控制性减压在重型颅脑损伤术后骨瓣回纳中的应用(附13例临床分析)

目的探讨符合去骨瓣减压手术指征的重型颅脑创伤患者,颅内压监测精确控制性减压下手术一期回纳骨瓣的可行性。方法对13例重型颅脑创伤,术前CT检查和或ICP达到了去骨瓣减压术指征,术中在颅内压监测精确控制性减压下手术,硬脑膜扩大成形后试行骨瓣复位ICP﹤15 mmHg,一期回纳骨瓣患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结。结果成功保留骨瓣8例,5例因术后ICP持续40 mmHg二期手术去骨瓣减压,保留骨瓣成功率61.5%。术后3个月GOS评分预后好10例,预后差2例,死亡1例。结论符合去骨瓣减压手术指征的重型颅脑创伤患者,在ICP监测和控制性减压技术协助下,结合术前、术中情况,可有选择的一期回纳骨瓣,以期避免二次颅骨修补和减少相关并发症,改善患者预后。     

控制性阶梯式减压术治疗重型、特重型颅脑损伤疗效分析

目的探讨控制性阶梯式减压手术治疗重型、特重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法将186例重型、特重型颅脑损伤患者按入院顺序分为观察组(96例)和对照组(90例)。对照组采用标准大骨瓣减压手术,观察组在标准大骨瓣减压的基础上术中采用控制性阶梯式降颅压手术。结果观察组术中急性脑膨出发生率、术后迟发性颅内血肿发生率显著降低(P<0.05)。随访6个月,根据GOS评分评估患者预后,观察组预后良好率(GOS评分4~5分)显著增高(P<0.05)。结论在标准大骨瓣减压术基础上,术中采用控制性阶梯式减压手术,能有效降低重型、特重型颅脑损伤患者并发症发生率,改善患者预后。     

逐步控制性减压手术治疗重型、特重型颅脑创伤

目的 探讨逐步控制性减压手术方式治疗重型、特重型颅脑创伤的疗效.方法 本组285例重型、特重型颅脑创伤需行减压手术的患者中,A组160例采用逐步控制性减压手术,B组125例采用常规大骨瓣减压手术.结果 两组患者术中急性脑膨出、迟发颅内血肿、术后骨窗脑组织嵌顿、脑移位、脑干变形扭曲、大面积脑梗死的发生率以及GOS标准预后评估差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 采用逐步控制性减压手术能有效减少重型、特重型颅脑创伤患者术中及术后并发症,降低伤残率及死亡率,是一种有效的手术方法.     

改良大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑创伤

标准大骨瓣减压术由于手术视野大、减压充分,对降低重型颅脑创伤患者病死率,尤其是难以控制的颅内高压性重型颅脑创伤患者,效果尤佳.山东省青岛市开发区第一人民医院2003-2007年采用改良大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑创伤患者73例,与标准大骨瓣减压术比较,并发症发生率明显降低,结果报告如下.     

标准大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的手术效果及对患者预后和并发症的影响

目的探讨标准大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的手术效果及对预后和并发症的影响。方法收集2012-03—2014-03于我院接受治疗的重型颅脑损伤患者92例,随机分为观察组与对照组,各46例,对照组给予常规骨瓣开颅术治疗;观察组给予标准大骨瓣减压术治疗,分析手术疗效、预后及并发症情况。结果观察组手术治疗后第1天、第4天颅内压明显优于对照组,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(t=5.24、7.62,P均0.05);对照组并发症发生率17.39%,观察组并发症发生率4.35%(χ2=8.14,P0.05);观察组者手术后预后良好率63.04%,明显高于对照组43.47%,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(χ2=8.16,P0.05)。结论标准大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的手术效果明显,术后颅内压明显降低,预后良好,并发症发病率低,值得临床推广应用。     

控制性减压技术在老年重型、特重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术中的应用

目的 探讨控制性减压技术在老年重型、特重型颅脑损伤（TBI）去骨瓣减压术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年12月至2019年12月收治的96例老年重型、特重型TBI的临床资料。均采用大骨瓣减压术治疗，其中48例术中采用控制性减压技术（观察组），48例未采用（对照组）。结果 去骨瓣前，观察组颅内压[（35.37±2.07）mmHg]与对照组[（35.24±1.72）mmHg]无统计学差异（P>0.05）；去骨瓣后，观察组颅内压[（20.87±1.40）mmHg]与对照组颅内压[（28.75±1.53）mmHg]较去骨瓣前均明显降低（P<0.05），而且，观察组明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。术后1 d，观察组GCS评分[（6.28±0.73）分]明显高于对照组[（4.12±0.69）分；P<0.05]；术后1个月，观察组Barthel指数[（76.81±5.54）分]明显高于对照组[（68.17±6.02）分；P<0.05]。术后观察组并发症总发生率（16.7%，8/48）明显低于对照组（47.9%，23/48；P<0.05）。结论 对于老年重型、特重型TBI，去骨瓣减压术是有效的，术中运用控制性减压技术可明显降低术后并发症发生率，改善病人预后     

控制性阶梯式减压在重型颅脑损伤手术中的应用简

目的探讨控制性阶梯式减压在重型颅脑损伤术中应用的疗效。方法226例重型颅脑损伤需行减压手术的患者随机分成两组进行前瞻性研究：A组180例在标准外伤大骨瓣减压术基础上采用控制性阶梯式减压手术,B组46例采用标准外伤大骨瓣减压手术。结果两组患者术中急性脑膨出、迟发颅内血肿、大面积脑梗塞、严重的低钠血症的发生率以及GOS标准预后评估均存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论采用控制性阶梯式减压的手术能有效减少重型颅脑损伤患者术中及术后并发症,降低伤残率及死亡率,是一种有效的手术方法。     

控制性阶梯式减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤68例临床分析

目的观察控制性阶梯式减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床效果。方法 68例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为A组和B组,B组采用标准大骨瓣快速减压手术治疗,A组采用控制性阶梯式大骨瓣减压术治疗。从治疗效果、术后并发症发生情况两方面进行比较。结果 2组手术时间、术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组恢复良好比例显著高于B组(P0.05),A组术后脑膨出发生率显著低于B组(P0.05)。结论采用控制性阶梯式减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤,颅内压力可逐步释放,患者预后良好,并发症发生率低,值得临床推广应用。     

早期双侧去骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑创伤疗效分析

目的探讨预见性早期双侧去骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑创伤的有效性和安全性。方法共计92例重型颅脑创伤患者行预见性早期双侧去骨瓣减压术(观察组,42例)以及常规一线治疗后患侧去骨瓣减压术或双侧去骨瓣减压术(对照组,50例),监测手术前后颅内压,Glasgow预后分级评价预后,记录术后并发症。结果观察组患者创伤至手术时间少于对照组[(4.63±1.61)h对(36.61±1.92)h;t=32.464,P=0.001]。与术前相比,两组患者术后1 d颅内压即降低(P=0.001),至术后7d颅内压持续降低(P=0.001);与对照组相比,观察组患者颅内压降低(P=0.001)。92例患者中预后良好37例(40.22%),预后不良55例(59.78%),观察组预后良好率高于对照组[54.76%(23/42)对28%(14/50);χ~2=5.697,P=0.017],且两组41岁患者预后良好率高于≥41岁患者(χ~2=5.526,P=0.025)。92例患者中31例(33.70%)出现术后并发症,包括硬膜下积液11例(11.96%)、颅内出血4例(4.35%)、脑积水3例(3.26%)、感染4例(4.35%)、癫2例(2.17%)和器官功能障碍7例(7.61%),观察组术后并发症发生率低于对照组[21.43%(9/42)对44%(22/50);χ~2=5.205,P=0.022]。结论预见性早期双侧去骨瓣减压术可以有效降低重型颅脑创伤患者颅内压,预防单侧去骨瓣减压术后的迟发性颅内血肿,明显改善预后,降低术后并发症发生率,提高患者生活质量。     

双侧平衡去骨瓣治疗双瞳散大患者的救治经验

目的探讨双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术在治疗特重型颅脑外伤致双瞳散大患者中的作用。方法对我科2005年1月至2010年12月收治的58例特重型颅脑外伤致双瞳散大手术患者进行回顾性分析,其中2005年1月至2007年9月仅行病灶侧去骨瓣减压术30例(A组),2007年10月至2010年12月采用双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术28例(B组),分析并比较两组患者颅内压、预后及并发症情况。结果采用双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术者较仅对血肿侧去骨瓣减压者颅内压下降有统计学意义(P<0.01);死亡率及预后良好率均明显好于后者(P<0.05)。结论双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术可有效降低特重型颅脑外伤致双瞳散大患者的死亡率及急性脑膨出和脑梗死的发生率,并提高其生活质量。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.