Numerical modelling of supercritical flow in circular conduit bends using SPH method

The capability of the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method to model supercritical flow in circular pipe bends is considered. The standard SPH method, which makes use of dynamic boundary particles(DBP), is supplemented with the original algorithm for the treatment of open boundaries. The method is assessed through a comparison with measured free-surface profiles in a pipe bend, and already proposed regression curves for estimation of the flow-type in a pipe bend. The sensitivity of the model to different parameters is also evaluated. It is shown that an adequate choice of the artificial viscosity coefficient and the initial particle spacing can lead to correct presentation of the flow-type in a bend. Due to easiness of its implementation, the SPH method can be efficiently used in the design of circular conduits with supercritical flow in a bend, such as tunnel spillways, and bottom outlets of dams, or storm sewers.     

Bending modes and transition criteria for a flexible fiber in viscous flows

The present paper follows our previous work in which a coupling approach of smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) and element bending group(EBG) was developed for modeling the interaction of viscous incompressible flows with flexible fibers. It was also shown that a flexible object may experience drag reduction because of its reconfiguration due to fluid force on it. However, the reconfiguration of deformable bodies does not always result in drag reduction as different deformation patterns can result in different drag scales. In the present work, we studied the bending modes of a flexible fiber in viscous flows using the presented SPH and EBG coupling approach. The flexible fiber is immersed in a fluid and is tethered at its center point, while the two ends of the fiber are free to move. We showed that the fiber undergoes four different bending modes: stable U-shape, slight swing, violent flapping, and stable closure modes. We found there is a transition criterion for the flexible fiber from slight swing, suddenly to violent flapping. We defined a bending number to characterize the bending dynamics of the interaction of flexible fiber with viscous fluid and revealed that this bending number is relevant to the non-dimensional fiber length. We also identified the critical bending number from slight swing mode to violent flapping mode.     

WATER ENTRY OF A WEDGE BASED ON SPH MODEL WITH AN IMPROVED BOUNDARY TREATMENT

The hydrodynamic problem of a two-dimensional wedge entering water is studied based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model. A non-reflection boundary treatment for SPH method is proposed to reduce the reflection of sound waves. The boundary pressure is obtained using an improved coupling boundary treatment approach, which is validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental and analytical results in literature. A series of cases with different initial entering velocities are simulated. The maximum force on the wedge and the corresponding time required to reach it for the different cases of initial entering velocities of the wedge are obained and fitted into formulas against the initial entering velocity of the wedge. The maximum drag coefficients of the wedge for the different cases with Froude number greater than 2 are all near the value of 0.91.     

基于SPH方法的二维宽顶堰溢流数值模拟

光滑粒子水动力学方法(SPH)是一种基于纯拉格朗日思想的无网格粒子方法,在众多科学和工程领域得到了初步应用。采用SPH方法对二维宽顶堰溢流进行了数值模拟,并利用机群进行并行计算来提高计算效率,将模拟数据与试验数据进行了对比。结果表明,SPH方法可以模拟出二维宽顶堰自由出流和淹没出流时水流流态、水跌、回流区、水跃现象,计算出溢流流量、流速等水力参数,并且采用数据拟合得出与理论相符的断面流速分布图。结果表明了SPH方法可以较好模拟二维宽顶堰溢流中的流速分布以及水面曲线。     

3-D numerical investigation of the wall-bounded concentric annulus flow around a cylindrical body with a special array of cylinders

Concentric annulus flow around a combinational cylindrical body with a special array of cylinders at five high Reynolds numbers is investigated numerically using Fluent 6.3.26 in this paper. The numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental data in regard to the axial velocity of the flow. This study focuses on the flow structure and the hydrodynamic characteristics based on the velocity distribution, the pressure distribution, streamlines and vectors under 1-D, 2-D and 3-D conditions. Meanwhile, some global parameters including the pressure coefficient, the drag coefficient and the lift coefficient are analyzed. Numerical results show that the high velocity region and the reverse wake zone with low velocity exist in some spaces due to the disturbance of the cylindrical body. Negative pressures appear in some regions. Neither a wide area vortex nor the vortex shedding appears in the wall-bounded domain. The drag along the axial direction is the main force acting on the cylindrical body in the pipe domain. The annulus flow around the cylindrical body is analyzed to reveal the hydrodynamic characteristics of the complex turbulent concentric annulus flow field due to the multi-effects in the pipeline.     

A STUDY OF DRAG COEFFICIENT RELATED WITH VEGETATION BASED ON THE FLUME EXPERIMENT

This study is focused on the effects of ecological factors (diameter and flexibility) and vegetation community composition on the drag coefficient related with vegetation. The single leafy shrub and three mixed communities (including shrub-grass, shrub-reed and reed-grass community) were studied. The flow velocity and water level were measured and used to calculate the drag coefficient based on the Bernoulli's equation, Darcy drag formula and the expression for the drag coefficient related with Darcy drag factor. The trend of the drag coefficient in the vertical direction was analyzed against flow depth, diameter, diameter Reynolds number, flow depth Reynolds number and relative roughness height in different discharges. The results show that beside the dense leafy shrubs community, the vertical trend of the drag coefficient among other cases against flow depth, diameter, diameter Reynolds number, flow depth Reynolds number and relative roughness height can be approximately expressed by power law functions under different flow discharges. Moreover, in a mixed community with two plants with distinctly different ecological factors, the one with the most distinct variations of ecological factors determines the vertical trend of the drag coefficient; the other one only affects the magnitude of the drag coefficient. Furthermore, if the ecological factors of the vegetation in the vertical direction are kept almost not changed, the drag coefficient can be approximately regarded as a constant.     

螺旋侧板厚度对浮式风力机Spar平台涡激载荷的影响

Spar平台因其特殊的深吃水立柱式结构,在来流影响下极易发生涡激运动。为探究不同厚度螺旋侧板对浮式风力机Spar平台涡激载荷的影响,基于CFD方法,针对不同厚度螺旋侧板,对平台进行了数值模拟并详细分析平台的升阻力系数、压力场及涡量场等流场参数。结果表明:螺旋侧板可有效抑制涡激载荷,且随厚度增加,升力系数幅值先增加后减小,阻力系数逐步减小;在研究范围内,螺旋侧板厚度为0.10 D时,升力系数幅值最小,阻力系数与原型平台在同一范围内,对涡激载荷的抑制效果最好。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF WATER WAVE DYNAMICS BASED ON SPH METHODS

A numerical model was established for simulating water wave dynamic problems by adopting the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) methods of iterative solution of Poisson's equation for pressure field, and meanwhile the sub-grid turbulence model was applied in the simulation so as to more accurately describe the turbulence characteristics at the time of wave breaking. In this article, simulation of the problem of the dam collapsing verifies the compoting accuracy of this method, and its results can be identical with the results of VOF method and the experimental results by comparison. Numerical simulations of the course of solitary wave and cnoidal wave run-up breaking on beaches were conducted, and the results are basically consistent with experimental results. This indicates that the SPH method is effective for the numerical simulation of the complex problems of water wave dynamics.     

地震对海底悬跨管道动水力作用的实验研究

利用水下地震模拟系统,开展了刚性管道在地震作用下的水下模型实验,量测了管道周围流场的变化和管道表面的动水压力.基于Morison方程建立了地震作用下海底悬跨管道的动水作用力模型,按最小二乘原理得出管道的拖曳力系数C_D和惯性力系数C_(M°)通过对实测数据分析得出,雷诺数Re数和K_c数是影响管道受力的两个主要因素.分别对C_D和C_M随Re和K_c的变化趋势进行了拟合,得到C_D和C_M的定量表达公式.本次试验工况下,水深和悬跨高度对管道的受力影响不明显.     

风拖曳力系数和曼宁系数对风暴潮流模拟的影响

利用0205号威马逊台风期间实测风暴增水和风暴潮流数据,采用NCEP FNL和台风模型风场的融合风场作为驱动项,建立了覆盖东海的三维风暴潮流数值模型,研究风拖曳力系数和曼宁系数对风暴增水和风暴潮流的影响。计算结果表明:(1)风拖曳力系数取值应考虑随风速变化。表层风暴潮流受风拖曳力系数影响较大,中层和底层风暴潮流基本不受影响。(2)风暴潮流结构在一定程度上取决于曼宁系数;曼宁系数对中层和底层风暴潮流影响大于表层,曼宁系数越大,底摩擦阻力越大,风暴潮流垂向分层越明显。(3)风暴增水和风暴潮流对曼宁系数的响应不同,建立模型时,应同时率定风暴增水和风暴潮流。     

多箱渡槽槽身静风三分力系数风洞试验研究

本文对六个多箱式渡槽槽身刚性测压模型进行了风洞试验研究，分别模拟了满槽、空槽以及不同风攻角的试验工况。根据试验结果得到了槽身模型的静风三分力（阻力、升力和扭矩）系数，讨论了模型风压分布以及三分力系数的变化规律。试验结果表明:1)多箱式渡槽槽身绕流更趋近于钝体绕流;2) 槽身风荷载主要表现为风阻力；3）阻力系数在总体趋势上随着槽截面宽高比的增加而减小。本文试验结果可为多箱渡槽的抗风研究与设计提供初步的参考。     

不同长细比圆柱绕流的大涡模拟

自从人们对层流圆柱绕流现象有了系列研究及清楚的认识后,逐渐把目光投向湍流的圆柱绕流问题,但高雷诺数下的圆柱绕流具有很强的三维特性,因此在数值计算时模型轴向长度的选取是大家关心的问题。该文基于开源软件OpenFOAM运用LES计算了4种不同长细比圆柱的静止圆柱绕流(包括一个二维算例),重点分析和对比了结果中的一些基础参数如St数、平均阻力系数等,与实验结果吻合良好。文中还进一步分析了时均顺流向速度U在流场中沿流向和横向的分布,发现长细比为π的圆柱算例中,计算域的轴向尺度已经能满足圆柱下游靠近圆柱处的流场中的三维结构的发展。     

SPH方法在自由面问题中的应用

作为无网格粒子法,SPH法在处理大变形、自由面流动问题时具有显著的优势.介绍了SPH法的基本数值方法,并基于SPH法数值模拟了2个二维溃坝问题,将计算结果与试验数据进行了比较,结果表明:SPH法在处理自由面时具有很强的适应性.尽管水面发生了翻卷、破碎等剧烈的变化,但SPH法仍然能够较好地捕捉到这些流动现象,同时数值模拟得到的水头位置和自由面形状均能与试验结果相吻合,表明SPH法在处理自由面问题时具有较高的准确性及可靠性.     

EXPERIMENTAL FEEDBACK ON THE INVESTIGATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE SHIP-LOCK FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM OF TGP

Where hydraulic characteristics of ship lock filling and emptying system are concerned, there are much bigger differences between prototype and model experiments. Based on the results of the prototype experiments fur the Three Gorges Project （TGP）, experiments on the feedback model were conducted of the ship-lock filling and emptying system, by means of technologies of drag reduction, under similar conditions as the operation of the prototype project. The experimental results show that the difference of drag co efficient reached-44% hetween the prototype and the model for the filling and emptying system of the ship-lock No. 3 for TGP and the difference of discharge coefficient was ahout 33% between them. The technologies of drag reduction are more efficient in the simulation of a ship lock filling and emptying system in order to he consistent for discharge, water level, time average pressure and pulsating pressure between prototypes and models.     

FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF HYDRODYNAMIC DAMPER DURING THE RUSH INTO THE WATER CHANNEL

The hydrodynamic damper is a device to decrease the motion of armament carrier by use of the water resistance. When hydrodynamic damper rushes into the water channel with high velocity, it is a complicated flow phenomenon with fluid-structure interaction, free surface and moving interface. Numerical simulation using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics （SPH） method coupled with the Finite Element （FE） method was successfully conducted to predict the dynamic characteristics of hydrodynamic damper. The water resistance, the pressure in the interface and the stress of structure were investigated, and the relationship among the peak of water resistance, initial velocity and actual draught was also discussed. The empirical formula was put forward to predict the water resistance. And it is found that the resistance coefficient is commonly in the range of 0.3 ≤ C ≤ 0.5, when the initial velocity is larger than 50 m/s. It can be seen that the SPH method coupled with the FE method has many obvious advantages over other numerical methods for this complicated flow problem with fluid-structure interaction.     

HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE OF SUBMERGED VEGETATION RELATED TO EFFECTIVE HEIGHT

Submerged vegetation has a significant impact on water flow velocity. Current investigations include the impact through adding drag resistance and increasing bottom roughness coefficient, which cannot elucidate the characters of real submerged vegetation. To evaluate the effects of submerged vegetation on water currents at different velocities, a laboratory experiment was conducted using three kinds of vegetations. The effective heights of these vegetations on varying flow velocities were evaluated. An equation describing the relationship between the normalized resistance of the submerged plants and the Reynolds number based on the plant effective height was then established and used to calculate the hydraulic resistance parameters of submerged plants in different stages of growth.     

一种新型SPH固壁边界处理的排斥力模型

边界排斥力法是光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)固壁边界处理的方法之一,但由于缺乏统一的排斥力模型而制约其广泛应用。考虑将近场动力学(Peridynamics,PD)中描述颗粒间接触作用的短程排斥力引入到固壁边界处理模型中,提出一种新型SPH方法边界排斥力模型。通过Couette流和溃坝2个算例验证了排斥力模型的有效性。排斥力表达式简单,参数易于给定,为SPH方法中固壁边界处理提供新思路。     

风应力拖曳系数选取对风生流数值模拟的影响

在风生流的形成中风应力起决定性作用,风应力拖曳系数决定了大气与湖泊间的动量传输率.风应力拖曳系数随风速而变化,与水面粗糙度有关.本文采用五种与风速有关的风应力拖曳系数表达式进行水槽风生流和太湖风生流的数值模拟,与将其视为常数情况相比较,发现风应力拖曳系数取为和风速有关的表达式时,计算结果的精度有较明显提高.对比各表达式模拟结果,采用Large and Pond给出的风应力拖曳系数公式的模拟效果为最好.     

低表面能涂层的减阻试验研究

平板表面上涂履一层低表面能疏水性的涂层，在循环式水筒中Ｕ≤９为／秋的低速下，可使平板的阻力下降１８－３０％左右。而高速时，涂层表面的粗糙度和涂层平板的形阻抵消了一部分或全部分由于低的涂层与水界面间的相互作用力而引起的摩阻下降。低表面能涂层的低表面能疏水性质，使平板的湍流边界层增厚和层流向湍流转捩点的后移，造成了平板阻力的降低。     

Storm surge model based on variational data assimilation method

By combining computation and observation information,the variational data assimilation method has the ability to eliminate errors caused by the uncertainty of parameters in practical forecasting.It was applied to a storm surge model based on unstructured grids with high spatial resolution meant for improving the forecasting accuracy of the storm surge.By controlling the wind stress drag coefficient,the variation-based model was developed and validated through data assimilation tests in an actual storm surge induced by a typhoon.In the data assimilation tests,the model accurately identified the wind stress drag coefficient and obtained results close to the true state.Then,the actual storm surge induced by Typhoon 0515 was forecast by the developed model,and the results demonstrate its efficiency in practical application.