恒肋重鳍片管换热与流动特性的三维数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件对省煤器横截面积恒定的4种矩形鳍片管的传热和流动特性进行了三维数值模拟,将数值模拟结果与试验结果进行了比较,并编程计算分析了四种鳍片的换热效率。结果表明:恒重时,随鳍片厚度肋效率增大,其对流换热效果增加,但流动阻力也增大;5mm×20mm矩形鳍片管的换热效果较高并且流动阻力系数较小,其综合强化传热效果好。     

H型换热器的数值分析及优化设计

对6种特定结构的H型鳍片管换热器的传热及阻力特性进行了数值模拟研究。运用Fluent软件分别模拟H型换热器中烟气侧及水侧的流动与传热过程,实现换热器管内、金属、管外换热的耦合计算,得到换热器工作过程中的温度场和速度场。讨论H型鳍片管结构参数对鳍片管换热器换热性能的影响,为该类换热器的优化设计和制造提供了有价值的参考依据。     

低温省煤器H型鳍片管传热性能的研究

基于Fluent平台,建立起H型鳍片管的三维物理模型。利用Realizable k-ε湍流模型对单根H型鳍片管的稳态传热过程进行模拟。通过单一变量变化模型的建立,找出其高度、厚度、宽度、基管直径以及入口烟气流速变化对H型鳍片管传热与阻力特性的影响规律。鳍片效率随着高度、宽度的增加而降低,随鳍片厚度增加而上升;鳍片传热性能随着高度、宽度、厚度、管径的增加分别上升;鳍片阻力随着烟气流速的增加呈上升趋势。通过对模拟所得数据进行分析,得出基管直径为36 mm时,H型鳍片管综合能力为最佳。     

联合循环余热锅炉螺旋鳍片管烟气放热系数研究

东南大学建造了1座IGCC余热锅炉鳍片管受热面流动和传热热态试验装置,并先后在其上进行了2个不同螺旋鳍片管组的传热特性研究,通过分析比较实测的烟气侧对流放热系数与无量纲准则式计算的结果,得出了完全热模拟公式更为准确的结论。     

鳍片管磨损特性的数值研究

对矩形鳍片管、螺旋型鳍片管、H型鳍片管和双H型鳍片管进行了三维气固两相数值模拟,对比分析了基管及鳍片的磨损特性.结果表明:螺旋型鳍片管基管附近流场速度较大,使得其基管磨损较其他3种鳍片管更严重;H型鳍片管和双H型鳍片管鳍根附近颗粒质量浓度较大,鳍片开口处轴向速度的存在减小了颗粒的撞击角度,减轻了对鳍根的磨损;双H型鳍片管不仅刚性好,而且其基管和鳍片的抗磨损性能都较好.     

H型鳍片管传热特性的数值模拟及验证

基于Fluent软件,利用Realizable κ-ε湍流模型对H型鳍片管的传热性能进行了数值模拟,分析了管排数与纵向间距对H型鳍片管传热系数的影响.在计算的基础上得出了H型鳍片管传热系数的计算公式,并对该公式进行了验证.结果表明:烟气流速越高、纵向管排数越少、纵向间距越大,传热系数越大;计算值最大误差为8.3%,最小误差为5.6%;该公式计算结果与验证算例、文献试验值及已有公式的结果较吻合.     

双排管外空气流动和传热性能的数值研究

矩形翅片椭圆管,即双排管是直接空冷凝汽器的一种基本换热元件.研究了双排管外空气侧的流动和传热性能.在不同迎面风速下,对双排管空气侧进行了三维数值模拟,并对速度场、温度场进行了分析.拟合出双排管阻力和平均传热系数随迎面风速变化的计算公式.     

波节管管内流动传热特性的三维数值模拟

利用Fluent三维数值模拟的方法,以水为介质,研究波节管管内流动传热特性,并进行场协同分析。结果表明:波节管波纹段内强回流区的存在,使其管内扰动明显,管内流动与传热特性都呈周期性规律变化,与外界换热效果良好。经计算,在入口流速为2m/s时,波节管的纵截面平均场协同数为0.347,场协同角为69.69°。     

扭曲椭圆管强化传热的场协同分析

以高效传热的扭曲椭圆管为研究对象,建立了不同的扭曲周期的扭曲椭圆管的几何物理模型,采用CFD技术对以水为流体的扭曲椭圆管及相应的椭圆管内进口段的流动传热情况进行了数值模拟,获得各管道的速度场、压力场及温度场,并基于场协同原理对其速度与压力梯度的协同效果及速度与温度梯度的协同效果进行分析和比较,获得椭圆扭曲管内流体流动的换热效果及阻力损失的影响因素及其强化传热的机理,为换热器应用中扭曲椭圆管的优化设计和科学研究提供参考依据。     

用于循环流化床的鳍片管束惯性分离器流动特性的研究

本文运用激光多普勒测速方法及数值模拟方法对于循环流化床的鳍片管束惯性分离器的流动动力特性进行了研究,得到了绕鳍片管流动的气流速度、湍流强度等参数的分布,并对试验和计算结果进行了分析讨论,为下一步对鳍片管束撞击式分离器的优化研究奠定了基础。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.