of the conduction system. Different neuronal markers were used such as the HNK-1 antibody against neural crest and nerve tissue, Tyrosine Hydroxylase antibody (TH) against putative sympathetic nerve tissue, anti-GFAP against glia cells, antibodies against phosphorylated neurofilaments DO170, RMO270, 3A10, and RT97, and finally the antibody Snap25 against a synaptic protein. Chick embryonic hearts between stage HH25-44 where immunohistochemically evaluated. Transient HNK-1 staining in the basal region of the heart coincided with ingrowing vagal branches and crest-derived neuronal precursor cells seeding the region of the atrioventricular sulcus, suggesting a role for HNK-1 in the homing of the parasympathetic plexus. Transient TH staining was confined to regions of the atrial myocardium coincident with the localization of the few early TH-positive nerve fibers before stage HH40, whereas the second wave of TH-positive nerve fibers at HH42 was mainly localized around myocardial coronary arteries. This transient myocardial TH staining might be involved in early emergence of the catecholaminergic phenotype, while coronary arteries or blood borne factors might be involved in later differentiation. Some myocardial expression, not related with initial nerve ingrowth, using Snap25, TH, HNK-1, DO170, and RMO270 was confined to regions of the ventricular conduction system. HNK-1 is the only marker staining the region of the putative sinoatrial node. Just before hatching nerve fibers, including TH-positive nerve fibers, are uniformly distributed throughout the myocardium, without being specifically confined to regions containing the conduction system or coronary arteries.     

化学去细胞同种异体神经移植修复大鼠骶1神经缺损

背景：自体神经移植是修复周围神经损伤中最常用的方法。 目的：探讨化学去细胞神经修复大鼠骶1神经缺损的效果,以期寻找修复周围神经缺损较为理想的方法和材料。 方法：取SD大鼠骶1神经,采用化学去细胞法处理大鼠骶1神经的免疫原性成分,使其成为去细胞神经。将Wistar大鼠右侧骶1神经制成1 cm缺损模型,用SD大鼠去细胞同种异体神经移植修复大鼠骶1神经的缺损。 结果与结论：与术前相比,术后8周逼尿肌漏尿点降低,膀胱最大容积和膀胱顺应性升高(P < 0.05)。神经纤维细丝蛋白染色结果显示,右侧经同种异体神经移植修复的神经吻合口断端被染成绿色,神经纤维排列整齐分布均一,再生神经轴突长入远端神经。左侧正常神经形态均一,神经纤维排列整齐分布均一未见轴突长入远端神经。结果表明,化学去细胞同种异体神经的抗原性明显降低,可修复高等哺乳类动物的周围神经损伤。     

跑步训练对中老年大鼠海马结构及其内有髓神经纤维的影响

目的探讨跑步训练对中老年雌性大鼠海马结构及海马结构内有髓神经纤维的影响。方法将10只14月龄的雌性SD大鼠随机分为跑步训练组和空白对照组,分别进行4个月的跑台训练和普通标准环境饲养。4个月后采用Morris水迷宫对两组大鼠的空间学习能力进行测试,然后运用透射电子显微镜和新的体视学方法对大鼠大脑海马结构及其内有髓神经纤维进行定量研究。结果与对照组相比,训练组老年雌性大鼠空间学习能力明显增强;海马结构总体积、海马结构内有髓神经纤维总长度显著增加,但海马结构内有髓神经纤维的总体积未见明显改变。海马结构内有髓神经纤维总长度分布图表明,训练组有髓神经纤维总长度的增加主要是由于细小直径的有髓神经纤维长度增加所致。结论跑步训练对中老年雌性大鼠的空间学习能力、海马结构及其内有髓神经纤维有明显的影响。     

Altered spatial patterns of functional thalamocortical connections in the barrel cortex after neonatal infraorbital nerve cut revealed by optical recording.

In rodents, the somatosensory cortex has a cell aggregation cluster termed the barrel, reflecting a whisker vibrissa, and this barrel formation is disrupted by infraorbital nerve cut at birth. In the present study, we prepared thalamocortical slice preparations from rats that received infraorbital nerve cut either at birth or at postnatal day (P) 7 and those from normal rats, recorded the optical response reflecting neural excitation in the somatosensory cortex with a voltage-sensitive dye (RH482) and compared the optical responses from lesioned rats with those from normal rats. In normal rats at P10, the optical response elicited electrically by thalamic stimulation propagated to the cortex, and then several patchy clusters appeared in layer IV. The size and location of these patchy responses precisely matched either barrels identified by cytochrome oxidase staining or terminal arbors of thalamocortial axons stained with biotinylated dextran amine. In contrast, at P10 in P0-lesioned rats, clusters having a wider horizontal width but smaller amplitude than those seen in normal rats appeared in layer IV. Correspondingly, neither cytochrome oxidase staining nor biotinylated dextran amine labeling of thalamocortical axons showed any barrel-like clusters or glomerular axon terminals. Likewise, at P5-P6, the tangential width of clusters in layer IV were larger than that in normal rats. At P10 in P7-lesioned rats, small cluster-matched barrels were seen in the optical response as well as in normal rats. These results suggest that P0 infraorbital nerve cut interrupted segregation of functional synapses into the barrels and retarded the maturation of thalamocortical transmission.     

人腓总神经及其分支功能束定位与定量研究

目的探讨人腓总神经及其功能束的定位与定量情况。方法取20侧成人尸体腓总神经,采用Kamovsky-Roots乙酰胆碱酯酶组织化学法进行染色,并对其分支走形、数量进行统计学分析。结果切片内可见躯体感觉神经、躯体运动神经、γ-薄髓神经神经、交感节后无髓纤维。腓总神经、腓深神经和腓浅神经的躯体运动束主要位于神经断面的内下象限、外侧和后内侧;躯体感觉束主要位于神经断面的外上象限、后外侧和前内侧。腓浅神经纤维束及其各种神经纤维数量都比腓深神经多（P〈0．05）。结论腓总神经及分支内感觉纤维与运动纤维相互混合,且存在同种纤维分区聚集现象。     

Developmental changes in pulpal sensory innervation of rat incisors and molars shown on a single injection of the fluorescent dye AM1-43

Developmental changes in pulpal innervation of rat incisors and molars were examined using the fluorescent styryl dye AM1-43, which labels sensory cells and nerves in vivo. From 2 to 40 days after birth, the animals were injected once with a small amount of AM1-43 solution (2 microg/g bodyweight). One day after the injection, the animals were killed and examined. In 3-day-old rats, neither incisors nor molars were innervated. In 7-day-old rats, the pulp of incisors and molars was innervated as indicated by fine intensely stained varicose sensory fibers and thicker intensely stained fibers running mostly along the blood vessels. In 15-, 27-, and 41-day-old rats, sensory nerve fibers neither passed through the odontoblast layer nor penetrated into the dentin in incisors, whereas the sensory nerve fibers penetrated into the coronal dentin through the odontoblast layers in molars. These results suggest that innervation of dental pulp is composed of two phases: (i) linear penetration of nerve fibers along blood vessels into the pulp space; and (ii) sprouting and extension of nerve fibers into coronal dentin. Innervation of the incisor pulp may stop at the first phase.     

Distribution pattern of the human lingual nerve

The tongue is an intricate organ with many functions. Despite the knowledge of the presence of muscular and neural connections in the tongue, a detailed neuroanatomical depiction of the nerves' topography in the tongue has not been demonstrated. The topography, branching patterns and neuronal interconnections of the lingual nerve were studied in five postmortem human tongues. They were stained with Sihler's stain, a technique that renders most of the tongue tissue translucent while counterstaining nerves. The lingual nerve reaches the tongue posterolaterally. There are two main branches off of the main trunk: the medial branch sends 2-4 small branches to the medial part of the ventrolateral tongue and the lateral branch runs along the lateral tongue border and sends 3-4 large branches to the anterior tip of tongue. Each subdivision gives off 2-5 distal branches. Both medial and lateral branches have interconnections with the proximal part of the hypoglossal nerve. One of the unexpected discoveries in this study was the high density of nervous fibers in the lateral aspect of the tongue as compared to the midline region. The average diameter of the main trunk of the lingual nerve is 3.5 mm. The medial and lateral branches average 1 mm in diameter, the more distal subdivisions measure 0.5-0.75 mm, and the lingual-hypoglossal interconnections measure 0.125-0.250 mm. In summary, this study provides the first detailed depiction of the topography of the human lingual nerve and its branches in situ, confirmation of lingual-hypoglossal nerve connection, and the first depiction of the high density of lingual nerve innervation in the lateral tongue.