激光冲击波增强38CrMoAl钢渗氮耐磨性能研究

为提高38CrMoAl钢渗氮层的质量和耐磨性能,提出并采用激光冲击增强渗氮的方法,进行了不同处理状态试样的磨损性能试验,采用XRD、SEM对试样微观组织进行分析,并探讨激光冲击增强渗氮的机理.试验结果表明:与渗氮相比,激光冲击波处理后渗氮试样的比磨损率为9.47×10-15m3/Nm,降低了50%,其表面显微硬度提高了12%;激光冲击波作用使表层材料产生高密度位错,甚至细化晶粒,从而在渗氮过程中增加了扩散通道,使更多的N原子间隙固溶到α-Fe中,对渗层起到了固溶强化的作用;形成的渗氮层微观组织致密,无缺陷,大量氮化物沿晶界高度弥散均匀分布,起到弥散强化的作用,从而提高了材料耐磨性能.     

氮氢比对UNIMAX钢离子渗氮组织及性能的影响

目的 针对目前我国航空航天、汽车等领域高端制件精密锻造用模具钢离子渗氮表面改进过程的技术瓶颈,通过开展不同氮氢比条件下的工艺试验,揭示离子渗氮过程中不同的氮氢比对UNIMAX钢离子渗氮组织及性能的影响规律。方法 在真空离子氮化炉中,对UNIMAX钢进行温度为500 ℃、压力为250 Pa、不同氮氢比气氛条件下的离子渗氮试验。并采用显微硬度计、显微维氏硬度计、金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、X射线应力分析仪对上述不同离子渗氮处理后的渗氮层表面硬度、渗层深度、渗层组织、渗层物相组成、表面残余应力、表面脆性进行表征与分析。结果 随着渗氮气氛中N2浓度的降低,渗层深度逐渐减小,扩散层中氮化物组织均匀性逐渐增大,渗层组织中脆性相ε?Fe2,3N相对含量下降,韧性相γ’?Fe4N相对含量提高。表面硬度明显提高,当V(N2)∶V(H2)=1∶1时,最大值可达1 153HV0.2。结论 当V(N2)∶V(H2)=1∶3时,渗层表面硬度与韧性展现出较好的匹配度,在该工艺下可以获得最佳的渗层组织。     

高锰奥氏体低温钢拉伸断口开裂原因分析

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和力学试验的方法,分析了高锰奥氏体低温钢拉伸断口开裂的原因,结果表明,Mn、S元素存在严重偏析,生成的MnS夹杂物在轧制过程中形成MnS偏析带,MnS偏析带与基体的结合力较弱,在颈缩过程中形成的三向应力作用下,拉伸断口开裂。      

波形钢腹板(钢腹杆)-混凝土组合箱抗扭承载力试验与计算

为研究波形钢腹板（钢腹杆）-混凝土组合箱抗扭特性,进行了构件的抗扭承载力试验,结果表明:混凝土底板首先出现斜向裂缝,裂缝与混凝土主拉应变垂直,顶底板裂缝呈螺旋状开展,裂缝方向与主梁纵轴线约成45°;底板出现宽度较大的主斜裂缝,钢筋受拉屈服,组合箱受扭破坏。采用有限元软件ANSYS对扭转试验构件进行了非线性有限元分析,有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合良好。参照混凝土箱梁的开裂扭矩计算公式,建立了组合箱开裂扭矩的计算公式;应用混凝土箱梁变角度空间桁架理论,根据波形钢腹板（钢腹杆）-混凝土组合箱达到极限扭矩时可能出现三种破坏形式,建立了组合箱极限扭矩的计算公式。通过与试验结果和实桥截面有限元分析结果的比较表明,建立的波形钢腹板（钢腹杆）-混凝土组合箱抗扭承载力简化计算公式具较高精度,最大误差不超过10%,可运用于实桥计算。     

4340钢齿轮断齿原因

某4340钢齿轮在试验台上运行4 h后发生断齿,通过宏观观察、渗透检测、磨削烧伤检测、金相检验、化学成分分析、非金属夹杂物评定、平均晶粒度评定、硬度测试、渗氮层深度测定、扫描电镜和能谱分析对齿轮断齿原因进行了分析。结果表明：由于齿轮在运行前已存在淬火裂纹,在齿轮运行过程中啮合受力,裂纹扩展导致断齿。     

基于截面应力法的钢-UHPC组合板初裂荷载计算方法研究

负弯矩作用下钢-超高性能混凝土(ultra-high-performance concrete,UHPC)组合板结构层的局部受拉开裂问题,是该类新型组合桥面板结构体系应用和发展的基础性研究课题。基于平截面假定和双折线UHPC拉伸本构模型,提出了能够描述UHPC结构层实际应力分布的截面应力法,用于计算这种新型结构在纯弯曲作用下的开裂荷载。通过2组4个模型试验并结合相关文献试验结果对所提出的计算方法进行了验证,研究结果表明:利用截面应力法能够较为准确的描述钢-UHPC组合板在纯弯曲作用下的开裂行为,计算给出的开裂荷载与实测值比值平均为0.95;UHPC的开裂强度仅取决于其自身材料特性,钢-UHPC组合板开裂荷载的提高不会影响UHPC层的开裂强度;UHPC层在可视裂缝出现时的应变硬化高度是组合效应及配筋对其约束的直观体现;减小纵筋保护层厚度或提高配筋率能够提高UHPC应变硬化区域高度,提高钢-UHPC组合板抗弯性能。     

铜钢复合板弯片成形数值模拟与成形试验

铜钢复合钢板HALF弯片弯曲半径小,冲压成形变形量大,易出现复合界面开裂、脱层问题.采用ABAQUS三维有限元软件对HALF弯片热成形过程进行数值模拟,分析了600℃、700℃、800℃、900℃成形温度下弯片应力、弯片厚度及复合界面选定点应力,并进行了铜钢复合板HALF弯片热成形试验,测定复合界面结合率与剪切强度.结...     

环氧沥青铺装对钢桥面板受力影响试验研究

某悬索桥钢箱梁采用正交异性钢桥面板,运行数年后钢桥面板构件连接部位出现了4种疲劳裂纹,为考察新换环氧沥青混凝土铺装对疲劳敏感部位受力影响,建立了有限元模型,开展了长达6年的现场试验,试验涵盖原铺装、铺装铲除、新铺装三种状态,测试了疲劳敏感部位的受力及构件变形规律,开展了考虑温度影响的疲劳寿命改善效果分析研究。结果表明:6年试验期内环氧沥青混凝土铺装与钢桥面板组合受力处于稳定状态,在低温环境下,疲劳敏感部位1~4应力改善效果分别为80%、14%、32%、46%;4个疲劳敏感部位应力与温度线性关联,线性速率分别为?4.00、0.64、1.89、1.91;将实测应力统一至年均温度后,新铺装对部位1疲劳寿命相对改善较大,约提高了2.95倍,对部位4疲劳寿命改善次之,约提高1.64倍,对于部位2、3疲劳寿命改善效果不明显,高温环境下部位2、3开裂可能性仍较大。     

考虑层问作用的冷轧钢卷抗凹性分析

针对冷轧钢卷包装中多层材料的接触变形问题,对钢卷包装系统的抗凹性进行了分析与研究;建立了考虑层间作用的钢卷包装系统的力学模型,计算和分析了钢卷的变形和应力,应用HYPERMESH与ANSYS/LS-DYNA对钢卷抗凹性模型进行了有限元仿真;最后进行了抗凹性模型的冲击试验,验证了有限元仿真计算结果,可为钢卷包装工艺设计提供理论依据。     

基于结构损伤的在役钢框架地震易损性研究

针对钢材锈蚀会致结构过早失效、需对不同龄期结构进行抗震性能评估问题,提出基于首超变形及累积塑性转角的双参数构件损伤模型;考虑构件与层权重系数建立结构整体损伤模型,定义结构4种破坏状态。通过已有钢材锈蚀规律引入时间参数,建立钢材多龄期本构与钢框架全寿命地震易损性模型,以9层梁柱焊接钢框架为例,选20条满足场地条件的地震波,对不同龄期（0年、25年、50年、75年、100年）钢框架分别进行动力增量（IDA）分析,所得不同龄期结构整体损伤指数与地震动参数（峰值加速度）之间满足指数关系,给出5个龄期、4种性能水平下结构易损性曲线。通过二次曲线回归拟合不同性态水平下结构破坏时峰值加速度（PGA）平均值及对数标准差与龄期关系,建立结构随龄期变化的连续失效概率函数,获得结构失效概率随龄期变化规律。     

高耐候钢Q350EWR1耐蚀性能研究

为开发新一代铁路车辆用高耐蚀型耐候钢,在1780 mm热连轧生产线上进行了高耐蚀型耐候钢Q350EWR1工业试制,并对实验钢进行了组织观察和力学性能检测分析。利用周期浸润腐蚀试验方法对高耐候钢Q350EWR1和对比钢Q345B进行了腐蚀行为研究,腐蚀溶液为0.01 mol/L的NaHSO3溶液。采用扫描电子显微镜观察实验钢和对比钢的微观形貌,利用电子探针分析腐蚀产物中的元素分布,并用X射线衍射仪对腐蚀产物进行物相分析,采用失重法进行了腐蚀速率计算。研究表明:实验钢Q350EWR1力学性能优良,满足铁标要求;随着腐蚀的进行,Q350EWR1腐蚀速率逐渐下降并趋于稳定,相对于Q345B腐蚀速率≤30%,耐腐蚀性能良好。与Q345B相比,Q350EWR1钢锈层更加致密,随着腐蚀的进行生成更多的α-FeOOH;耐蚀元素Cu、Ni、Cr在锈层中的富集大幅提高了锈层对基体的保护能力。     

新型Cu-Cr-Ni系耐海水腐蚀钢耐蚀性能及机理EI北大核心

针对海洋环境腐蚀特点,通过添加合金元素Cu,Cr和Ni开发一种新型船体用耐蚀钢(B-NS)。利用电化学实验、全浸实验和周浸实验对B-NS的耐蚀性能进行评估,同时通过扫描电镜和能谱对锈层截面形貌和成分进行分析。结果表明:合金元素的添加可有效降低B-NS钢的饱和电流密度和全浸以及周浸条件下的腐蚀速率,同时促进周浸条件下更加稳定、致密保护性锈层的生成。合金元素赋予B-NS钢优异耐腐蚀性能,主要表现在提高B-NS钢热力学稳定性,促进锈层生成以阻挡侵蚀性介质腐蚀基底和赋予锈层阳离子选择性,阻止Cl-渗透进锈层。     

Insight into atmospheric corrosion evolution of mild steel in a simulated coastal atmosphere

The corrosion behavior of mild steel in a simulated coastal atmosphere environment has been investigated by the indoor accelerated wet/dry cyclic corrosion acceleration test(CCT),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements.During the CCT test of 60 cycles,the evolution of logarithmic(corrosion rate)vs.logarithmic(CCT cycles)presents a turning point at the 5th cycle,presenting a tendency to increase first and then decrease to gradually stabilize as the CCT cycle prolonged.Before the 5th cycle,γ-FeOOH and β-FeOOH and Fe3O4 were detected,respectively.And then,α-FeOOH as a new chemical composition was detected in the subsequent corrosion cycles.It is found that,after long term corrosion,the rust separated into a relatively dense inner layer rich with α-FeOOH and a loose outer layer rich with γ-FeOOH,both of which have poor electrical conductivity.The rapid increase of corrosion rate in the early stage since reducible corrosion products are involved in the reduction process of the cathode which promotes the dissolution of the anodic metal substrate.Afterward,as the rust layer thickens,the resistance of the rust increases,and the aggressive ions diffusion is blocked,gradually suppressing the electrochemical corrosion process.At last,when the composition and distribution of the rust layer remain stable,the corrosion presents a fluctuating speed around a certain value during the cracking and self-repairing process of the rust layer.     

Verschleißschutz und Korrosionsbeständigkeit von austenitischem Stahl durch Plasmadiffusions behandlung

In this paper, we report on a series of experiments designed to study the influence of plasma nitriding on the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steel. Plasma nitriding experiments were conducted on AISI 304L steel in a temperature range of 375‐475°C using pulsed‐DC plasma with different N ₂‐H ₂ gas mixtures and treatment times. First of all, the formation and the microstructure of the modified layer will be highlighted followed by the results of hardness measurement, adhesion testing, wear resistance and fatigue life tests. In addition the corrosion resistance of the modified layer is described. The microhardness after plasma nitriding is increased by a factor of five compared to the untreated material. The adhesion is examined by Rockwell indentation and scratch test. No delamination of the treated layer could be observed. The wear rate after plasma nitriding is significantly reduced compared to the untreated material. Plasma nitriding produces compressive stress within the modified layer. This treatment improves the fatigue life which can be raised by a factor of ten at a low stress level. The results show that plasma nitriding of austenitic stainless steel is a suitable process for improving the mechanical and the technological properties without significantly effecting the excellent corrosion resistance of this material.     

Enhancing the lifetime and corrosion resistance of gears made of carbon steel

Gears for structural machines require high fatigue strength for high performance. Generally, gears made of carbon steel easily corrode, thus, shortening their fatigue life. The aim of this paper is to improve the fatigue strength of carbon steel gears by means of heat treatment method which was nitriding composed of 95 % nitrogen gas as well as 5 % hydrogen gas, and to investigate its properties after nitriding. Therefore, in order to find the optimum nitriding temperature to increase the hardness and corrosion resistance of gears, the gas nitriding process was conducted at two different tube furnace temperatures: low (550 °C) and high (1150 °C), both for four hours. Microstructural and mechanical property evaluation of the low and high temperature nitrided low-carbon steel BS970-080A15 were studied and the results were compared to identify which gear had better performance in terms of hardness as well as corrosion resistance. The results from Vickers hardness test and weight loss analysis proved that high temperature nitrided carbon steel is harder and more corrosion resistant than the low temperature one.     

经济型耐大气腐蚀钢大气曝晒腐蚀性能研究

随着耐大气腐蚀钢的应用越来越广泛,掌握其耐大气腐蚀性能显得十分重要.采用电化学方法、电子探针等手段对JT345经济型耐大气腐蚀钢在北京、青岛、沈阳3地1年大气曝晒的试样进行分析研究,并采用Q235B和Corten A钢作为对比钢.电化学试验表明,大气腐蚀过程中生成的锈层,使电化学阳极过程受到显著的阻滞.电子探针与电子能谱分析结果表明,JT345钢的内锈层存在有效合金元素的富集,使内锈层结实、致密、牢固,抑制了腐蚀性物质的侵入,保护了基体金属.结果表明JT345经济型耐候钢具有优良的耐蚀性能,腐蚀率接近CortenA的水平,随着曝晒时间的延长,腐蚀率还将显著地下降,JT345钢的耐大气腐蚀的优越性将会更加充分体现出来.     

Corrosion resistance of the layers formed on the surface of plasma-nitrided AISI 304L steel

Austenitic stainless steels have good corrosion resistance, but their low hardness and low wear resistance limit their use whenever surface hardness is required. Nitriding treatments have been successfully applied to stainless steels to improve their mechanical and tribological properties; however, at temperatures above 723 K, gas or salt bath nitriding processes decrease the corrosion resistance due to the formation of CrN and other phases within the modified layer. Chromium compounds draw chromium and nitrogen from the adjacent regions, degrading the corrosion resistance. The plasma nitriding technique permits the use of treatment temperatures as low as 623 K without promoting degradation in the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. In this work, the pulsed glow discharge (PGD) technique was used for nitriding steel (AISI304L) in order to investigate the effect of the temperature of this treatment in the morphology and, as a consequence, in the anodic behavior of the formed layers, in solution with and without chloride ions. Four different temperatures were employed (623, 673, 723, and 773 K). The samples were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness measurements, and electrochemical tests with potentiodynamic anodic polarization curves. The nitriding temperature alters the anodic behavior due to a displacement of the polarization curve towards higher currents, in a solution free of chloride ions. In a chloride solution, the nitriding temperature increases the pitting potential up to the oxygen evolution region.     

Effect of tin addition on corrosion behavior of a low-alloy steel in simulated costal-industrial atmosphere

The effect of tin addition on the atmospheric corrosion behavior of a low-alloy steel in simulated coastal-industrial atmosphere has been investigated by indoor wet/dry cyclic corrosion test (CCT). The results indicate that tin addition can obviously make the steel substrate more resistant to atmospheric corrosion by suppressing the cathodic H⁺ reduction reaction, and but tin addition is not of obvious beneficial effect when the steel is covered with a thicker rust layer during long-term corrosion process. The reason lies in the fact that the presence of un-reduced H⁺ can lower the electrolyte pH value and lead to a loose and porous rust layer on tin-containing steel sample than that on tin-free steel sample. In addition, the 120 CCT cycles corrosion process of the two steels can be divided into three stages. Both the tin-free and tin-containing steels show an increasing corrosion rate during the initial corrosion stage and then exhibit a decreasing corrosion rate during the second and third corrosion stages. Moreover, tin addition makes the tin-containing steel rust layer have a higher amount of α-FeOOH and lower amount of γ-FeOOH and Fe₃O₄ than the tin-free steel rust layer.     

X52管线钢抗氢致开裂试验裂纹成因分析

针对某段时期出现的X52管线钢产品经抗阶梯型破裂试验后,试样有明显阶梯裂纹,产品检验不合格的问题,对不合格批次的试样进行化学成分、炼钢工艺以及显微组织等方面的分析,分析了该抗硫化氢腐蚀X52管线钢氢致开裂的原因。结果表明:开裂批次试样的钙硫含量比值偏低,导致出现夹杂物偏聚和中心偏析,且夹杂物呈线状分布,是造成该管线钢产品抗氢致开裂试验开裂的主要原因。最后对X52管线钢的生产控制要点提出了相应建议,以提高其抗硫化氢腐蚀的能力。     

不锈钢低温盐浴表面氮化技术发展与现状

不锈钢具有良好的耐蚀性、韧性和可加工性,但其硬度低、耐磨性差,严重制约了其在有磨损腐蚀要求环境体系中的应用.为了提高不锈钢的抗磨损性能,通过低温活性盐浴表面处理技术提高其耐磨性的同时不降低其耐蚀性,使得其在具有磨损的腐蚀介质环境中能够提高其抗磨损性能而不被腐蚀,可延长其使用寿命.本文系统地介绍了低温活性盐浴表面氮化处理技术的发展、原理及应用和处理后表面氮化层的特点、组织和表面性能.低温活性盐浴表面处理后,表层活性N原子扩散在奥氏体间隙中形成过饱和固溶体的S-相,产生特殊的位错-应力FCC结构,使得奥氏体晶格发生严重变形,不但提高了其腐蚀性,同时大大提高了其硬度,使得不锈钢硬度能够达到1 000 HV0.1,其抗磨损性能亦得到了显著提高.