原发性十二指肠癌11例的X线诊断

目的：提高原发性十二指肠癌的X线诊断水平。方法：回顾分析11例资料完整并经X线检查和手术病理证实的原发性十二指肠癌的X线征象。结果：11例中9例X线诊断为十二指肠癌,2例误诊为十二指肠溃疡。结论：对原发性十二指肠癌的X线表现认真细致连续观察,仍可作出正确的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

原发性小肠恶性肿瘤影像学评价

原发性小肠恶性肿瘤仅占消化道恶性肿瘤的1%左右[1],其发病率依次为腺癌、恶性淋巴瘤、平滑肌肉瘤及类癌,好发部位依次为十二指肠、回肠及空肠[2].因其起病隐匿,术前诊断正确率仅21%～53%[3],疗效及预后均欠理想.由于影像学检查是目前公认最有价值的检查方法,因此,本文就X线、内镜、超声、CT及MRI等对小肠恶性肿瘤的诊断特点及其价值作一综述.为临床选择经济、合理、有效的影像诊断方法，使能尽早明确诊断，采用相应的治疗措施。     

原发性十二指肠癌的X线诊断

目的:回顾分析十二指肠癌病人的X线表现,并结合超声,内镜进行分析,方法:5例中4例进行X线检查,1例低张造影,其中X线与B超确诊1例,X线与内镜确诊1例,CT诊断幽门醒阻1例,结果:X线检查4例,发生在十二指肠,降段可见不规则狭窄,僵硬,1例发生在十二指肠球部,显示环地狭窄,X线用手术误诊为十二指肠溃疡,结论:X线检查出超声,CT,内镜检查更有效的显示十二指肠癌的异常表现,X线检查能做到对十二指肠癌的诊断与鉴别诊断.     

原发性心脏心包恶性肿瘤的影像学评价

目的 分析原发性心脏心包恶性肿瘤的影像学特征,评估几种常用的影像学诊断方法的主要优势及局限性.方法 经手术、病理资料证实的原发性心脏恶性肿瘤29例,除1例急诊手术无X线胸片检查,其余均行X线胸片及超声检查,接受电子束CT（EBCT）检查6例,MRI 5例.结果 X线胸片示异常26例,超声心动图诊断肿瘤28例,1例因大量心包积液漏诊.MRI和CT均检出肿瘤,所见与手术探查一致性好.结论 X线胸片适合作为常规检查,超声心动图可作为首选初查且对心腔或心包腔内的肿瘤诊断准确率高;因各种恶性肿瘤缺乏特征性表现,EBCT和MRI除提供肿瘤及其与毗邻组织的解剖关系外,组织学定性困难.     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的内镜诊断

目的评价常规内镜对原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾分析该院11年中41例十二指肠恶性肿瘤的诊断方法。结果16例乳头以上肿瘤全部经胃镜检查并活检、病理证实。乳头部肿瘤17例，14例经ERCP取活检病理确诊。内镜确诊率达73．2％。因间接检查（如B超、X线、CT、MRI等）阳性发现、或外科急腹症而行手术后确诊11例。结论常规胃镜、十二指肠镜检查对该痛有针对性强、可直视下取材活检、痛苦小、经济、必要时可重复等优点。     

十二指肠平滑肌肉瘤的影像诊断(附9例报告)

目的　探讨原发性十二指肠平滑肌肉瘤的影像学特征。方法　本组９ 例,男４ 例,女５ 例,年龄３３ ～７２ 岁,平均５２－１１ 岁。９ 例经超声学（ＵＳ）和胃肠钡餐透视检查,其中４ 例经ＣＴ,２ 例经血管造影检查,９ 例患者均经手术及病理学证实。结果　十二指肠平滑肌肉瘤的主要影像学有：①肠腔狭窄;②十二指肠腔外肿块;③肠腔内充盈缺损;④肿瘤坏死和溃疡;⑤ＣＴ显示周围高密度带,伴中心部低密度区;⑥血管造影表现为十二指肠动脉供血,呈富血管性肿瘤表现。结论　Ｘ线钡餐检查和ＣＴ 扫描对十二指肠平滑肌肉瘤能作出比较准确的诊断,血管造影是一种补充性诊断方法。     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤多排螺旋的CT诊断8例

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤在消化道肿瘤中较为少见,在整个消化道恶性肿瘤比例>0.5%[1-2],其患者临床症状表现布局特征性,在日常CT诊断中较少碰见.笔者收集8例确诊的原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤,在这里做一回顾性分析,探讨CT检查诊断价值和临床分析,并复习文献,提高对该类疾病认识.     

X线气钡双重造影诊断十二指肠憩室50例讨论

目的讨论十二指肠憩室的X线表现及特点,提高诊断十二指肠憩室的能力。方法收集我科2006-01—2011-06经气钡双重造影检查50例十二指肠憩室患者的X线表现及特点,进行探讨分析。结果十二指肠憩室好发于十二指肠降部内后壁,尤其是壶腹周围。检出憩室58个,其中单发42例,占84%。多数患者无特异性临床症状,容易误诊。结论 X线气钡双重造影和十二指肠镜是诊断十二指肠憩室的主要方法。     

触诊阳性乳腺病变的钼靶X线诊断

目的：探讨钼靶X线在触诊阳性的乳腺病变中的诊断价值。方法分析836例乳腺触诊到结节或肿块（直径0.5～12.6 cm）患者的钼靶X线特点,并以病理学检查结果作为金标准,总结该检查法诊断的准确情况。结果836例患者中病理学检查示增生性病变457例,钼靶X线多表现为棉絮状或结节状致密影,其中硬化性腺病的钼靶X线多表现为肿块形式。炎性病变78例,钼靶X线多表现为斑片状、条索状致密影或腺体局灶性结构扭曲。良性肿瘤129例,钼靶X线多表现为边缘光滑、清楚的类圆形肿块。恶性肿瘤172例,原发性乳腺癌的钼靶X线可表现为不规则肿块、单纯簇状钙化、局限性致密影或腺体局灶性结构扭曲;1例乳腺转移癌表现为皮肤增厚,皮下脂肪层及乳腺腺体脂肪间隙模糊不清。钼靶X线对于增生性病变、炎性病变、良性肿瘤及恶性肿瘤的诊断准确率分别91.9％（420/457）、26.9％（21/78）、91.5％（118/129）、91.3％（157/172）（P＜0.01）,钼靶X线检查对于炎性病变的诊断准确率低于其他3种病变（P均＜0.01）。结论钼靶X线对临床触诊阳性的乳腺病变具有较大的诊断价值,对于增生性病变及肿瘤的诊断准确率高于炎性病变。     

无气腹胃肠道后壁穿孔的X线诊断与探讨

目的：探讨X线在无气腹胃、十二指肠穿孔诊断中的价值。方法：回顾性分析12例成人胃、十二指肠球后壁穿孔的x线表现。结果：X线表现网膜囊上隐窝充气8例,腹膜后间隙充气3例,无明显充气,但局部显示高密度影1例。经手术证实,12例中胃后壁溃疡穿孔4例,十二指肠球后壁溃疡穿孔6例,胃癌致胃后壁穿孔1例,吞服金属异物致十二指肠球后壁穿孔1例。结论：X线可为无明显气腹可见的胃、十二指肠球后壁穿孔的初步诊断提供有价值的信息。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.