微污染饮用水生物过滤影响因素的研究

通过试验探讨了过滤介质、空床接触时间、水温和反冲洗方式对生物过滤去除有机物的影响。试验结果表明 :活性炭、石英砂组成的双层滤料生物滤池对高锰酸盐指数、UV2 5 4的去除效果比无烟煤、石英砂组成的双层滤料滤池和单层石英砂滤料滤池好 ;在一定的范围内 ,随着接触时间或水温的增加 ,各滤柱对高锰酸盐指数的去除率增加 ;加氯水反冲洗方式对生物滤池去除高锰酸盐指数、UV2 5 4的影响比未加氯水反冲洗方式大     

生物活性炭工艺深度处理丹江口水库水的中试

活性炭过滤是饮用水深度处理的重要工艺,其中滤速、炭层高度、温度和炭龄是影响活性炭滤池运行效果的关键因素. 以丹江口水库水为处理对象,以混凝-沉淀-砂滤出水作为炭滤池进水,以高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄去除率为评价指标,考察2011年4月—2013年5月取自北京某水厂的新炭、1年炭、3年炭和5年炭(2011年5月时炭龄)对水中有机物的去除效果. 结果表明,随着滤速的增大,有机物去除率降低;活性炭炭柱滤速为8 m/h时,高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄去除率分别为41.9%和41.2%,能够获得较好的处理效果. UV₂₅₄去除率随总炭层高度的增大而增大. 随着炭层高度的增加,单位高度活性炭滤料对UV₂₅₄的去除率降低.夏季高温期,1年炭对高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄的去除率分别为44.2%~57.4%和38.5%~53.1%,高于其在冬季低温期的去除率(38.9%~51.1%和31.7%~45.5%). 活性炭在使用初期,主要依靠吸附作用去除有机物;随着使用年限的增长,活性炭的生物载体作用日益明显,生物作用占主导地位,炭龄对有机物去除效果的影响变小,不同炭龄活性炭的处理效果差异不大,可适当延长活性炭的使用年限,降低处理成本.      

GAC-石英砂滤池处理高氨氮原水的生产研究

以广州市珠江流溪河下游为水源,采用GAC-石英砂滤池处理沉淀池出水,研究了该工艺对枯水期高氨氮原水的去除规律及其影响因素。结果表明:GAC-石英砂滤池滤与普通砂滤池相比氨氮的去除显著提高,滤后水氨氮平均值为2.08mg/L,去除量约为1.0mg/L,去除率为33.8%。研究显示氨氮处理效果受余氯的灭菌作用、溶解氧不足、原水水质下降、pH值不足、活性炭滤料吸附性能下降、空床接触时间短、反冲洗周期与强度的影响。建议降低前投氯而加强后投氯量,同时使用无氯水进行反冲洗;保持滤后水溶解氧在2～4mg/L且pH值7.5;延长反冲洗周期至36h;适当降低运行负荷可提高GAC-石英砂滤池对氨氮的去除效果。     

湘江微污染饮用水源水生物过滤去除特性研究

通过试验探讨了不同滤料介质组成的生物滤柱对湘江微污染水源的处理效果。结果表明,生物过滤具有良好的去浊性能,浊度的去除是传统吸附截留和生物吸附共同作用的结果;生物过滤可有效去除微污染水源中的有机物,NH+4-N,总铁和Mn2+,提高饮用水生物稳定性。颗粒活性炭-石英砂双层滤料组合要优于石英砂单层滤料和无烟煤-石英砂双层滤料,加氯水反冲洗不利于生物滤池的运行。      

污泥过滤过程中滤速影响因素的试验研究

针对生物膜法出水悬浮固体偏高的问题,通过对水处理中慢滤池和滤饼过滤原理的借鉴,将生物滤池引入生物膜反应器,利用游离的活性污泥和部分脱落的生物膜及颗粒滤料组成污泥过滤层进行过滤出水以提高出水水质.在分析污泥滤层的过滤机理及滤速的主要影响因素的基础上,试验研究了滤料粒径、污泥浓度和初滤速对污泥过滤滤速的影响.试验结果表明,在滤料粒径为0 8～2 2mm,污泥浓度不大于1200mg·L-1,初滤速小于2 5m·h-1的情况下,污泥过滤平均滤速可保持在0 3～1 0m·h-1,与SBR法的沉淀、滗水时间持平,且不会产生污泥穿透现象,出水浊度均小于10NTU,具有应用的可行性.污泥主要集中在滤料表层.由于采用慢速表面过滤,滤速相对较小,滤料层中截留的悬浮固体在孔隙中堵塞的强度较弱,采用强度较低的非膨胀反冲洗即可.     

活性炭颗粒对超细颗粒物的过滤性能

UFPs(超细颗粒物)对人体危害较大且难以脱除,但活性炭颗粒床利用多孔结构可以提高其过滤效率. 为探究试验条件对UFPs过滤效率的影响以及活性炭孔隙结构和UFPs过滤效率之间的关系,以实验室发生UFPs为研究对象,活性炭为过滤介质,对活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观风速等条件对过滤UFPs的影响进行了研究,并通过对比过滤前后活性炭的孔径分布,分析活性炭多孔性与UFPs的关系. 结果表明:当活性炭颗粒平均粒径由2.50 mm减至0.45 mm、滤层厚度由20 mm增至100 mm、表观过滤风速由4.25 cm/s降至0.84 cm/s时,总过滤效率分别由41.87%、49.39%、68.24%升至86.27%、89.29%、83.04%;但从活性炭的单颗粒过滤效率和过滤质量角度来看,在活性炭颗粒粒径大、滤层厚度小、表观过滤风速低的条件下,更有利于单个活性炭颗粒的过滤作用的发挥;当UFPs粒径小于14.3 nm时,UFPs发生“热反弹”效应,并且主要过滤机理是扩散效应,但随着UFPs粒径增大,拦截和惯性碰撞对过滤效率的作用增强;活性炭500 nm以下的孔隙结构对脱除UFPs起着重要作用. 研究显示,选择含有更多500 nm以下孔隙的多孔材料更有利于过滤UFPs.      

活性炭石英砂双层深床滤料浮滤池处理高藻水源水的研究

活性炭石英砂双层深床滤料浮滤池是一种采用气浮过滤一体化,活性炭石英砂双层深床过滤,常规处理和深度处理一体化的工艺.该工艺处理高藻原水的结果显示:出水藻总数为4.30×10⁵个/L,总去除率为95.1%;出水叶绿素-a为0.88μg/L,总去除率为92.2%;出水浊度为0.18NTU;出水UV₂₅₄为0.016cm^-1,总去除率为54.3%;出水耗氧量为0.78mg/L,总去除率为63.6%,出水没有嗅味,色度为3度,总去除率为86.4%.出水残留铝含量为0.011mg/L,满足饮用水水质标准.过滤单元运行周期为36h,滤柱产水能力UFRV为504m³/m².     

颗粒计数法用于自来水厂运行的优化

采用生产性试验为主、室内实验为辅的方法,探讨了颗粒物计数手段用于某水厂混凝沉淀及过滤环节运行优化的可行性.室内试验结果表明,根据水厂实际情况,可以将沉后水颗粒数低于600 个/mL 作为确定混凝剂投加量的依据;原水的水质对沉后水颗粒数有显著影响.生产性试验表明,滤池的滤后水颗粒数量与浊度和滤速具有正相关性,滤速增加使滤池对粒径2~5µm 的小颗粒截留率降低.滤后水的颗粒物数量与浊度呈正相关,但显著性不突出,2 个指标联用,能够更准确地反映净水过程的水质变化,尤其适用于对水厂过滤的调控.     

颗粒硅藻土在深床反硝化处理中的应用研究

采用反硝化滤柱试验装置对比研究了颗粒硅藻土代替传统海砂作为深床反硝化处理的生物载体的可行性。试验结果表明:在相同的进水条件下,颗粒硅藻土滤料的反硝化滤柱比海砂滤料反硝化滤柱的挂膜时间缩短约2 d,生物膜量提高了92.3%,且挂膜均匀,滤柱工作周期延长至少15%,反冲洗压力降降低36.4%,能耗降低了30%。通过处理近似工程的试验水,研究颗粒硅藻土和海砂滤料装置对总氮和COD的去除效果,结果表明,颗粒硅藻土滤料的去除率分别为65.8%、29.8%,海砂滤料的去除率分别为63.2%、26.7%,2种滤料均可满足污水厂提标改造和深度脱氮的要求。颗粒硅藻土代替海砂用于深床反硝化工艺滤料完全可行。     

凹凸棒复合滤料生物过滤去除Fe2＋性能研究

利用凹凸棒复合滤料良好的吸附和生物挂膜性能对普通滤池进行生物强化,研究生物过滤对原水中Fe2＋的去除效果及影响因素。实验结果表明：原水溶解氧在3 mg/L左右,Fe2＋的去除率达到90%以上;温度在13.9℃-22.3℃时,Fe2＋去除率达到93%以上;滤速越低,生物过滤对Fe2＋的去除率越高,4 m/h为本实验研究的最佳水力负荷;原水中Fe2＋浓度在2 mg/L以下时,出水的Fe2＋浓度可以达到0.15 mg/L以下。反冲洗对生物过滤去除Fe2＋的影响较小,去除率在冲洗2 h后能够恢复到冲洗前的水平。     

Removal of anaerobic soluble microbial products in a biological activated carbon reactor

The soluble microbial products (SMP) in the biological treatment effluent are generally of great amount and are poorly biodegradable. Focusing on the biodegradation of anaerobic SMP, the biological activated carbon (BAC) was introduced into the anaerobic system. The experiments were conducted in two identical lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The high strength organics were degraded in the first UASB reactor (UASB1) and the second UASB (UASB2, i.e., BAC) functioned as a polishing step to remove SMP produced in UASB1. The results showed that 90% of the SMP could be removed before granular activated carbon was saturated. After the saturation, the SMP removal decreased to 60% on the average. Analysis of granular activated carbon adsorption revealed that the main role of SMP removal in BAC reactor was biodegradation. A strain of SMP-degrading bacteria, which was found highly similar to Klebsiella sp., was isolated, enriched and inoculated back to the BAC reactor. When the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 10,000 mg/L and the organic loading rate achieved 10 kg COD/(m 3 ·day), the effluent from the BAC reactor could meet the discharge standard without further treatment. Anaerobic BAC reactor inoculated with the isolated Klebsiella was proved to be an effective, cheap and easy technical treatment approach for the removal of SMP in the treatment of easily-degradable wastewater with COD lower than 10,000 mg/L.     

臭氧/陶瓷膜对生物活性炭工艺性能和微生物群落结构影响

利用处理量为120m3/d的臭氧/陶瓷膜-生物活性炭(BAC)组合工艺处理微污染原水, 对工艺性能和BAC中的微生物多样性和种群结构进行了研究.结果显示,组合工艺可有效去除微污染原水中的有机物和氨氮.臭氧曝气提高了溶解氧浓度,改善了后续BAC工艺对氨氮的去除效果.组合工艺对氨氮和CODMn的总去除率分别约为90%和84%,其中BAC在污染物的去除中发挥了重要作用.组合工艺和传统工艺中BAC床层共检测到36个门类的细菌.与传统BAC工艺相比,臭氧/陶瓷膜降低了后续BAC中微生物群落结构的多样性和均匀度.组合工艺BAC中存在丰度较高的亚硝化单胞菌属和硝化螺旋菌属,可能对氨氮的去除具有重要的作用.臭氧/陶瓷膜对后续BAC中致病菌和条件致病菌有很好的预处理和抑制作用,显著降低了其相对丰度,提高了饮用水的生物安全性.     

Effect of ozone on the performance of a hybrid ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon process

Two hybrid processes including ozonation-ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon （BAC） （Process A） and ceramic membrane-BAC （Process B） were compared to treat polluted raw water. The performance of hybrid processes was evaluated with the removal efficiencies of turbidity, ammonia and organic matter. The results indicated that more than 99% of particle count was removed by both hybrid processes and ozonation had no significant effect on its removal. BAC filtration greatly improved the removal of ammonia. Increasing the dissolved oxygen to 30.0 mg/L could lead to a removal of ammonia with concentrations as high as 7.80 mg/L and 8.69 mg/L for Processes A and B, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm （UV254, a parameter indicating organic matter with aromatic structure） were 49% and 52% for Process A, 51% and 48% for Process B, respectively. Some organic matter was oxidized by ozone and this resulted in reduced membrane fouling and increased membrane flux by 25%-30%. However, pre-ozonation altered the components of the raw water and affected the microorganisms in the BAC, which may impact the removals of organic matter and nitrite negatively.     

生物活性炭法处理ABS树脂生产废水

采用负载经驯化后微生物的活性炭与未负载微生物的空白活性炭处理ABS凝聚干燥工段废水,研究生物活性炭系统中存在的生物再生作用.结果表明,生物活性炭能够高效分解转化ABS废水中的有机腈类及芳香类污染物,其处理出水的COD、TOC及Org-N的去除率均达到80%以上,并且废水中的有机氮主要分解转化为NH3-N,其NH3-N转化率高达65%.生物活性炭表面繁殖了大量的长杆菌、钟形虫及少量的球菌,活性炭能够为微生物生长提供适宜的环境,并保护微生物避免受有毒难降解污染物的抑制作用,同时活性炭表面生长的微生物能够对活性炭进行生物再生,使其长期保持高效的吸附能力.     

活性炭滤池中微生物特征及其对溶解性有机碳的去除作用

采用异养菌总数计数（HPC）法检测了北京地区J水厂活性炭滤池中微生物量,并分析了活性炭滤池进出水中有机物的组成、活性炭的吸附作用及微生物作用对溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除的贡献率.结果表明,不同炭龄、不同运行周期活性炭滤池中的微生物量有显著的差异.由于溶解性可生物降解有机碳（BDOC）占溶解性有机碳（DOC）的比例较小,且受微生物数量、活性等因素的影响,微生物对DOC的去除效果极为有限,在1.5年和5年炭龄活性炭滤池中对DOC的去除率仅占总去除率的18.8%和26.4%.此外,微生物对较为敏感的嗅味物质2-MIB和geosmin去除作用也不显著,去除率在15%以下（初始浓度为100ng·L-1）;在使用5年活性炭滤池中,微生物对2-MIB和geosmin去除率为12%和14%,分别占总去除率的32%和29%.因此,北京地区地表水净水厂活性炭滤池中微生物对有机物控制的贡献率较低,对DOC的去除主要以活性炭的吸附为主.     

Drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process

In this paper, the drinking water biotic safety of particles and bacteria attached to fines in activated carbon process was investigated by actual treatment process and advanced treatment pilot trial with granular activated carbon. In the experiment, the particles were detected by IBR particle calculating instrument, the activated carbon fines were counted on the basis of the most probable number (MPN) with a microscope, the total number of bacteria was analyzed between the conventional agar culture medium and the one with R2A, and the bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was resolved by the homogenization technique. The experimental results showed that the average total number of particles was 205 CNT/mL in the activated carbon effluent during a filter cycle, of which the number of particles with sizes > 2 μm was 77 CNT/mL more than the present particle control criterion of the American drinking water product standard (50 CNT/mL). The backwash of low density and long duration lowered particle number in the effluent. The MPN of activated carbon fines in the effluent was between 400 and 600 CNT/L, which accounted for less than 5‰ of the total particles from activated carbon filtration for a poor relative level (R ² = 0.34). The microorganisms in activated carbon effluent consisted mostly of heterotrophic bacillus and the total bacteria number was five times as high as that of the inflow, i.e. the effluent from sand filter. The actual bacteria number may be truly indicated by the detection technique with R2A culture medium compared with the traditional agar cultivation. The inactivation efficiency of bacteria attached to activated carbon fines was less than 40% under 1.1 mg/L of chlorine contacting for 40 min. Results showed that the particles and bacteria attached to activated carbon fines may influence drinking water biotic safety, and that the effective control measures need to be further investigated.     

Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

臭氧对陶瓷膜超滤-生物活性炭组合工艺效果的影响

利用处理量为3L/d的臭氧陶瓷膜-生物活性炭(BAC)(工艺Ⅰ)和陶瓷膜-BAC(工艺Ⅱ)2种组合工艺处理受污染的原水,研究了工艺对原水中浊度、氨氮和有机物的去除效果,同时考察了臭氧对膜通量和BAC的影响.结果表明,未投加臭氧和2.0mg/L臭氧投加量下,两种组合工艺可去除原水中96%以上的浊度.组合工艺均可去除原水中1.0~2.0mg/L的氨氮.提高溶解氧浓度至30mg/L可强化氨氮的去除能力,两种组合工艺可至少彻底去除5.5mg/L的氨氮.投加2mg/L臭氧后,工艺Ⅰ可去除原水中48.3%的总有机碳(TOC)和51.8%的UV254.工艺Ⅱ对TOC和UV254的平均去除率分别为51.1%和48.2%.臭氧对浊度的去除无影响,但臭氧可改变部分有机物的结构,减轻膜的有机物污染.与未投加臭氧的工艺Ⅱ相比,投加臭氧使工艺Ⅰ中的膜通量提高了25%~30%.但残留臭氧可能影响后续BAC中的微生物,对BAC去除氨氮和有机物的能力产生不利影响.     

生物活性炭去除水中挥发性苯系物的基础研究

采用连续流生物活性炭(BAC)工艺处理水中挥发性苯系物(BTEX,包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯),评价进水负荷、活性炭炭型等因素对于BAC处理性能的影响.研究表明,在40d的处理时间内,除苯之外,其余BTEX的BAC出水中均未检出苯系物(进水为6mg/L).为了检验BAC在高BTEX负荷情况时的处理效果,将进水浓度设定为19~32mg/L左右,在EBCT为1.2min条件下同样只有苯的出水浓度上升至10mg/L(C/Cin为0.45),然后略有下降,最终保持在5~10mg/L(C/Cin为0.3以下),其余苯系物出水浓度均一直保持小于5mg/L.这表明BAC可以有效地处理高负荷BTEX(8.68~12.9kgTOC/(m3·d))的进水.生物活性炭对于活性炭吸附容量的恢复有比较明显的作用,煤质炭和椰壳炭的生物再生效率分别为53.6%和26.6%,煤质炭再生效率高的原因可能是其具备更多的大型中孔和大孔.     

载钛活性炭电极电吸附除盐性能的研究

采用sol-gel法制备载钛活性炭(Ti-AC),并用此活性炭制取了Ti-AC电极,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和电化学工作站等对活性炭电极的表面形貌、元素组成、化合物形态以及电极的电化学性能进行分析,并考察载钛前后活性炭电极的除盐能力,而且对Ti-AC电极与碳纳米管电极和活性炭纤维电极的实用性进行比较.结果表明,Ti-AC电极含有一定量的Ti元素,其形态为金红石型TiO2,并在电极表面积聚为很多的絮状结构,载钛后双电层形成速率更快,电吸附容量显著提高.对NaCl的吸附试验表明,Ti-AC电极物理吸附降低,电吸附明显提高,除盐率提高了62.7%.实用性分析表明,Ti-AC电极更适宜应用于电吸附除盐.