抓住机遇,迎接挑战,促进西双版纳茶业发展

分析我国加入WTO后茶业的机遇和面临的严竣问题 ,提出西双版纳茶业发展应加速低产茶园改造 ,推广无性系良种 ;保护茶园生态 ,应用生物技术 ;调整产品结构 ,开拓国内外市场 ;建立龙头产业 ,实施名牌战备等四项建议。随着中国加入WTO步伐的加快 ,为我国茶叶出口创造了前所未有的机遇 ,中国是世界产茶大国 ,19世纪几乎垄断了整个世界茶叶市场 ,进入 2 0世纪 ,肯尼亚、斯里兰卡后来居上。 1999年全国茶叶产量达 6 8万t,出口仅2 0 .2 9万t,云南茶叶产量 7.5万t,出口仅 1.0 3万t,版纳茶叶产量 1.5万t,几乎全部内销。国茶出口不畅 ,其主要原因是受经营机制和产品质量的制约 ,如何抓住中国加入WTO的机遇 ,振兴国茶在国际市场的声誉 ,促进版纳茶业再上新台阶 ,必须认真分析存在的问题 ,改革现行茶叶经营机制 ,依靠科技进步 ,提高产品的产量和质量     

Wertszuwachsprozent, Wirtschaftszinsfusz, Kapitalisierungszinsfusz

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The productivity of salt marsh vegetation at Tollesbury,Essex, and Stiffkey,Norfolk, England

This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m^-2 yr^-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m^-2yr^-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production.     

马尾松、罗汉松、圆柏、侧柏

常绿乔木,高可达40m。树皮粗糙,呈不规则块状深裂,较厚,有树脂。树冠宽塔形或伞形。叶通常2针1束,稀3针;针叶较细柔,长8～20cm,直径0．9mm,具纵浅槽沟,边缘有微刺齿;叶鞘长6～9mm。球花单性。雌雄同株;雄球花生于新枝下部的苞腋,短圆柱状。黄色;雌球花生于新枝近顶端。卵形,淡紫色。     

中国无忧树、海南红豆、火焰树、炮仗花

中国无忧树（火焰花）苏木科Saraca dives Pierre常绿乔木,高10～25m。树皮灰褐色,平滑,皮孔明显,内皮层淡红色;幼枝近方形而略扁,两侧具凹槽。树冠广卵形。叶互生,一回偶数羽状复叶,小叶4～7对,下部一对较小;小叶片近革质,长圆形至长圆状披针形,     

幌伞枫、团花、柚木、红背桂

<正>幌伞枫(罗伞树)Heteropanax fragrans(Roxb.)Seem.常绿乔木,高8~30 m。树皮暗灰色,纵裂,具圆形明显凸起皮孔,内皮淡紫红色;枝条短粗,茎枝嫩时具"V"形叶柄痕迹。树冠圆伞形。叶大,互生,多在茎枝顶部聚生,通常三至四回羽状复叶,羽片和小叶均对生;小叶近革质,椭圆形或卵形,长6~15 cm,宽3~7 cm,先端尾尖或突尖,基部宽楔形或近     

苏铁、木麻黄、夹竹桃、黄花夹竹桃

<正>苏铁(铁树、凤尾蕉)Cycas revoluta Thunb.苏铁科棕榈状常绿灌木或小乔木,高1～6 m。茎干单生或有分枝和丛生,粗壮,有叶柄残体和痕迹。树冠伞状。叶呈螺旋状于茎顶聚生,一回羽状,长0.5～1.5 m,宽15～35 cm;羽片多数,呈V形斜展,质地坚硬,条形,长5～20 cm,上面深绿色有光泽,先端刺尖,边缘向下反卷;叶柄两侧有齿状刺。雌雄异株,孢子叶球(球花)于茎顶部单生;小孢子叶球(雄球花)圆柱状宝塔形,直立,长30～70 cm,直径10～15 cm,小孢子叶长方状楔形,黄色;大孢子叶球(雌球花)球形或扁球形,直径20～30 cm,大孢子叶上部卵状扇形,边缘呈羽状     

Biodiversity,exotic plant species,and herbivory: The good,the bad,and the ungulate

Invasion of natural ecosystems by exotic plant species is a major threat to biodiversity. Disturbance to native plant communities, whether natural or management induced, is a primary factor contributing to successful invasion by exotic plant species. Herbivory by both wild and domestic ungulates exerts considerable impact on structure and composition of native plant communities. Intensive herbivory by ungulates can enhance exotic plant invasion, establishment, and spread for three reasons: (1) many exotic plants are adapted to ground disturbances such as those caused by ungulate feeding, trampling, and movements; (2) many exotic plants are adapted for easy transport from one area to another by ungulates via endozoochory and epizoochory; (3) many exotic plants are not palatable or are of low palatability to ungulates, and consequently, their survival is favored as ungulates reduce or eliminate palatable, native plants. Ungulate herbivory is a chronic, landscape-scale disturbance capable of influencing plant communities as much as episodic events such as fire. Consequently, ungulate herbivory has the potential to facilitate the invasion and establishment of exotic plants in the interior Pacific Northwest where ungulates occupy nearly every ecosystem. Moreover, ungulate herbivory has intensified in many ecosystems, owing to the addition of domestic ungulates with that of existing, wild ungulates, coupled with the reduction or elimination of migratory movements and predators that previously regulated wild ungulate populations and influenced their distributions. Despite the observational evidence for ungulate herbivory as a strong facilitator of exotic plant invasion and establishment, current knowledge of cause–effect relations is severely limited by a lack of manipulative experiments. Most studies have been observational, unreplicated, and lack the experimental controls needed to eliminate or account for confounding sources of variation. Heightened attention to conservation of biodiversity will increase the importance of managing ungulates in balance with the plant communities that support them.     

Plant communities, species diversity, richness, and regeneration of a traditionally managed coastal forest, Kenya

The Kenyan coastal forests make up one of the World 25 Biodiversity Hotspots. They consist of over 140 fragments (the majority with areas less than 0.5 km²) of the once extensive Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland moist forest. The over 60 known Mijikenda sacred Kaya forests and groves scattered along the coastal hinterland form the greater part of this ecosystem. The forests are of biological and cultural significance, and this has been recognized nationally and internationally, with some now listed as World Heritage Sites. The forests are protected by councils of Kaya elders who regulate use of their resources. Increasing human population and subsequent rise in demand for forest products and land for settlement has put a strain on these relic forests. Farm encroachment and extraction of forest products in different Kaya forests have affected the vegetation ecology at varying levels. This study investigated the spatial species distribution, association and regeneration potential of commonly utilized plants in one of these traditionally managed ecosystems. A modified nested plot method was used to collect data in the field.Using TWINSPAN multivariate, and indicator species analysis, two plant communities (Asteranthe and Bridelia) and an undifferentiated vegetation type were identified. Species association in Asteranthe consisted largely of forest dependant species, with a significant presence of woody climbers. It was comprised of two sub-communities namely Manilkara and Scorodophloeos. In contrast the second plant community, Bridelia, was dominated by light demanding species. It comprised one sub-community (Catunaregam) and a seral stage (Keetia). The species diversity and richness was higher in the Asteranthe community compared to Bridelia. Some of the forest species commonly utilized by the local people were observed to regenerate both in open and closed forest habitats while others had seedling recruitment confined to closed forest.Despite some coastal forests showing physiognomic similarity, detailed study shows intra-variation linked to topography, exposition, type and intensity of human perturbation both currently and in the distant past. Clearly, vegetation patterns of coastal forests of eastern Africa change at fairly short intervals.Recruitment of forest specialists is likely to decline if closed forests are opened up by farm encroachment, however their less specialized counterparts can pioneer in re-colonization of disturbed sites if conservation is strengthened. There is need to invigorate traditional management systems of forests with cultural significance by recognizing and giving increased legal mandates to the local custodians.