郑州市儿童青春发动时相与体脂含量及分布的关系

目的 探讨郑州市儿童青春发动时相与体脂含量及分布的关系,为青春发动机制的研究提供依据。方法 采用横断面调查方法,选取郑州市4所城市学校、5所乡村学校7~18岁中小学生5 140名进行体格检查和第二性征发育检查。结果 男生青春发动时相提前组286名(13.0%),正常组1 052名(47.9%);女生青春发动时相提前组301名(11.8%),正常组1 174名(46.2%)。男生青春发动时相提前组超重(合并肥胖)检出率高于正常组(χ²=35.372,P＜0.001);女生提前组超重(合并肥胖)检出率也高于正常组(χ²=31.485,P＜0.001)。男女生青春发动时相提前组的体脂百分比、腰臀比均高于正常组,差异有统计学意义。结论 体脂含量过多及体脂分布与儿童青春发动时相提前有关。     

银川9～17岁女童青春发动状况及其与肥胖关系

目的了解银川地区9~17岁城市女童青春发动状况以及发动时相提前与肥胖的关系,为开展青春期教育和控制肥胖提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽取银川市小学、初中、高中学校各2所,小学四~六年级、初中一至三年级、高中一至二年级,每个年级随机抽取2个班的女生共1 265名进行问卷调查与体格检查。结果女童乳房发育、阴毛发育、月经来潮的平均年龄分别为9.25,11.23,12.23岁。9~17岁女童超重和肥胖检出率分别是8.1%,5.1%。11~14岁组女童的月经来潮组与未来潮组的体重、腰围、臀围和BMI指数差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05);青春发动时相提前组女童超重、肥胖率为12.9%和6.3%,BMI值明显高于青春发动时相正常和延迟组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。结论银川城市女童青春发育进程符合儿童青春发育顺序规律,女童肥胖超重与青春发动时相提前有关。     

青少年青春发动时相和超重肥胖与进食障碍之间的关系

目的 了解蚌埠市青少年超重肥胖、青春发动时相和进食障碍情况及其相互关系,为预防青少年肥胖的发生提供依据。方法 在蚌埠市方便抽取2所九年制学校,从五至八年级随机抽取683名学生,采用青春发育量表(PDS)和进食障碍量表(EDI-C)的分量表进行问卷调查,并测量身高、体重等指标,分析超重肥胖、青春发动时相与进食障碍的关系。结果 男生超重肥胖率高于女生,女生青春发动时相提前率、瘦身倾向得分、体型不满得分和进食障碍总分高于男生(χ²/t值分别为28.69,57.99,3.47,2.59,3.30,P值均<0.05);不同年级学生超重肥胖率、贪食得分和进食障碍总分差异均有统计学意义(χ²/F值分别为28.39,5.11,3.95,P值均<0.01)。超重肥胖与青春发动时相提前、进食障碍之间呈正相关,青春发动时相提前与进食障碍呈正相关(r值分别为0.18,0.17,0.14,P值均<0.01)。青春发动时相提前在超重肥胖与进食障碍之间起的部分中介效应对总效应的贡献率为14.25%。结论 青少年超重肥胖与进食障碍相关,青春发动时相提前在超...     

青少年青春发动时相提前与肥胖及体脂含量的关联性

目的探索青少年青春发动时相与肥胖及体脂含量指标之间的关系,为青春发动机制的研究提供依据。方法采用横断面调查方法,选取郑州地区9所城乡中小学校3 143名10~18岁学生进行体格检查和问卷调查。结果男女生青春发动时相提前组肥胖检出率均大于正常组(χ2=17.45,P0.01)。男生青春发动时相提前组较正常组有较低的臀围,更高的BMI值、腰臀比和体脂百分比;女生青春发动时相提前组较正常组有更高的体重、腰围、臀围、肩胛部皮褶厚度、腹部皮褶厚度、BMI值、腰臀比和体脂百分比(P0.01)。Logistic回归分析表明,BMI值是男生青春发动时相提前的危险因素(OR=1.334,95%CI=1.022~1.741);BMI值和PBF是女生青春发动时相的保护因素(OR=0.455,95%CI=0.319~0.650;OR=0.687,95%CI=0.485~0.975),WHR是女生青春发动时相的危险因素(OR=1.751,95%CI=1.324~2.316)。结论郑州市青少年青春发动时相提前与学生肥胖及体脂含量紧密相关,学校卫生工作者应重点关注青春发动时相提前的青少年。     

重庆城区儿童青春期发动时相现况及与肥胖的相关研究

目的调查重庆主城区8～19岁学生青春期发育现状及与肥胖的相关关系。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样,对3046名中小学生进行青春期发育调查,内容包括青春期发动问卷(PDS)调查;体格检查包括身高、体重,男童外生殖器、阴毛、睾丸容积,女童乳房、阴毛发育检查;并运用概率单位回归法计算各分期年龄,采用Spearman秩相关分析青春期发动时相提前与肥胖的关系。结果女童乳房B2期平均年龄为11.51岁,阴毛FP2期平均年龄为13.93岁,月经初潮平均年龄为12.29岁;男童外生殖器G2期平均年龄为13.13岁,阴毛MP2期平均年龄13.62岁,睾丸容积达4ml平均年龄为11.67岁,男生首次遗精平均年龄为13.57岁;女生青春期发动提前组超重、肥胖比例大于发育正常组,且存在秩相关(P<0.01)。结论重庆城区女生青春期发动和性发育明显提前,且与肥胖存在相关关系。     

童年期不良经历与青春发动时相提前的关联及其性别差异的研究

目的 探讨童年期不良经历与青春发动时相提前的关联及其可能的性别差异。方法 以安徽省某九年一贯制小学3～5年级自愿参加的男女生为研究对象, 进行问卷调查、体格和第二性征发育(男生睾丸容积和女生乳房)检查。问卷调查主要包括童年期不良经历和视频时间、体力活动情况。青春发动时相提前的判定标准按“中国儿童青春期发育研究协作组”建立的中国儿童青少年青春期发育里程碑事件年龄界值。结果 共调查1 744名8.2～12.2岁学生, 其中男生957人, 女生787人。男生青春发动时相提前检出率为7.5%, 女生为14.6%, 差异有统计学意义(χ²=11.671, P<0.001)。报告家庭不良事件的男生, 其青春发动时相提前检出率较高;报告躯体虐待经历的女生, 其青春发动时相提前检出率也较高。多因素logistic回归分析表明, 家庭不良事件是男生青春发动时相提前的危险因素(OR=2.531, 95%CI:1.276～5.020), 躯体虐待经历是女生青春发动时相提前的危险因素(OR=2.453, 95%CI:1.588～3.788)。结论 躯体虐待和家庭不良事件均与青春发育提前有关, 但该关联的本质及其性别差异尚需纵向研究进一步阐明。     

重庆市某主城区中小学生青春发动时相与抑郁的关系

探讨重庆市某主城区中小学生青春发动时相与抑郁症状的关系,为提高青少年生活质量提供建议.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,于2016年11-12月在重庆市某主城区共8所中小学校3 351名中小学生,采用青春发育量表(PDS)与同伴比较法评价青春发动时相,采用儿童抑郁量表(CDI)进行抑郁调查.结果 重庆市某主城区学生抑郁症状检出率为25.1%,不同年级、居住地、家庭经济情况、家庭关系、自我评价体型和学习成绩的学生抑郁症状检出率差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为11.098,5.446,88.941,286.346,38.089,261.513,P值均<0.01).PDS评价与同伴比较法评价青春发动时相不同分组抑郁症状检出率差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为20.027,47.019,P值均<0.01).控制年级、居住地、家庭经济等协变量,PDS评价青春发动时相,男生提前组抑郁症状检出率是适时组的1.406(95%CI=1.039~1.902)倍,女生延迟组更不容易检出抑郁(OR=0.632,95% CI=0.433~ 0.924);同伴比较法评价青春发动时相,男生提前组和延迟组抑郁症状检出率分别是适时组的1.733(95%CI=1.289~ 2.330)和1.464(95%CI=1.112~1.929)倍,女生提前组和延迟组抑郁症状检出率分别是适时组的1.518(95%CI=1.122~2.134)和1.403 (95% CI=1.033~1.905)倍.结论 重庆市某主城区中小学抑郁症状检出率较高,青春发动时相提前或延迟与抑郁症状检出有关.     

男生营养状况与青春期启动的关联性

探讨营养状况与男生青春期启动的关系,为促进男童身心健康发展提供参考.方法 2017年在厦门市采用整群抽样方法抽取2 724名二至六年级7~12岁男生为研究对象.通过体格检查评估研究对象的营养状况,依据Tanner分期图谱和Prader睾丸模型判定青春期发育水平,以该人群青春期启动年龄的P25划分青春发动时相.采用Logistic回归分析营养状况与青春期启动的关系.结果 男生青春期启动发生率为29.0%,青春发动时相提前率为2.9%.消瘦、正常体重、超重和肥胖男生青春期启动发生率分别为19.6%,28.7%,34.4%和31.5%.肥胖男生青春期启动年龄较早(F=3.23,P<0.05).Logistic回归分析结果显示,随着体质量指数(BMI)的增加,男生青春期启动的可能性增大,青春发动时相提前风险增加.在调整混杂因素后,与正常体重男生相比,消瘦男生青春期启动的可能性降低64.0%(OR=0.36,95%CI=0.22~0.60);肥胖男生青春期启动的可能性增加78.3%(OR=1.78,95%CI=1.14~2.79),青春发动时相提前的风险增加192.9%(OR=2.93,95%CI=1.46~5.86).该关联在经济水平较低家庭中更加明显(P值均<0.05).结论 BMI与男生青春期启动呈正相关,肥胖男生青春期启动的可能性和青春发动时相提前的风险明显增加,特别是家庭经济水平较低的肥胖男生中更为明显.     

重庆城区小学儿童青春发动时相提前影响因素分析

目的调查重庆市城区小学1~4年级儿童青春发动时相现状,探讨青春发动时相提前的影响因素。方法采用目的性抽样,在重庆市九龙坡区选取4所小学1~4年级共1471名知情同意的学生为研究对象,对其进行一般情况及家庭环境问卷调查(包括年龄、父母关系、饮食及生活方式等)、青春发育事件自我评定量表调查和体格检查(包括身高、体重的测量和青春期发育情况检查等)。采用概率单位回归法计算男女童各重要青春期发育事件P25、P50和P75年龄,采用单因素和多因素分析探讨其影响因素。结果对象儿童青春发动时相提前检出率为17.7%,女童乳房和男童睾丸开始发育的P50年龄分别为10.77岁和11.48岁。多因素分析显示,男童与女童相比不易发生青春发动时相提前(OR=0.561,95%CI 0.406~0.774),而父母间关系不好(OR=1.320,95%CI 1.007~1.729)和用过美发产品(OR=1.685,95%CI 1.028~2.762)是青春发动时相提前的危险因素。结论重庆城区儿童青春发动时相仍在提前,性别、父母间关系、使用美发产品是青春发动时相提前的影响因素。     

深圳地区8～14岁女性性发育现状调查及影响因素分析

目的:调查深圳地区8～14岁中小学女生青春期发育状况及影响因素,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法:采用整群分层随机抽样法对1362名女生进行青春期发育调查,内容包括身高、体重、乳房发育类型、胸围、腹围、臀围等测查及相关因素的问卷调查。结果:深圳地区28.7%的女生在12岁时乳房发育接近成熟。月经初潮年龄明显提前,最早8岁开始,65.8%的女生在12岁月经初潮。体重超重组、接触性信息组的Ⅳ～Ⅴ级乳房发育率比非超重和未接触组显著增加,月经初潮年龄提前(P<0.001)。运动少组Ⅳ～Ⅴ级乳房发育率比爱好运动组显著增加(P<0.001),月经初潮年龄提前(P<0.05)。结论:青春期启动和性发育明显提前,体重超重、运动少、接触性信息是青春期发育提前的主要诱因。     

Risk,Efficacy, and Seeking of General,Breast, and Prostate Cancer Information

The authors investigated the independent and interactive effects of perceived risk and perceived efficacy on seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information. Analysis of the 2003 Health Information National Trend Survey indicates that perceived absolute risk and perceived response efficacy have generally independent—rather than interactive—effects on cancer information seeking. The influence of perceived absolute risk on prostate cancer information seeking appears to be moderated by perceived relative risk. When perceived relative risk is low, perceived absolute risk has no effect on prostate cancer information seeking; when perceived relative risk is high, perceived absolute risk exerts a significant positive influence on prostate cancer information seeking. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

Bioaccumulation,metabolism, and effects of DDT,fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos onSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulated DDT, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos rapidly from yeast glucose medium. The maximum concentrations of DDT, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos accumulated were 8,253, 18,960 and 11,579 g/g (dry wt), respectively. The pattern of accumulation was similar for all insecticides. The bioconcentration factor was inversely proportional to insecticide solubilities.Saccharomyces metabolized the three insecticides, but only two metabolites of DDT (DDD and DDE) were identified. Protoplast cultures were more sensitive to DDT and fenitrothion compared to normal cultures but were less sensitive to chlorpyrifos. Both the normal and protoplast cultures recovered from the toxic effect after 24 hr.     

Risk, efficacy, and seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information

The authors investigated the independent and interactive effects of perceived risk and perceived efficacy on seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information. Analysis of the 2003 Health Information National Trend Survey indicates that perceived absolute risk and perceived response efficacy have generally independent-rather than interactive-effects on cancer information seeking. The influence of perceived absolute risk on prostate cancer information seeking appears to be moderated by perceived relative risk. When perceived relative risk is low, perceived absolute risk has no effect on prostate cancer information seeking; when perceived relative risk is high, perceived absolute risk exerts a significant positive influence on prostate cancer information seeking. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

The effect of lead and cadmium on liver,kidney, and brain levels of cadmium,copper, lead,manganese, and zinc,and on erythrocyte ALA-D activity in mice

Summary Lead and cadmium were administered intraperitoneally, singly and jointly, to the mice. The levels of cadmium, copper, manganese, lead and zinc were determined in liver, kidney and brain by atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique and deltaaminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity was determined in erythrocytes. The tissue levels of some of these metals were found significantly altered by cadmium and lead both, but cadmium was found to have no effect on blood on ALA-D activity.     

Toxicity of mercury,copper, nickel,lead, and cobalt to embryos and larvae of zebrafish,Brachydanio rerio

The toxicity of mercury (HgCl₂), copper (CuCl₂: 5 H₂O), nickel (NiSO₄: 6 H₂O), lead (Pb(CH₃COO)₂: 3 H₂O) and cobalt (CoCl₂: 6 H₂O) was studied under standardized conditions in embryos and larvae of the zebrafish,Brachydanio rerio. Exposures were started at the blastula stage (2–4 h after spawning) and the effects on hatching and survival were monitored daily for 16 days. Copper and nickel were more specific inhibitors of hatching than cobalt, lead, and mercury. Nominal no effect concentrations determined from the dose-response relationships (ZEPs, Zero Equivalent Points) for effect on hatching time were 0.05 g Cu/L, 10 g Hg/L, 20 g Pb/L, 40 g Ni/L and 3,840 g Co/L, and those for effect on survival time were 0.25 g Cu/L, 1.2 g Hg/L, 30 g Pb/L, 80 g Ni/L, and 60 g Co/L. The no effect concentrations for Ni, Hg and Pb are consistent with previously reported MATC values for sensitive species of fish. The no effect concentrations for copper are 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than previously reported values. The major reason for the latter discrepancy was considered to be the absence of organics that can complex copper ions in the reconstituted water that we used, which had a hardness of 100 mg/L (as CaCO₃) and a pH of 7.5–7.7. Unexposed controls were started with embryos from different parental zebrafishes and the parental-caused variability in early embryo mortality, median hatching time and median survival time were estimated.