一类食饵种群中具有传染病的捕食-被捕食系统

对疾病仅在食饵种群传播的有比例依赖的捕食-被捕食系统的动力学进行了分析,给出了每个平衡点附近系统的性态,定义了决定疾病灭绝和成为地方病的阁值R_0．得出的结论是:在比例依赖的捕食-被捕食系统中,染病食饵种群可以充当一个生物控制量,以抑制种群的绝灭．     

一个捕食-被捕食-互惠模型反应扩散系统的稳定性条件

本文利用Lyapunov直接方法讨论了一类捕食-被捕食-互惠模型的正值常态平衡解的稳定性．稳定性条件中包含对捕食与互惠种群扩散强度比例的限制．     

斑块生境中具有捕食风险的动力系统模型及其数值模拟研究

从生物的捕食系统出发．提出了一种斑块生境中具有异质捕食风险的新机制．并构造了一个动力系统模型。在此模型之上,首先研究了扩散对系统稳定性的作用．并对系统进行了计算机模拟。研究发现：具有不同捕食风险的斑块生境之间的扩散(无论是只有食饵的扩散．还是食饵和捕食者共同的扩散)对整个捕食系统所起的作用主要取决于扩散的速率——只有在适中的扩散速率下系统才会稳定．如果扩散速率过快,则引起系统的强烈振荡。当只有食饵发生扩散时,参数f的值越小(f代表高捕食风险生境斑块体积占整个系统体积的比例)．系统越稳定。在捕食者与食饵同时扩散的时候．只有适中或较小的参数f才可以实现系统的长期稳定。其次研究了系统中种群空间平均平衡密度随扩散速率增加的变化趋势。模拟结果表明：系统中食饵种群的空间平均平衡密度随扩散速率增加而减小;捕食者种群平衡密度的变化趋势则取决于系统斑块之间的扩散形式：只有食饵发生扩散时．捕食者种群的空间平衡密度先保持不变．然后缓慢下降;捕食者与食饵同时扩散的时候．捕食者种群平衡密度呈上升趋势。上述结论是由空间异质的捕食风险所决定的．也就是一种下行控制力所限制的结果。综合以上两个结论．认为斑块之间的扩散形式决定了扩散对系统动态的作用和种群空间平均平衡密度对扩散速率增加的反应。     

斜纹夜蛾天敌作用的评价

通过组建斜纹夜蛾第４代和第８代自然种群生命表,运用排除作用控制指数分析了生物因子对斜纹夜蛾种群的自然控制作用．结果表明,低龄（１～３龄）幼虫的捕食性天敌是影响斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态的重要因子．对第４代和第８代种群的排除作用控制指数分别为１３．９０４和１２．９４６．如果没有捕食性天敌的作用,下代种群数量将分别增长到当代的１５．１２０６和７４．６７８倍．病原微生物是影响第４代斜纹夜蛾种群数量的另一重要因子,其排除作用控制指数为２．４７２６．     

春季香蕉假茎象甲自然种群生命表的研究

通过调查研究,组建了以作用因子为组分的春季香蕉假茎象甲（Odoiporus longicollis Oliver）自然种群生命表,在此基础上运用排除作用控制指数法分析了各种因子对假茎象甲自然种群的作用。结果表明,春季假茎象甲自然种群趋势指数成长蕉株上平均为4．3481,留头蕉茎上平均为3．6628,捕食及其它因子对该虫种群控制最大,排除作用控制指数成长蕉株为1．9256,留头蕉茎上为2．3577;自然死亡作用次之,成长蕉株为1．3607,留头蕉茎上为1．3554;寄生或疾病因子作用最小,成长蕉株为1．1988,留头蕉茎上为1．1668,捕食及其他是该虫种群增长的重要控制因子。     

高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食风险及生存对策

调查青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统中两种主要啮齿动物及其天敌动物的种群密度,分析天敌动物对两种啮齿类的捕食方式、捕食强度,探讨啮齿类动物的捕食风险及生存对策。研究结果表明,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的种群密度分别为4．97只／hm^2和10．6只／hm^2,而它们的主要天敌赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的种群密度分别为0．16只／100hm^2、0．37只／100hm^2、3只／100hm^2。艾虎和香鼬在取食过程中主要搜寻啮齿类的洞道系统,全部食物几乎都来源于洞道系统内;赤狐或取食地面活动的鼠兔,或挖掘洞口待高原鼢鼠封闭洞口时取食猎物。高原鼠兔在赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的食物中所出现的频次分别为100％、96．1％、100％,高原鼢鼠在3种天敌动物的食物中所出现的频次分别为87．5％、73．2％、0％。3种天敌动物对高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食强度分别为0．703％和0．038％,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠所承受的捕食风险分别为0．780和0．393。高原鼠兔在高的捕食风险下通过行为对策和繁殖对策增加其适合度,而承受捕食风险较小的高原鼢鼠主要通过封闭的洞道系统和高的存活率增加其适合度。     

一类捕食者具有阶段结构的捕食系统的全局稳定性分析

本文建立了一类捕食者具有阶段结构的捕食系统,计算得到了不存在食饵种群时捕食者种群模型和食饵种群存在时捕食系统的平衡点,并证明了平衡点的存在性.分析和比较了两个模型平衡点的全局稳定性,最终确定了决定模型全局稳定性的捕食者种群基本再生数、食饵灭绝与否的捕食率阈值以及捕食存在时食饵种群的净增长率.     

捕食风险的种群动态效应及其作用机理研究进展

捕食者不但可以通过直接捕杀猎物而控制猎物的种群数量,还可以通过捕食风险效应影响猎物种群的繁殖和动态,并且在某些情况下,捕食风险效应对猎物种群动态的控制作用甚至大于捕食者的直接捕杀.关于捕食风险效应对猎物动物繁殖产出和种群动态变化的作用及其机理方面的野外研究越来越受到国内外学者重视.本文介绍了近年来捕食风险效应的研究进展,重点关注了美国黄石国家公园中捕食者对马鹿(Cervus elephus)、加拿大育空地区的捕食者对白靴兔(Lepus americanus)的捕食风险效应等案例研究,以阐明捕食风险效应对猎物种群动态影响的重要性,以及关于捕食风险效应影响猎物种群繁殖和动态机理的两个假说(捕食者敏感食物假说、捕食应激假说).并结合我国在捕食者与猎物之间关系的研究现状,提出了进一步在野外开展捕食风险效应对濒危有蹄类猎物种群动态影响研究的建议,阐释了开展这些研究的重要意义.     

一类食饵具有常数投放率系统的恢复率

在现实的生态系统中,特别当捕食者的密度大或捕食能力强时,人们常采用食饵补充的方式来控制捕食者和食饵种群数量的稳定,以达到生态平衡．本文在Chisholm,R．A．和Filotas,E．研究的捕食-食饵模型基础上,定义了食饵具有常数投放率的捕食系统,讨论了此系统的恢复率与食饵最大容量之间的关系以及投放率对恢复率和预警长度的影响．最后通过算例分析了递减的恢复率作为系统转移的指示器与投放率与食饵最大容量的关系,说明食饵的投放率可增强预警效果．     

捕食系统时空动态对非对称的Allee效应的响应

虽然具有Allee效应的捕食系统动态已得到了广泛的研究,但很少有研究关注同一系统中不同种群受Allee效应影响情况.本文将考虑捕食、食饵种群分别受.Allee效应的影响,利用常微分方程与元胞自动机建立空间隐含(非空间)与显含的捕食模型,并讨论了Allee效应对捕食、食饵种群相互作用的非对称影响.空间隐含模型的模拟结果显示,捕食系统的稳定性与哪一个种群受Allee效应影响有关.当食饵种群受到中等强度Allee效应影响时,系统从稳定变为振荡状态.然而,捕食种群受Allee效应影响可使系统振动减弱并迅速达到稳定.空间显含模型的模拟结果表明,在概率转化模式下Allee效应可促使空间异质化,而捕食种群受Allee效应影响时空间异质化比食饵种群受影响时更强.此外,考虑统计随机性后发现两种群分别受Allee效应影响时种群呈现出两种分布模式:聚集型和界限型.特别当食饵受Allee效应,加之空间结构及统计随机性的作用,捕食系统出现一种矛盾的现象.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.